賓語從句的意義
語法是語言的組織規律，任何人在使用語言時，不管他是否學過語法，但都必須合乎語法。另外，總結語法本身的規律也能加深我們對語言的理解，讓我們能夠真正熟練地運用語言。（賓語：指一個動作（動詞）的接受者，常置於動詞之後，也有雙賓語結構例句：hegavemeabook，類似擁有me和book兩個賓語的句子叫雙賓語從句），用法
賓語從句
賓語從句的連線詞：that結構：主語+謂語+賓語（陳述語序）
注意：
引導詞為that；
語序為v.+主語+謂語由if、whether引導賓語從句；
主句為現在時從句為任一時態。
從屬連詞
連線賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that,if,whether，和疑問詞（what，how，where，when...)。
that引導表示陳述句的賓語從句，
if和whether，whether...ornot引導表示“是否”的一般疑問句的賓語從句。
關聯代詞
連線代詞主要有who,whom,whose,what,whoever,whomever,whosever,whatever,whichever等。
連線代詞一般指疑問，但what,whatever除了指疑問外，也可以指陳述。
關聯副詞
連線副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等。
例句：
Hedidn’ttellmewhenweshouldmeetagain.
他沒有告訴我什麼時候我們能再見面.
註：賓語從句通常跟在動詞後面。
動賓從句
大多數及物動詞都可以帶賓語從句。部分“動詞+副詞”結構也可以帶賓語從句。
動詞短語也可以帶賓語從句，常見的這些詞有：
makesure（確保）、makeupone’smind（下決心）、keepinmind（牢記）
可運用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句
①動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe,think等後面有賓語補足語的時候，則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句後置。
②有些動詞帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加it（雙賓語）這類動詞主要有：hate,take,owe,have,seeto.award,lend.hand,mail,offer,pass,pay,post,read,return,show,teach,tell
介賓從句
用whether之類的介詞賓語從句。用that,if引導的介詞賓語從句，有時候except,but,besides三個介詞後可見到that引導的賓語從句。
形容+賓從句
有些形容詞具有動詞的含義，所以也可以帶一個賓語從句，例句：1.IamsorryIamlate.
Iamgladthatyoucanjoinus.
Areyousurehisanswerisright?
常用來引導賓語從句的形容詞有：sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
if與whether
if和whether在作“是否”理解時，引導賓語從句常放在動詞know,ask,care,wonder,findout等之後，介詞後一般不用if。少數動詞，如：leave,put,discuss,doubt後的賓語從句常用whether。
whether後可以加ornot,但是if不可以。
在不定式前只能用whether。
一般“nomatter”後表示“是否”用whether而不用if。
不省略引導詞that
存在以下情況時引導詞that不可省略：that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動詞的賓語；
賓語從句較長；
學習圖片主語謂語動詞（包括非謂語動詞）與賓語從句之間有插入語；
一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時，第一個that可以省略，第二個that不可以省略；
賓語從句中的主語是this,that或this,that做主語的定語；
賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語；
賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句；
主語中的謂語動詞是固定詞組；
賓語從句有it做其先行詞；
直接引語中，轉述分句把賓語從句隔開；
that在從句中充當主語。
否定轉移
主句的謂語動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,expect,fancy,guess等，並且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現在時，從句的否定詞一般要轉移到主句上來，其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致.如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞，其反義疑問句要用肯定形式.我們通常稱為否定前移。
時態和語序
當主句為現在時或將來時,賓語從句的時態一般不受主句的時態所影響.當主句為過去時
①從句用一般過去時或過去進行時表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時發生
②從句過去完成時表示該動作發生在主句謂語動作之前
③從句謂語用過去將來時表示該動作發生在主句謂語動作之後
④如果從句是一個客觀真理，那么從句的時態不根據主句的時態而變化
⑤當賓語從句的引導詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問時，不能按正常語序安排，經常將這類引導詞置於句首
無論任何時候都為陳述語序.
版本一
在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類:動詞的賓語從句,介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句.時態：
1.主句用一般現在時，從句可用任意時態。
2.主句用過去時，從句用過去某個時態。
3.主句用過去時，從句是真理時，只用一般現在時。
一、賓語從句的連線詞
從屬連詞
連線賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that,if,whether.
that引導表示陳述句的賓語從句,而if和whether引導表示“是否”的賓語從句.
