Nicosia (尼科西亞) 賽普勒斯首都
Nicosia 全景賽普勒斯首都尼科西亞（Nicosia）位於賽普勒斯島美索里亞平原中部、瀕臨派迪亞斯河，北依橫越島國北岸的凱里尼亞山脈，西南同青松蒼翠的特魯多斯山遙遙相望，海拔約150米。面積50．5平方公里（包括郊區），人口36.3萬（其中，希區27.3萬,土區9萬）。
公元前200多年，尼科西亞稱“麗德拉”，位於現今尼科西亞西南，為賽普勒斯古代重要的城邦。尼科西亞是在麗德拉的基礎上逐漸形成和建設起來的。曾歷經拜占庭人（公元330—1191年）、魯西格南諸王（公元1192—1489年）、威尼斯人（公元1489—1571年）、土耳其人（公元1571—1878年）和英國人（1878—1960年）的統治。
老城區的麗德拉街是全尼科西亞最為繁華的地區，這裡商店鱗次櫛比、各種貨物琳琅滿目，應有盡有。1489年威尼斯人占據塞島後在城中央築有圓形城牆和11座心形碉堡，至今仍保存完好。位於城牆內中心部位的塞利米耶清真寺，原是1209年動工、1235年竣工的哥德式聖索菲婭大教堂；1570年土耳其人入侵後，增修了兩個尖塔，翌年，正式改為清真寺。1954年為紀念征服賽普勒斯的塞利米耶蘇丹，才正式改名為塞利米耶清真寺。十字軍東征時期修建的大主教府和聖約翰教堂是市內典型的希臘正教教堂，今已做為島國文化研究部門的辦公樓。此外，還有一些拜占庭時期（330－1191年）的建築也頗具特色。內城小街細巷，因傳統的手工藝、皮革商店多把貨品堆在人行道上，曲折如同迷宮，漫步其中，猶如又回到了中世紀的古城。著名的賽普勒斯博物館裡還珍藏和陳列了從新石器時代到羅馬時期的各種文物。
NICOSIA
Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia, is the capital and largest city of Cyprus. Located on the River Pedieos and situated almost in the centre of the island, it is the seat of government as well as the main business centre. Nicosia is the capital of the Nicosia District.
Following the intercommunal violence of the 1960s, the capital was divided between the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in the south and north respectively. An attempted coup to unite the island with Greece in 1974 led to a Turkish invasion, leaving the capital divided since then, with Turkish Cypriots claiming the north as the capital of their own state, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (recognised only by Turkey). On 3 April 2008, as part of efforts to reunify the island, a symbolic wall dividing the two communities at Ledra Street was opened. Nicosia retains the distinction of being the world's last divided capital.
South of the Green Line, the population of the city is 270,000 (late 2004), while a further 84,893 live in the north.[2] Nicosia is important commercially with many shops, two modern shopping malls, restaurants and entertainment. The city is a trade centre and manufactures textiles, leather, pottery, plastic, and other products. Copper mines are nearby. Nicosia is the seat of the University of Cyprus (UCY) and four other universities.
History
Nicosia was a city-state known as Ledra or Ledrae in ancient times. The king of Ledra, Onasagoras, was recorded as paying tribute to Esarhaddon of Assyria in 672 BC. Rebuilt by Lefkos, son of Ptolemy I around 300 BC, Ledra in Hellenic and Roman times was a small, unimportant town, also known as Lefkothea. By the time it received its first Christian bishop, Trifillios, in 348, the town was called Lefkousia or Ledra.
Still known as Lefkosia, the city became the island's capital around the 10th century. It had grown in importance because of threats to the coastal cities Paphos and Salamis, which made many people flee to the centrally located Lefkosia.
The seat of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus since 1192, it became a Venetian possession in 1489, and fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1571. Ledra is now the actual name of the most popular commercial street.
The exonym "Nicosia" appeared with the arrival of the Lusignans. The "Frankish" Crusaders either could not, or did not care to, pronounce the name Lefkosia, and tended to say "Nicosia". In this era of the Franks, the city expanded culturally, and in the 15th and 16th centuries, saw the erection of a number of palaces, mansions, churches and monasteries.
