形式與特點
雙重謂語的基本形式是:行為動詞+表語(說明主語從事該行為時所處的狀態),用作雙重謂語的動詞多為那些表示位置移動變化的行為動詞。如:return,leave, go,come,arrive,start等。其具體的結構形式主要有以下幾種:
1.動詞+形容詞
(1)He left this morning very gay.(=He was very gay when he left this morning.)上午離開時,他很開心。
(2)She lay there motionless.(=She was motionless when she lay there.)她躺在那兒一動不動。
2.動詞+名詞
(1)She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.(=She was a shy girl when she left and a young mother when she returned.)她離開時還是一個害羞的女孩,回來時卻是一位年輕的母親。
(2)He lived a hero and died a martyr.(=He was a hero when he lived and a martyr when he died.)他生前是英雄,死後為烈士。
3.動詞+介詞短語
(1)He died in despair.(=He was in despair when he died.)他死時非常絕望。
(2)He left in tears.(=He was in tears when he left.)他離開時眼含淚水。
(3)He ran into the room out of breath.(=He was out of breath when he ran into the room.)他衝進房間時已是上氣不接下氣。
4.動詞+分詞(短語)
(1)They lay there chatting.(=They were chatting when they lay there.)他們躺在那裡聊天。
(2)He wandered wondering.(=He was wondering when he wandered.)漫步時,他在冥思。
(3)He came home exhausted.(=He was exhausted when he came home.)他回家時已是筋疲力盡。
5.動詞+what從句
(1)He returned home what he had always been.(= He was what he had always been when he returned home.)回家時,他還是老樣子。
雙重謂語結構很少有否定形式,但偶爾也出現否定形式。這時,要特別注意否定的形式在前,意義在後,即否定後移現象。如:
(1)She didn't arrive accompanied by her daughter.(=She was not accompanied by her daughter when she arrived.)她抵達時不是由她的女兒陪同。
(2)He didn't pass noticed.(=When he passed he was not noticed.)他路過時沒人注意。
雙重謂語與系表謂語的區別
雙重謂語與系表謂語就形式看,有時非常相似,但其意義和用法是不同的。學習時,切不可混淆。為便於區別,筆者從以下幾個方面加以簡析和說明。
1.通過去掉其表語來判斷是雙重謂語還是系表謂語。因為,如果把雙重謂語中的表語去掉,該動詞仍然保留其原意;但如果把系表謂語中的表語去掉,該動詞的意義就會有所變化。
試比較:
(1)He stood there silent.他靜靜地站在那兒。
(2)He stood firm.他立場堅定。
如將例(1)中的表語silent去掉,變成He stood
there.,很顯然句中的謂語動詞stood仍然保留其原意,故該句中的謂語結構為雙重謂語;如將例(2)中的firm去掉,變成He stood.,顯然句中謂語動詞的意義與原句不同,故該句中的謂語屬系表謂語。
2.通過變更謂語動詞來判斷是雙重謂語還是系表謂語。因為,在系表謂語中,如果將其動詞換成另一個動詞,句子的意思不會受太大影響;而在雙重謂語中,如果將動詞換成另一個動詞,句子的意思就會有所不同。
如將將句子“He went away disheartened.”中的動詞改成came back時,顯然該句的意思發生了變化,故該句的謂語屬雙重謂語。
3.就其結構看,雙重謂語動詞後常常出現一些用來表示地點或方向的小品副詞。如:about,back,up, down,away,here或there等;而系表謂語動詞後一般沒有這類副詞。如:
(1)He came back tired.(雙重謂語)
(2)The screw came loose.(系表謂語)
4.系表謂語可用於表讓步或原因的倒裝結構中,而雙重謂語則不能。
我們可以說:Angry as he was,I persuaded him to remain silent.
但不能說:Angry as he came,I persuaded him to re- main silent.
而只能說:Although he came angry,I persuaded him to remain silent.
或者說:Angry as he was when he came,I persuaded him to remain silent.
5.含系表謂語的句子可有一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和感嘆句形式,而含雙重謂語的句子只有一般疑問句形式。如:
我們可以將含有系表謂語的句子“He turned poor.”變成:
(1)一般疑問句:Did he turn poor?
(2)特殊疑問句:What/How did he turn?
(3)感嘆句:How poor he turned!
但是,像“He died poor.”這樣含雙重謂語的句子就只能有一般疑問句的形式,即:
Did he die poor?
如要表達特殊疑問和感嘆的意思也只能通過以下方式來表達。如:
What was he like when he died?
How poor he was when he died!
6.雙重謂語動詞除了live和die外,一般不能接表永久性狀態或性格的表語。
我們可以說:He was kind.,但不能說:He went away kind.。