He told me that he would go to the college the next year
他告訴我他明年上大學.
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否還會有公車.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
沒人知道他是否會通過考試.
連線代詞
連線代詞主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
連線代詞一般指疑問,但what, whatever除了指疑問外,也可以指陳述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道是誰贏得了紅色警報的遊戲？
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
這本書會告訴你最好的執行總裁該了解些什麼.
Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎?
連線副詞
連線副詞主要有when,where,why,how,whenever,wherever,however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他沒有告訴我什麼時候我們能再見面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?
你能告訴我怎么用這個新的操作盤嗎?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
沒有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪裡買到.
二、動詞的賓語從句
大多數動詞都可以帶賓語從句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我們都預料他們會贏,因為他們的隊員更強壯.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告訴我們在整個工作中,他都會幫忙的.
部分“動詞+副詞”結構也可以帶賓語從句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out.
我發現這場音樂會的所有票都賣光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
你能計算出這次旅行我們將花費多少錢嗎?
動詞短語也可以帶賓語從句
常見的這些詞有:
make sure確保 make up one’s mind下決心 keep in mind牢記
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交試卷前確保沒有任何錯誤.
可運用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句
①動詞find,feel,consider,make,believe等後面有賓語補足語的時候,則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句後置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我認為每天多喝開水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.
我沒去聚會,感覺非常遺憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.
我每天寫日記成了習慣.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我們都認為對這件事馬上做出決定很重要.
②有些動詞帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加it
這類動詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.
我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.
他會認為我們的計畫確實可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.
我們認為你會同意我們的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
開啟發動機時, 一定要使汽車的離合器處於空擋位置.
③若賓語從句是wh-類,則不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我們都認為你所說的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
我們發現我們所學到的東西都是有用的.
三、介詞的賓語從句
用wh-類的介詞賓語從句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我們正在討論是否讓學生加入我們的俱樂部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 mannedspaceship was sent up into space.
這本新書是關於神州6號載人航天飛船是如何升入太空的.
用that,if引導的介詞賓語從句
有時候except,but,besides三個介詞後可見到that引導的賓語從句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.
對於我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一無所知.
四、形容詞的賓語從句
常用來引導賓語從句的形容詞有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry,afraid,satisfied,surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.
我確信我會通過考試.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.
很抱歉我這么長時間在打擾你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高興在他生病的時候李明能去看望他.
五、if,whether在賓語從句中的區別
① if和whether在作“是否”解時,引導賓語從句常放在動詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之後,介詞後一般不用if
② 少數動詞,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt後的賓語從句常用whether.
③ whether後可以加or not,但是if不可以.
④ 在不定式前只能用whether.
（如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。）
⑤ 避免歧異時,我們常用whether而不用if.
六、哪些賓語從句不可以省略引導詞that
當that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,state,feel,hold等動詞的賓語時;
當賓語從句較長時;
當主語狀語置於主句尾,賓語從句之前時;
當主語謂語動詞(包括非謂語動詞)與賓語從句之間有插入語時;
當一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時,此時第一個that可以省略,第二個that不可以省略;
當賓語從句中的主語是this,that或this,that做主語的定語時;
當賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時;
當賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時;
當主語中的謂語動詞是固定詞組時;
當賓語從句有it做其先行詞時;
在直接引語中,轉述分句把賓語從句隔開時.
七、賓語從句的否定轉移
主句的謂語動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等,並且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現在時,從句的否定詞一般要轉移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能說成I think he won’t come to my party.
我認為他不會來我的舞會.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我認為那個人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?
如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式.
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我們發現他從來不仔細聽老師講課,是不是?
八、賓語從句的時態和語序
當主句為現在時或將來時,賓語從句的時態一般不受主句的時態所影響.
當主句為過去時
①從句用一般過去時或過去進行時表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時發生
I only knew he was studying in a western country,but I didn’t know what country he was in.
我只知道他當時在西方的一個國家讀書,可不知道是哪個國家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他問我他進來的時候我是否正在讀<<老人與海>>.
②從句過去完成時表示該動作發生在主句謂語動作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告訴我他已經把有關會議的事情告訴的了Mary.