Some 20,000 residents died as a result of the Ottoman siege of 1570. Man-made and natural disasters further struck the city during the 19th century. The Turks crushed the 1821 anti-Ottoman revolt in blood.
cholera hit the city in 1835, and fire destroyed large parts of Nicosia in 1857. The British Empire gained control over the island in 1878, with Nicosia serving as the capital of the new British possession.
Nicosia was the scene of extreme violence in the period just prior to Cypriot independence in 1960. Since the Greek supported coup and Turkish invasion which followed it in 1974, part of the city's northern sector has been inside the boundary of a United Nations Buffer Zone.
The tombs of the Lusignan kings are in the former Cathedral of St. Sophia, now a mosque in the northern sector.
The core of the city also has well-preserved Venetian fortifications, built in the 16th century, which encircle the old, medieval part of the city.
NICOSIA: The Capital尼科西亞：首都 Nicosiais the capital of Cyprus, a status it has enjoyed for 1000 years since the 10th century, though its beginnings date back 5000 years to the Bronze Age. 賽普勒斯首都尼科西亞的是，一個地位，1000年以來一直享有的10世紀，但其起源可追溯到5000年的青銅時代。 It lies roughly in the centre of the island in the Mesaoria Plain, flanked by the beautiful northern range of Kyreniamountains with its distinctive 'Pentadaktylos"- the five finger mountain. There are various suggestions as to the origin of the name Nicosia - or 'Lefkosia' In Greek - but the most likely one is linked to the popular tree, the tall 'Lefki ' which once adorned the city.它是大約在平原中心的邁薩奧里亞在島上，“馳騁的凱里尼亞山脈北部的美麗與獨特的'Pentadaktylos-五個手指的山峰。有-或各種建議，以作為原產地的名稱尼科西亞' Lefkosia'在希臘-但最有可能被連結到一個受歡迎的樹，高大的'Lefki'曾經裝飾的城市。
Seat of Government, Diplomatic headquarters and cultural centre of Cyprus, the capital presents two distinct faces: the old, original part of the city, surrounded by sturdy Venetian walls over 400 years old, and a busy modern metropolis which has a population of 171.000 together with the suburbs.賽普勒斯政府所在地，外交和文化中心的總部，資本提供了兩個不同的面孔：老，全市原有的一部分，由堅固的城牆包圍威尼斯人超過400歲，一個繁忙的現代都市一起171.000其中有一個人口與郊區。Within the large area encircled by the strong bastion walls that served to protect the town for centuries are many places of great historic interest.在幾個世紀的大面積包圍的堅強堡壘牆起到了保護城市的許多名勝古蹟的偉大。
The central Eleftheria Squarelinks old Nicosia with the elegant modern city that has grown up outside the walls, where hotels, offices restaurants and gardens blend happily with the fine old houses and colonial buildings of this cosmopolitan city. 廣場中央埃萊夫塞里婭聯繫老尼科西亞與優雅的現代城市，成長的城市以外的牆壁，在酒店，辦公室和花園餐廳愉快地與國際化融合的優秀老這房子和殖民建築。
PLACES OF INTEREST景點
1.CYPRUS MUSEUM1.CYPRUS博物館
Muscum Street Tel: (02)30-2189 Muscum街電話：（02）30-2189
Priceless and fascinating collection of Cypriot antiquities and art treasures from the neolithic Age to the early Byzantine Period.無價的，新石器時代的文物和藝術珍品從迷人的收集塞的早期拜占庭時期。
2.2。BYANTINE MUSEUM AND ART GALLERIESBYANTINE博物館和藝術畫廊
