簡介
屬中文學名：牆蘚屬
牆蘚屬屬拉丁學名：TortulaHedw
二名法：TortulaHedw.Spec.Muc.
界：植物界
門：苔蘚植物門Bryophyta
綱：真蘚植物綱(Bryopsida)
亞綱：曲尾蘚亞綱(Dicranidae)
目：叢蘚目（Pottiales）
科：叢蘚科Pottiaceae
屬：牆蘚屬Tortula
所有物種
凹葉泛生牆蘚
長尖葉牆蘚
齒肋牆蘚
刺葉牆蘚
大牆蘚
短尖葉牆蘚
鈍葉牆蘚
泛生牆蘚
具邊牆蘚
平葉牆蘚
牆蘚
全緣牆蘚
土生牆蘚
彎葉牆蘚
無芒泛生牆蘚
無疣牆蘚
雲南牆蘚
中華牆蘚
主要特徵
該植物體矮小、疏生、鈣土蘚類。莖單一，基部多假根。葉乾時扭轉，濕時傾立，全緣下部背卷，緣多分化；中肋突出；葉上部細胞綠色，具馬蹄形細密疣，下部方形，透明。雌雄同株。環帶發育，易脫落。蒴齒32，1～4回左旋。
本屬約50種。
牆蘚屬地理分布
廣布於南北半球的溫帶及暖熱帶地區，在高山寒地也有分布．多生於石灰岩及鈣質土上。中國以往先後報導有14種，在西南諸省，尤以西藏高原地區種類最多。
檢索表
1.葉中肋較細，長達葉尖即消失········································21.葉中肋較粗壯，長達葉尖且突出呈短刺狀或長毛狀·······························4
2.葉片呈闊倒卵圓形；蒴齒具高的基膜，齒片呈線形向左旋扭················11.短尖葉牆蘚T.schmidii.
2.葉片呈卵圓形或卵狀舌形；蒴齒基膜矮或無基膜，齒片呈線狀披針形，明顯旋扭··················3
3.植物體較纖長（高約2-3cm）；葉邊僅中下部稍背卷；蒴齒無基膜·············14.雲南牆蘚T.yunnanensis
3.植物體較短壯，（高約3-5mm）；葉邊上下均背卷；蒴齒具矮的基膜·············3.長蒴牆蘚T.leptotheca
4.葉先端具短刺狀小尖頭或細毛尖········································5
4.葉先端具由多列細胞組成的粗長毛尖·····································7
5.葉緣由1-4列細胞強烈增厚，形成明顯分化的黃色葉邊······················13.牆蘚T.subulata
5.葉緣無明顯分化的葉邊···········································6
6.葉片呈倒卵狀舌形，葉邊全緣，平展；茹柄短，（長約5mm)················7.平葉牆蘚T.planijolia
6.葉片呈長卵狀橢圓形，葉邊明顯背卷；蒴柄細長（長約20---25mm)···············5.泛生牆蘚T.muralis.
7.葉片多呈倒卵形，且多平展，葉先端毛尖平滑或疏具細齒，中肋背面平滑·····················8
7.葉片疣呈卵圓形，葉邊明顯背卷，葉先端毛尖具突出的刺狀粗齒，中肋背面也具刺狀齒···············10
8.莖短小（長約7mm)；葉中肋突出呈平滑而透明的短毛尖·················6.台灣牆蘚T.nankomontana
8.莖較長（長約20---50mm）；中肋突出呈長毛尖·································9
9.中肋具無色透明，被疏齒的長毛尖；葉細胞呈5--6角形，胞壁薄······，·····4.長尖葉牆蘚T.longimucronata
9.中肋具紅棕色而平滑無齒的毛尖；葉細胞呈多角狀圓形，胞壁較厚··············12.中華牆蘚T.sinensis
10.葉片較厚，由2層細胞構成；葉端毛尖呈紅棕色，密被粗刺狀齒··············2.刺葉牆蘚T.desertorum
10.葉片較薄，僅具1層細胞；葉先端毛尖無色透明，疏被刺狀齒·························11
11.植株較高大，（高達5--8cm），葉片呈倒卵狀匙形，基部狹長成鞘狀··············10.山牆蘚T.ruralis
11．植株較矮小，（高約2---4cm)，葉片呈卵圓形，基部闊，不成鞘狀······················12
12.葉片背仰呈鐮刀狀彎曲；葉細胞呈多角狀圓形，胞壁稍增厚·················9.彎葉牆蘚T.reflexa
12.葉片不彎曲；葉細胞呈5-6角形，胞壁薄···································13
13.植株較粗壯；葉先端毛尖上密被尖齒····························8.大牆蘚T.princes
13.植株很細小；葉先端毛尖上被疏生刺狀齒·························1.齒肋牆蘚T.caninems
代表物種
牆鮮T.subulataHedw.
植株矮小而粗壯，幼時鮮綠色，老時呈紅棕色。莖單一，稀叉狀分枝。基部多具紅棕色假根。葉乾時旋扭，略皺縮，濕時伸展，呈卵形、倒卵形或舌形，先端圓鈍，具小尖頭或漸尖，基部有時呈鞘狀；葉邊全緣，常背卷；中肋粗壯，紅棕色，多突出葉尖呈短刺狀或白色長毛尖，先端及背面有時具刺狀齒；稀不及葉尖即消失；葉上部細胞呈多角一圓形，密被疣數新月形、馬蹄形或圓環狀疣，稀平滑無疣；基部細胞呈長方形，無色，一透明，平滑無疣；葉緣有時具狹長，黃色或棕色細胞構成的分化邊。雌雄同株。蒴柄細長；孢蒴長圓柱形，直立或略傾立；蒴齒具矮或高的基膜，齒片32條，呈狹長線形或不規則的披針形，密被細疣，1-4次左旋，稀直立；蒴蓋圓錐形，具長喙；蒴帽兜形。孢子小，黃綠色或黃棕色，平滑或疏生細疣。