③從句謂語用過去將來時表示該動作發生在主句謂語動作之後
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
記者問政府是否會採取必要的措施鎮壓騷亂.
如果從句是一個客觀真理,那么從句的時態不根據主句的時態而變化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老師昨天說月亮繞著地球轉.
當賓語從句的引導詞是who,which,what,when,where,how,why等表疑問時,不能按正常語序安排,經常將這類引導詞置於句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你認為今年公眾會選誰為他們最喜歡的歌手.
版本二
學習賓語從句要抓住三要素：連線詞、語序和時態。1.連線詞
連線詞一般都是that(指事務或人),which（指事）,who（指人）
1．從句為陳述句，常選擇連線詞that或將that省略，直接與主句相連。
2．從句為一般疑問句，常選擇連線詞if或whether。在 whether … or not 結構中不能用 if 替換。
3．從句為特殊疑問句，常選擇what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑問代、副詞作連線詞。
注意：當who為主語時，句式為：who+謂語+其他
2.判斷時態情況：
1.主句是一般現在時，從句為各種時態情況。
2.主句是一般過去時，從句為各種相應過去時態注意：從句描繪客觀事實，用一般現在時。
eg:
1. The teacher told the children that the sun＿＿＿＿ round.
A. was B. is C. were D. are
2. I believe that our team＿＿＿＿ the basketball match.
A. win B. won C. will win D. wins
3. I don’t know＿＿＿＿ to visit the old man.
A. whether B. if C. that D. who
4.The soldiers soon reached( )was once an old temple( )the villagers used as a school.
A.which;where B.what;which C.where;which D.what;where
答：選B，動詞reach後接賓語從句，從句缺少賓語，where不可，which引導賓語從句時表疑問含義“哪一個…”而此句中並非疑問含義，不知道哪一座廟宇，而是用what從句表陳述含義，意“過去的一座舊廟宇”；temple後為對其修飾的定語從句，用關係代詞which代替，並在從句中作動詞used的賓語，use sth. as…“把…用作…
賓語從句用作賓語。如：
Do you know where he lives?
定語從句相當於一個形容詞，用於修飾前面的名詞。如：
The student who answered the question was John. 回答問題的學生是John.
This is the man whom he is looking for.
Do you know the girl who is in red?
語法~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
賓語從句的用法
1.that引導賓語從句無意義，不充當句子成分常省略。但下列情況除外：
（1）介詞賓語從句的that不省略
（2） and連線的幾個從句，第二個從句以後的從句的that不省略。
He told me that he had two sons and that they both had gone to college.
（3）在動詞+it+賓語補足語+賓語從句結構中，that不省略。
I heard it said that he had gone abroad
We found it impossible that he could finish it in such a short time
2.Whether ,if 引導賓語從句：兩詞可互換，但是下列情形除外：
（1）whether從句中有or not
（2）whether從句做介詞賓語
Everything depends on whether you agree with us
3.許多帶複合賓語的句子，賓語從句經常移到句子後部，而用it做形式賓語。結構常是：
主語+動詞+it+形容詞/名詞等賓語補足語+賓語從句
We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone
4.賓語從句的語序要用陳述句語序
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B 有時候可以用it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在後面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
C 帶有賓語從句的複合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
D 主句一般過去時態，從句也要用過去時態；具體細節請看第一部分。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner. bu
版本三
賓語從句，在複合句中作賓語，位於及物動詞後。eg．
Tell him which class you are in ．
Do you know what he likes？
註：
(1)主、從句時態一致：
主句謂語過去時，從句相應過去時；
He answered that he was listening to me.
主句謂語現在時，從句時態任所需；
eg． He says (that) he will leave a message on my desk.
They know (that) he is working hard.
具體過去永不變，真理格言現在時；
eg．He told me that he was born in 1980.
Father told me that practice makes perfect .
（2）否定前移，及完成反意問句
在think / believe / suppose / guess / imagine / expect等動詞後跟賓語從句否定式時，應轉移到主句上去，完成反意問句時，應與從句主、謂保持一致。（注: 否定前移的條件是，主句主語是第一人稱）
eg． I don't think you are right ,are you ?
I don't believe they have finished their work yet,have they ?