Arch.拱橋。 Makarios III Foundation, Cultural Centre, within the archbishopric, Arch.馬卡里奧斯三世基金會，文化中心，在大主教，拱橋。 Kyprianos Square Tel: (02) 456781.基普里亞諾斯廣場電話：（02）456781。 Largest collection of icons on the island, covering the period from 9th to 18th century.收集的圖示上最大的島，面積從第9期至18世紀。 The Art Galleries contain oil paintings, maps, lithographs etc.包含的藝術畫廊油畫，地圖，版畫等
3.3。FOLK ART MUSEUM民間藝術博物館
Within the Old archbishopric, Arch.在以往的大主教，拱橋。 Kyprianos Square Tel: (02) 463205.基普里亞諾斯廣場電話：（02）463205。 Wide collection of Cypriot folk art of the 19th and early 20th century, including wood-carved objects, tapestry, embroidery, pottery, national costumes and hand-woven materials.廣泛收集民間藝術塞19世紀和20世紀初，包括木製雕刻對象，掛毯，刺繡，陶瓷，民族服裝和手工編織的材料。
4.4。NATIONAL STRUGGLE MUSEUM民族鬥爭博物館
Near the Archbishopric, Arch.近大主教，拱橋。 Kyprianos Square Tel: (02)30-2465基普里亞諾斯廣場電話：（02）30-2465 Documents, photos and other memorabilia of the 1955-1959 National Liberation Struggle.檔案，照片和其他紀念品解放鬥爭的1955-1959年全國。
5.5。AYIOS IOANNIS CATHEDRAL聖埃夫斯特拉揚大教堂
Within the Archbishopric, Arch.在大主教，拱橋。 Kyprianos Square.基普里亞諾斯廣場。 Built by Archbishop Nikiforos in 1662, the recently restored 18th century wall paintings depict biblical scenes and the discovery of the tomb of Saint Barnabas at Salamis.尼基福羅斯大主教在1662年建成，最近改建的18世紀壁畫描繪的場景和聖經的薩拉米斯發現聖墓的石碑上。 Dedicated to Ayios loannis (Saint John).致力於聖安布羅西loannis（聖約翰）。
6.6。ARCHBISHOPRIC大主教
Centre of the Cyprus Orthodox Church, the new Archbishopric built in a neo-byzantine style in 1960, contains the private suite of the late Archbishop Makarios. ，中心賽普勒斯東正教教堂，興建新的大主教新拜占庭式風格在1960年包含馬卡里奧斯大主教私人套房後期。 Open to the public only on special occasions.向公眾開放的只有在特殊場合。
7.7。HOUSE OF HADJIGEORGAKIS KORNESSIOSHOUSE的作者HADJIGEORGAKIS KORNESSIOS
patriarch Gregoriou Street near the Archbishopric.元老格雷戈里烏街附近的大主教。 Originally a Venetian Building.原本是威尼斯大廈。 It is probably the most important 18th century building in Nicosia.這可能是最重要的建築在尼科西亞18世紀。 It was once the house of the Dragoman Hadjigeorgakis Kornessios.它曾是Kornessios一棟德拉戈曼Hadjigeorgakis。 The house is being restored and will house the Cyprus Ethnographic Museum.這房子是正在裝修，將房子賽普勒斯人種學博物館。 Hadjigeorgakis Kornessios house has won the Europa Nostra award in 1988. Hadjigeorgakis Kornessios家獲得該獎項於1988年歐羅巴諾斯特拉。
8.8。FAMAGUSTA GATE法馬古斯塔門
Nikiforos Phokas Avenue Tel: (02) 430877尼基福羅斯Phokas大街電話：（02）430877
The Venetian walls which completely encircle the old city have a circumference of 4.5 km and possess eleven heart-shaped bastions.威尼斯人的堡壘城牆的形狀完全包圍城市的舊有一個周長4.5公里，擁有11個心。 There were only three entries to the city through gates, in the north, south and east.當時只有3項，以城市通過大門，在北部，南部和東部。 One of these gates, the Porta Giuliana, called the Famagusta Gate has been restored and is now the Nicosia Municipal Cultural Centre. The large imposing gate itself leads into a long passage with a central cupola, which cuts through the walls and comes out in the moat.蓋茨其中之一，朱麗安娜的波塔，稱為法馬古斯塔門已經恢復，現在是尼科西亞市文化中心。實行大到一門本身導致在一個長的通道中央穹頂，它通過削減和牆壁來了護城河。 On both sides are high, stonewalled guard-rooms.雙方都很高，百般阻撓守衛室。 The restored passage and rooms arc used for exhibitions, conferences, Iectures and various performances. The oId quarter of the town, close to the Famagusta Gate, is also beinR restored.修復後的通道和房間弧用於展覽，會議，Iectures和各種表演。鎮的oid的四分之一，接近法馬古斯塔門，也是beinR恢復。
