後天特性學

"後天特性學"是專門研究人類機體在後天形成的一些特性的學科,在人類科學及醫學方面有很重要的作用,可以幫助人們了解後天行為的形成,也在解決人類疾病方面有很突出的貢獻.

簡介

"後天特性學"是專門研究人類機體在後天形成的一些特性的學科,在人類科學及醫學方面有很重要的作用,可以幫助人們了解後天行為的形成,也在解決人類疾病方面有很突出的貢獻.

先天與後天的定義

雖然“後天”在傳統意義上被定義為家長對和孩子的照顧，但是任何環境的（非遺傳）因素也應被算入其中，包括：兒時的玩伴、電視節目、與在母親肚子中經歷。事實上，切實存在的環境因素對人類的影響可以從出生前就開始。另外，孩童時期，尤其是早期，會影響整個孩童以後的發展，更泛一些，所有的生活經歷都是後天。

先天與後天是心理學上，爭論個人的天生品質（先天）與個人經驗（後天）在決定個人心理和行為特性中的重要性或因果關係的問題。以前，當討論到這個問題時主要是考慮自主行為（主觀意願）與非自主行為（大自然、神等）之間的界限。這種說法是：以自身為中心的，而順從個人意願的說法；即宗教或神學。隨著科學的發展，舊說法逐漸被拋棄，取而代之的是站在人類的角度上觀察此問題。

參考文獻

^ http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:etWy56SPQQYJ:home.att.net/~xchar/tna. Website for "The Nurture Assumption."

^ http://home.att.net/~xchar/tna/edge2006.htm

^ Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. 2001. Behavioral Genetics. (4th Edition). New York: Worth Publishers.

^ * Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E. and McGuffin, P.（2001）．Behavioral Genetics (4th Ed.)．New York：Freeman．ISBN 0-7167-5159-3．

^ Genetic and environmental Influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities. Human Biology, 70, 257–279. 1998

^ Plomin, R. 2004. Intelligence: genetics, genes, and genomics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 86 112-129

^ M. McGue, T. J. Bouchard Jr., W. G. Iacono, & D. T. Lykken (1993) Behavioral Genetics of Cognitive Ability: A Life-Span Perspective, in Nature, Nurture, and Psychology, by R. Plomin & G. E. McClearn (Eds.) Washington, DC: American Psychological Association

^ R. Plomin, D. W. Fulker, R. Corley, & J. C. DeFries (1997) Nature, Nurture and Cognitive Development from 1 to 16 years: A Parent-Offspring adoption Study Psychological Science 8 442–447

^ C. S. Hall (1951) The Genetics of Behavior, in Handbook of Experimental Psychology, by S. S. Stevens (Ed.) New York, NY, USA: John Wiley and Sons, pp. 304-329

^ W. E. Crusio (1990) Estimating heritabilities in quantitative behavior genetics: A station passed. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 127-128

• Alarcon, M., Plomin, R., Fulker, D.W., Corley, R. & DeFries, J.C. (1998). Multivariate path analysis of specific cognitive abilities: data at 12 years of age in the Colorado Adoption Project. Behavior Genetics 28:255-264.
• Jang, K.L., McCrae, R.R., Angleitner, A. Riemann, R. & Livesley, W.J. (1998). Heritability of facet-level traits in a cross-cultural twin sample: support for a hierarchical model of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74:1556-1565.
• Joseph, J. (2004)The Gene Illusion: Genetic Research in Psychiatry and Psychology Under the Microscope.New York: Algora. (2003 United Kingdom Edition by PCCS Books)
• Joseph, J. (2006). The Missing Gene: Psychiatry, Heredity, and the Fruitless Search for Genes.New York: Algora.
• Harrison PJ, Owen MJ. (2003) Genes for schizophrenia? Recent findings and their pathophysiological implications. Lancet, 361(9355), 417–9.
• Neill, J. T. (2004). Nature vs nurture in intelligence. Wilderdom.
• Pinker, S. (2004) Why nature & nurture won't go away. Dædalus.
• Plomin, R., Fulker, D. W., Corley, R. & DeFries, J. C. (1997). Nature, nurture and cognitive development from 1 to 16 years: a parent-offspring adoption study. Psychological Science 8:442-447.
• Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E. and McGuffin, P.（2001）．Behavioral Genetics (4th Ed.)．New York：Freeman．ISBN 0-7167-5159-3．
• Ridley, M.（2003）．Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human．HarperCollins．ISBN 0-06-000678-1． (republished under the title The Agile Gene: How Nature Turns on Nurture)
• Wahlsten, D. (1997). Leilani Muir versus the Philosopher King: eugenics on trial in Alberta. Genetica 99: 185-198.
• At least two Science Fiction novels have plots which bear on this debate (in very different ways from each other): Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh (1988) and The Coming of the Quantum Cats by Frederik Pohl (1986).