（3）運用虛擬語氣的情況
在表示：
建議 suggest , advise
要求demand 、desire、require、request、propose；
決定 decide;
命令 order、command;
堅決主張 insist;
等動詞後跟賓語從句，用（should）+v．（虛擬語氣）
eg． I suggested that you（should）study hard．
He ordered that we should go out at once．
（4）賓語從句後置情況
如果賓語從句後有賓語補語，用it作形式賓語，把賓語從句後置
eg．You may think it strange that he would live there．
（5）賓從中that不可省略的情況
賓語從句that常可省略，但在以下情況下不能省略
A．當主句謂語動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時，可以省略第一個that，其他不能省略。
eg．I believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better．
B．當it作形式賓語時
eg．She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him．
C．當賓語從句前置時
eg．That our team will win，I believe．
版本四
一、定義和賓從例句分析賓語從句就是一個句子作動詞或介詞的賓語。
A 作動詞的賓語:
I heard the news.
主語 謂語動詞 名詞作賓語
I heard that he would come here later on.
主語 謂語動詞 一個句子作賓語---賓語從句
B 作介詞的賓語:
He said nothing about the plan.
主語 謂語動詞 代詞作動詞的賓語 介詞 名詞作介詞的賓語
He said nothing about who broke the window last night.
主語 謂語動詞 代詞作動詞的賓語 介詞 一個句子作介詞的賓語
二、帶有賓語從句的複合句的構成
帶有賓語從句的複合句就是用連線詞把一個主句和一個賓語從句連線在一起。連線詞有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.
1 He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day.
賓語
2 He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airport at 8pm.
間接賓語 直接賓語
3 He told me where he was going to travel that summer.
間接賓語 直接賓語
4 He wanted to know what the manager had said at the meeting.
who hadn’t passed the exam.
when she would leave this building.
why she cried last night.
where she was going to study.
which student was his partner in the short play.
if (whether) Tom could play basketball with him that morning.
how she managed to solve the problem.
why water flows from a high position to a lower position.
在例子4中，當主句是過去時態時（一般過去時，過去進行時，過去將來時，過去完成時），從句根據不同情況必須使用過去時態的一種，（大自然的現象和真理除外）。
5 He is wanting to know what I can cook for dinner.
who broke the window yesterday.
when I can have a holiday.
why I failed the exam yesterday.
where I should have dinner with my friend tonight.
which book is the best one.
if (whether) I have passed the exam.
how my cat escaped from the room last night.
在例子5中，當主語是現在時態時（一般現在時，現在進行時，一般將來時，現在完成時），從句可根據不同情況使用各種時態。
三、注意
A 賓語從句必須用陳述語序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B 有時候可以用it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在後面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
Bad: He left whether we should continue this project to my judgment.
Good: He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.
C 帶有賓語從句的複合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
D 主句一般過去時態，從句也要用過去時態；具體細節請看第一部分。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner.
賓語從句的點點滴滴 賓語從句是英語複合句中的其中非常重要的從句之一。它是用一個句子做另一個句子的賓語，將這個句子叫做賓語從句。賓語從句做介詞或及物動詞的賓語。現在從下列三個方面總結歸納如下：
一，引導詞
A,由that 引導的陳述句性的賓語從句，在很多動詞如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等動詞後。連詞that只起連線作用，在從句中不做句子的成分，也無辭彙意義，在口語中常被省略，但在大多數情況下還是以不省為好，特別是在筆語中。
例：I told him that he was wrong.
l在think,believe, suppose, expect等動詞引起的賓語從句中，有時謂語儘管是否定意義，卻不用否定形式，而將think 等動詞變為否定形式。
例：I don’t think you are right. (我認為你做的不對)
l在許多帶有複合賓語的句子中，that引導的賓語從句經常移到句子的後面，而用it做形式賓語。
例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我認為他向每一個人撒謊是錯誤的)
B,由連詞if、 whether 引導的表示“是否…”的賓語從句。Whether,if 在從句中不做句子的成分，一般情況下，whether和if 可以替換。
例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
l在介詞後面的賓語從句中不用if引導
例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
l賓語從句中有or not時不用if引導.
例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
l和不定式連用作賓語時不用if引導.