9.9。CHRYSALINIOTISSA CHURCHCHRYSALINIOTISSA堂
Within walking distance from the Archbishopric.在步行距離的大主教。 Considered the oldest Byzantine church in Nicosia it is dedicated to 'Our Lady of the Ciolden Flax' and is believed to have been built in 1450 by Queen Helena Palaeologos.考慮的最古老的拜占庭式的教堂在尼科西亞它致力於'奧爾拉迪奧Ciolden亞麻'的，相信已被1450年建於英國女王海倫娜Palaeologos。
10.10。OMERIYEH MOSQUEOMERIYEH清真寺
Near the Old Municipal Market within the walled city.市附近的舊市場內城牆的城市。 Converted into a mosque in 1571 by Mustapha Pasha, who believed that the original 14th century Augustinian church of St. Mary's, was built on the spot where prophet Omer rested when visiting Nicosia.轉換成一認為在1571年由穆斯塔法清真寺帕莎，誰，原來14世紀的奧古斯丁教堂的聖母，是建立在尼科西亞先知所在的地方休息時，奧馬爾訪問。 Most of the original building was destroyed by Ottoman artillery.原建築大部分被摧毀了奧斯曼炮兵。 Engraved TOMBSTONES of the Lusignan period were used to re-floor the mosque.呂西尼昂時期刻在墓碑被用來重新地板清真寺。 Remains of late Venetian building can be seen near the east end of the mosque.威尼斯建築遺存晚可以看到附近的清真寺東端的。
11.11。PHANEROMENI CHURCHPHANEROMENI堂
Onassagoras street, within the old city. Onassagoras街道，在老城區。 Built in I872 this used to be the largest church in Nicosia.內置I872這曾經是在尼科西亞最大的教堂。 The marble mausoleum to the east of the church contains the relics of he bishops and priests executed by the Turks in 1821.大理石陵墓的教堂以東包含他的遺物主教和司鐸由土耳其人在1821年執行。
12.12。TRIPIOTIS CHURCHTRIPIOTIS堂
Solon Street, near Laiki Yitonia索倫街，近Laiki Yitonia Built by Archbishop Germanos II in 1695 this is an interesting example of the Franco-Byzantine style.二建於1695年由大主教傑爾馬努斯這是一個有趣的例子，拜占庭式的法國和。 The rich interior, the unusually wide iconostasis and silver-covered icon indicatc this was once a 'society' church.豐富的內陸，不尋常的廣泛聖象，銀覆蓋圖示indicatc這曾經是一個'社會'的教堂。
13.13。LAIKI YITONIALAIKI YITONIA
Rcstored pedestrian area within the walled city, east of' Eleftheria Square. Rcstored行人區域內的寨城，東'自由廣場。 Charming winding alleys with traditional houses and shops, restaurants, galleries, all lovingly restored as typical examples of Cypriot urban architecture of a bygone, more graceful age.優美迷人的蜿蜒小巷年齡與傳統民居和商店，更多的餐廳，畫廊的城市塞，所有典型的例子深情恢復了昔日的建築。
14.14。STATE COLLECTION OF CONTEMPORARY ART國家收集的當代藝術
Corner Stassinos Ave and Crete street Repressentative collection of paintings and sculpture by Cypriot artists 1930-1980.角落Stassinos夫和克里特島街道Repressentative繪畫和雕塑作品的藝術家1930至80年的賽普勒斯。
15.15。ST.意法半導體。PAUL'S ANGILICAN CATHEHDRAL CHURCH保羅的ANGILICAN CATHEHDRAL堂
Though officially called a Cathedral, this is the parish church for Anglican residents, and was built in I893 in a style reminiscent of many English village churches.雖然正式名稱的大教堂，這是英國聖公會教堂的教區居民，並於I893建在一個鄉村教堂的風格讓人想起許多英語。
16.16。MUNICIPAL THEATRE市劇院
Museum street, opposite the Cyprus Museum.博物館街，對面的賽普勒斯博物館。 This spacious theatre in neo-classical style was completed in 1967.這間寬敞的劇場在新古典主義風格是在1967年完成。 It has a seating capacity of 1200 and is used for performances by the Cyprus Theatrical Organisation, musical concerts and recitals, dance performances and for various ceremonies.它擁有1200個座位，是用各種儀式的文藝演出由賽普勒斯組織，音樂會和演奏會，舞蹈表演及。