例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
C,由wh-引導的賓語從句。連線代詞who,whom,whose, what, which,和連線副詞when, where, why, how 等連線的賓語從句，它們在句中即有連線從句的作用，又在句中充當句子的成分。
例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定語)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地點狀語)
二，賓語從句的語序，
賓語從句從句的語序必須是陳述語序，即連線詞+主語+謂語+其他成分
例：I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.
二，賓語從句的時態。
賓語從句的時態受主句的限制，
既：主句是一般現在時態，從句根據實際情況而定。
主句是一般過去時態，從句用相應的過去的時態。如果從句的動作發生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態。
例:
1)She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3)She says that she has finished her homework already.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
4)She says that she can sing a song in English.
She said that she could sing a song in English.
l如果賓語從句說的是客觀真理、自然現象或事實時，這時賓語從句要用一般現在時態。
例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
He told me that Japan is an island country.
lCould you tell me…是用來徵詢對方的意見，語氣委婉，並不表示過去。
例：Could you tell me when we will visit the Histury Museum?
注意事項：
u由陳述句變成賓語從句時，要注意人稱的變化。
例：She said: “I have been to England before.”
She said that she had been to England before.
She asked me: “Do you like maths?”
She asked me if I liked maths.
u賓語從句與簡單句的交換。
由連線代詞和連線副詞引導的賓語從句，如果賓語從句的主語和主句的主語是同一個人時，可以用“疑問詞+不定式
”做賓語的簡單句結構。
例：I don’t know what I should do next.
I con’t know what to do next.
He didn’t know where he would live.
He didn’t know where to live.
DO SOME EXERCISES:
1.Can you see________?
A. what he’s reading B. what is he reading
C. what does he read D. he reads what
2.Does Jack come from Japan? Do you know?(合併成一個句子)
Do you know_____Jack _____from Japan?
3._What did your son say in the letter?
_He told me that he___ the Disney would the next day
A.will visit B. has visited
C. is going to visit D. would visit
4.He didn’t know__________
A.what’s the matter B.what the matter is
C. what was the matter D. what the matter was
5.Somebody called you just now,but I didn’t know____
A.who were they B. who they were
C. who was it D. who it was
6.I want to know_____
A.what is his name B. what’s his name
C. that his name is D. what his name is
7.---Could you tell me ___she is looking for?
---Her cousin,susan.
A.that B.whose C .who D.which
8.---What are you searching the Internet for?
---I’m trying to find out____.
A.What is the difference between SARS and BIRDFLU
B.How many persons have died in Iraq
C.How to protect our environment
D.Why is our Chinese team be able to beat Korea
9.Do you know___________?(誰正在唱歌)
10.Do you know___________?(她正在和誰談話)
11.Do you know___________?(昨天發生了什麼事)
The keys: 1 A.2 if ,comes.3D. 4 C. 5 D. 6 D. 7 C. 8 B
9 who is singing
10 who she is talking with
11 what happened yesterday
版本五
關係代詞
1.that指代人或物，在句中作主語或賓語2.which指代物，在句中作主語或賓語（特殊：指代前面的一整件事
3.who、whom指代人，分別作主語和賓語
由關係代詞whose引導的定語從句：
whose用作名詞的限定語，whose後一定有名詞。
由關係副詞when、where、why引導的定語從句：
如果句子中不缺少主語和賓語時，則考慮用關係副詞。
1、when在從句中作時間狀語。when（onwhich）
2、where在從句中作地點狀語。where（inwhich）
3、why在從句中作原因狀語。why（forwhich）
注意
1、用which不用that的情況：
（1）“逗號”後不用that用which。（2）介詞後不用that用which
2、用that不用which的情況：
（1）先行詞為不定代詞（各種thing例：something。nothing）
（2）先行詞前有最高級、序數詞、theonly、thevery等修飾時
3、特殊情況：
（1）way（方式，方法）+（1）that
（2）inwhich
（3）什麼都用
例：Ihitway（that/inwhich）youspeaktoyourparents
（2）當句子中不缺主語、賓語時，出現“point、condition、stage、case”等詞後用where。
賓語從句的定義
置於動詞、介詞等詞性後面起賓語作用的從句叫賓語從句。賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序。謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式，v.-ing形式後面都能帶賓語從句。有些形容詞（afraid,sure,glad等）之後也可以帶賓語從句。引導詞的用法
在複合句中作主句的賓語，引導詞有：連詞：that(that常可省略),whether,if
代詞：who,whose,what,which
副詞：when,where,how,why等。
（一）that引導的賓語從句（在非正式場合that可以省略）
可跟that從句做賓語的動詞有：
say,think,insist,wish,hope,demand,imagine,wonder,know,suppose,see,believe,agree,admit,deny,expect,explain,order,command,feel,dream,suggest,hear,mean,notice,prefer,request,require,propose,declare,report等。
例句：Theboybelievesthathewilltravelthroughspacetootherplanets.