17.17。KYKKO METOCHIKYKKO METOCHI
Prokopiou street, Engomi. Prokopiou街道，恩戈米。 Monastery dependency of the famous Kykko Monastery, dating from 1890.寺依賴著名Kykko寺，從1890年約會。
18.18。CYPRUS HANDICRAFT SERVICE賽普勒斯手工業服務
Athalassa Avenue Tel:(02) 30-5024 (Turn right at the beginning of Nicosia-Limassol highway, traffic lights). Athalassa大街電話：（02）30-5024（交通燈右轉，開始尼科西亞，利馬索爾公路）。 The, aim of the government-run centre is to promote and improve traditional folk Art and Craft skills by helping artisans to improve their techniques and maintain the quality of their products.在運行中心，目的是政府為促進和改善維持其產品質量的傳統民間藝術和手工藝工匠的技能，幫助和提高他們的技術。 The Centre includes a showroom-shop with a wide selection of Cyprus handicrafts, and also shops in Laiki Yitonia and in all other towns.該中心包括一個賽普勒斯手工藝品陳列室全店選擇了，也和Laiki Yitonia商店和所有其他城鎮。
19.19。THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CENTER國際會議中心
In Nicosia you will find the most sophisticated Conference Centre on the island which accomrnodates more than 1,OOO delegates.在尼科西亞你會發現比1，OOO跟企業代表最先進的會議中心的島嶼的accomrnodates更多。
NICOSIA AREA尼科西亞地區
1.1。ANCIENT CITY KINGDOM OF IDALION AND THE BYZANTINE CHURCH AT PERACHORIO古代伊德利翁市王國和拜占庭教會的AT PERACHORIO
19 km south of Nicosia.尼科西亞以南19公里。 The site of this ancient city kingdom has not yet been fully excavated, but on the high ground, outside the present village of Dhali, part of the ancient walls of the city can be seen.該網站的這個古老王國的城市還沒有得到充分挖掘，但在高地上的城市，外村本扎利的，古城牆的部分可以看出。 In this area adonis, mythical lover of the goddess Aphrodite, was killed by a wild Boar sent by her jealous husband.丈夫在這方面阿多尼斯的女神，神話的愛人女神的嫉妒她被送往一個野生野豬打死。
At the nearby village of Perachorio the church of the Holy Apostles contains very beautiful 12th century frescoes.在附近村莊的Perachorio使徒教會的聖包含非常美麗的12世紀的壁畫。
2.2。PANAYIA CHRYSOSPILIOTISSA帕納伊亞CHRYSOSPILIOTISSA
Near Deftera village, 11 km southwest of Nicosia.近Deftera村，11公里的尼科西亞西南。 Dedicated to Our Lady of the Golden Cave, the catacomb structure, an enlarged natural cave indicates the church, dates back to the early Christian period.專門為我們的洞穴夫人金洞，地下墓穴的結構，擴大自然表明了教堂，可以追溯到早期基督教時期。 Unfortunately its painted interior is hadly damaged.遺憾的是它的內部是hadly畫損壞。 A religious fair is held near the church on 15th August.公平是一個宗教附近舉行教堂8月15日。
3.3。TAMASSOSTAMASSOS
Tamassos, with its rich copper works, was a city kingdom of ancient Cyprus and of great importance throughout early history. Tamassos作品，其豐富的銅，是一個非常重要的城市王國古代賽普勒斯和整個的早期歷史。 Excavations have produced the Royal Tombs and copper workshops associated with Aphrodite-Astarte.發掘產生的皇家陵墓，阿斯塔特阿芙羅狄蒂銅研討會關聯。
4.4。AYIOS HERAKLEIDIOS MONASTERY聖埃夫斯特拉HERAKLEIDIOS寺
Politiko village, 1/2 km from the Royal Tombs. Politiko村，1 / 2公里的皇家陵墓。 When Saints Paul and Barnabas came to Cyprus, they were guided to Tamassos by Herakleidios, whom they later ordained as Bishop of Tamassos. He was martyred at the age of 60 and buried in the cave where he had lived and preached.當聖徒保羅和巴拿巴來到賽普勒斯，他們引導Tamassos由Herakleidios，其中他們後來Tamassos主教祝聖為。烈屬，在他60歲的宣講和洞穴葬在他所居住的地方。 The Monastery was founded in 400 AD, destroyed and rebuilt several times until Archbishop Chrysanthos renovated the church and cells in 1773.修道院始建於公元400年被毀，多次重建，直到大主教赫里桑索斯裝修和細胞在1773年的教堂。 The skull and a bone from the hand of the saint are kept in a silver gilt case, in the church which is decorated with fine frescoes and icons.該頭骨和一聖骨的手從被關在一銀鍍金的情況下，在教堂的圖示，並以優良的裝飾壁畫。
5.5。MACHAIRAS MONASTERYMACHAIRAS寺
41 km south of Nicosia, through Deftera and Pera villages.尼科西亞以南41公里，通過Deftera和Pera村莊。 Founded by two monks in 1148, when an icon of the Virgin Mary was found in a nearby cave.成立於1148年由兩名僧人，當圖示的聖母瑪利亞被發現在附近的一個洞穴。 Set in a picturesque dip in the Makhairas mountains, it is the scene of a large religious fair on 15th August.山設定在Makhairas風景如畫沾，這是8月15日現場對大型宗教公平。
6.6。PHIKARDOUPHIKARDOU
1 1/2 km east of Gourri village (Road Makhairas-Nicosia Via Klirou). 1 1 / 2公里，東距Gourri村（路Makhairas -尼科西亞通過克利魯）。 The whole village has been declared an ancient 'monument' in order to preserve the remarkable woodwork and folk architecture of the 18th century houses.整個村莊已被宣布為一個古老的'紀念碑'，以保持顯著的木製品和民居建築於18世紀。 The house of Katsinioros and Achilleas Demetri some parts of which go back to the 16th century, have been restored as vivid examples of rural architecture.該德梅特里房子Katsinioros和Achilleas部分地區，其中回到16世紀，已經恢復為鄉村建築生動的例子。 They received the EUROPA NOSTRA award in 1987.他們獲得該獎項於1987年歐羅巴諾斯特拉。
7.7。AYIOS PANTELEIMON聖埃夫斯特拉潘捷列伊蒙
1 1/2 km north west of Agrokipia village. 1 1 / 2公里的Agrokipia村西北部。 An 18th century monastery with a gabled roof, restored in the early 1960s and now serving as a retreat for three nuns.一個一門式屋頂與18世紀的修道院，20世紀60年代初恢復，現在擔任三個尼姑撤退的。
8.8。ArchangelOS MICHAEL MONASTERY麥寺主神
Off the Nicosia-Anthoupolis Road, 10 minutes drive from Nicosia.奧夫尼科西亞- Anthoupolis路，10分鐘從尼科西亞驅動器。 The church dates back to the Byzantine period, with rebuilding carried out in 1636 and in 1713 when it was purchased by Kykko Monastery.教堂的歷史可以追溯到拜占庭時期，在1636年進行了重建，並於1713年，當時寺購買Kykko。 Founded by Archbishop Nikiforos whose tomb can be seen in the narthex of the church.成立由大主教尼基福羅斯的墳墓，可看到在教堂的前廳的。 The iconostasis dates to 1650 and there is a 1785 fresco of the Archangel Michael to whom the monastery is dedicated.日期為1650年的聖象並有一大天使麥可1785年壁畫的寺院是誰專用。
9.9。PERISTERONA佩里斯特
27 km from Nicosia on the Nicosia-Troodos road .從尼科西亞27公里的尼科西亞，Troodos的道路。 The church, dedicated to Saints Barnabas and Hilarion, was probably erected in the early 10th century, and is an outstanding example of Byzantine architecture.教堂，致力於聖徒巴拿巴和希拉，很可能是建於10世紀初，是一個拜占庭建築的傑出範例。 Next to the church stands the Turkish mosque of Peristerona, witness to the long and peaceful co-existence between the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots of the village, and the whole of Cyprus.旁邊矗立著教堂的佩里斯特土耳其清真寺，見證了長期的合作和和平村之間存在的希族塞人與土族塞人，以及整個賽普勒斯的。 in a time when Turkey had not yet adopted its partitionist and expansionist policy.在土耳其的政策時尚未通過其分裂主義和擴張主義。