注意事項：當主句謂語動詞是think,believe,suppose,expect等詞，而賓語從句的意思是否定時，常把否定轉移至主句表示。
例句：Idon’tthinkitisrightforhimtotreatyoulikethat.
在以下情況中that不能省略
當句中的動詞後接多於兩個由that引導的賓語從句時，第一個that可省，但後面的that不可省。
例句：Hesaid(that)youweretooyoungtounderstandthematterandthathewasaskednottotellyou.
當主句的謂語動詞與that賓語從句之間有插入語時，that一般不可省。
例句：JustthenInoticed,forthefirsttime,thatourmasterwaswearinghisfinegreencoatandhisblacksilkcap.
當that從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時，that不可省。
例句：Ican’ttellhimthathismotherdied.
注意事項：許多帶複合賓語的句子，that引導的賓語從句經常移到句子後部，而用it作形式賓語。
例句：Ifinditnecessarythatweshoulddothehomeworkontime.
（二）由whether,if引導的賓語從句
由whether(if)引導的賓語從句，實際上是一般疑問句演變而來的。意思是“是否”。賓語從句要用陳述句語序。一般說來，在賓語從句中whether與if可以互換使用，但在特殊情況下if與whether是不能互換的。
例句：Iwonderwhether(if)theywillcometoourparty.
只能用whether，不能用if引導的賓語從句
在帶to的不定式前
例句：Wedecidedwhethertowalkthere.
在介詞的後面
例句：I’mthinkingofwhetherweshouldgotoseethefilm.
在動詞後面的賓語從句時
例句：Wediscussedwhetherwehadasportsmeetingnextweek
直接與ornot連用時
例句：Ican’tsaywhetherornotthetcancomeontime.
只能用if不能用whether引導的賓語從句
if引導條件狀語從句，意為“如果”
例句：Thestudentswillgoonapicnicifitissunny.
if引導否定概念的賓語從句時
例句：HeaskedifIdidn’tcometoschoolyesterday.
引導狀語從句evenif（即使）和asif（好象）時
例句：Hetalksasifhehasknownallaboutit.
（三）連線代詞和連線副詞引導的賓語從句
這樣的賓語從句實際上是由特殊疑問句變化而來的，賓語從句要用陳述句語序。用於這種結構的動詞常常是：see,say,tell,ask,answer,know,decide,show,findout,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,discover,understand,inform,advise等。
英語中的連線代詞有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中擔任主語、賓語、定語或者表語。
例句：Canyoutellmewhomyouarewaitingfor?
英語中的連線副詞有：when,where,why,how，在句中擔任狀語的成分。
例句：Noneofusknowswherethesenewpartscanbebought.
賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序即：連線代詞/副詞+主語+謂語+其他成分。例句如下：Idon’tknowwhattheyarelookingfor.
Couldyoutellmewhenthetrainwillleave?
Canyouimaginewhatkindofmanheis?
賓語從句的時態
主句是一般現在時，從句根據實際情況使用任何時態。例句：Theheadmasterhopeseverythinggoeswell.
主句是過去時態，從句須用過去時態的某種形式。
例句：Shewassorrythatshehadn’tfinishedherworkontime.
當賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理或者事實時，即使主句是過去時，從句也用一般現在時態。
例句：Theteachertoldhisclassthatlighttravelsfasterthansound.
賓語從句的特點
賓語從句可以作及物動詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語。賓語從句的語序一律用陳述句語序。
連線詞that引導賓語從句在句中無詞義，不充當句子成份，多數情況下可以省略。
whether和if都可引導賓語從句，但whether後可緊跟ornot；whether從句可作介詞的賓語。
如果從句太長，可以用形式賓語it.
