簡介
雅諾馬馬印度人
'Yanomami' means 'Human Being'.'雅諾馬馬'就是'人'.
The Yanomami are an indigenous tribe (also called Yanamamo, Yanomam, and Sanuma) made up of four subdivisions of Indians which live in the tropical rain forest of Southern Venezuela and Northern Brazil.有一個土著部落的雅諾馬馬(又稱yanamamo,yanomam,而sanuma)由四個區分印第安人生活在我國南方的熱帶雨林和委內瑞拉巴西北部. Each subdivision has its own language.每個分部都有自己的語言. They include the Sanema which live in the Northern Sector, the Ninam which live in the southeastern sector, the Yanomam which live in the southeastern part and the Yanomamo which live in the southwestern part of Yanomami area.其中包括居住在北部sanema界,其中居住在東南部ninam業yanomam其中居住的東南部和西南部yanomamo所住的雅諾馬馬區.
Of the approximately 20,000 Yanomami alive today, about 12,000 of these are Yanomamo.雅諾馬馬健在的大約兩萬,其中yanomamo12000.
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相關知識
Villages村莊
The Yanomami live in about hundreds of small villages, grouped by families in one large communal dwelling called a Shabono; this disc-shaped structure with an open-air central plaza is an earthly version of their gods' abode.Ý They hunt and fish over a wide range and tend gardens in harmony with the forest.雅諾馬馬住約數百小村莊按一戶住家的大型公用稱為shabono;這一盤形結構,一個露天中央廣場,是人間版本的神明abode.ý他們狩獵和魚在廣泛、傾向於森林公園和諧相處. Villages are autonomous but constantly will interact with each other.鄉村自治,但彼此的互動會不斷. The villages, which contain between 40 and 300 individuals, are scattered thinly throughout the Amazon Forest.村莊,含有40至300人,且分散各地薄亞馬孫森林. The distance between villages may vary from a few hours walk to a ten day walk.距離村莊不相同步行數小時到10天走路.
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Warriors:勇士:
Though many Yanomami are peace, many are fierce warriors.雖然有許多雅諾馬馬和平,許多激烈勇士. Sometimes their warring is to capture women, so that their best warriors can maximize their reproductive success.有時他們交戰是捕捉女性,使他們能夠最大限度地發揮最佳勇士生殖成功.
In general, warring villages are usually several days walk from each other, where as tranquil ones may be less than a day.一般而言,通常幾天走路交戰村莊相互由於那裡的寧靜可能少於一天. Villages will usually fission when the population reaches 100 to 150 people but in times of warfare villages will not split before they reach a population of around 300 individuals.村莊裂變時通常達到100至150人的人口,但在戰爭時期,不會村莊分裂才達到的人口約有300人.
Villages may go to war for a number of reasons and warfare makes up a large part of Yanomami life.部落開戰,有幾個原因,並彌補戰爭很大一部分雅諾馬馬生活.
About 40% of adult males have killed another person and about 25% of adult males will die from some form of violence.大約有40%的成年男子殺死另一人約25%的成年男性死於某種暴力. Violence will vary from chest pounding, in which opponents take turns hitting each others on the chest, to club fights, to raids which may involve the killing of individuals and abducting the women, to all out warfare.暴力因胸部衝擊,而對手輪流打對方的胸部、為了俱樂部鬥毆,其中可能牽涉到襲擊和綁架人殺害的女子所有出戰.
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Spiritual Beliefs精神信仰
The Yanomami people's traditions are shaped by the belief that the natural and spiritual world are a unified force; nature creates everything, and is sacred.雅諾馬馬人的傳統,形成了自然與精神,認為世界是統一的力量;大自然創造的一切,是神聖的.
They believe that their fate, and the fate of all people, is inescapably linked to the fate of the environment; with its destruction, humanity is committing suicide.他們相信命運,所有人的命運,是不可避免的命運聯繫在一起的環境;它毀滅,人類是自殺.
Their spiritual leader is a shaman.巫師是他們的精神領袖.
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Trade貿易
Trade also is another important aspect of Yanomami life and helps to reduce the chances of warfare between villages.貿易也是人生的另一個重要方面雅諾馬馬,有助於減少發生戰爭的村莊之間. Often one village will have manufactured goods that are badly needed by an other village.往往一個村莊,將工業品的其他急需村.
The village that depends on these goods will give the other village wives in return for the goods.村里依靠這些產品會給其他村的妻子,以換取貨物.
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Marriage婚姻
Marriage arrangements are not only vital in forging alliances but keeping the peace between families as well.婚姻安排不僅對於結盟而維護和平和家庭之間. Most women have prearranged marriages and marry at a young age.大多數婦女都悉心婚娶一個年紀.
The preferred marriage is the "bilateral cross-cousin marriage" which helps produce strong relationships between families and villages.首選婚姻是"雙邊交叉表親結婚"的關係,從而產生強烈的家庭和村莊.
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Forest People (Hunters) - River People (Fishing)森林人(獵人)--河人(漁業)
Today about 95% of the Yanomami live deep within the Amazon forest as compared to the 5% who live along the major rivers.今天大約有95%的雅諾馬馬住在亞馬孫森林比較深的百分之五住沿線主要河流.
Compared to the "forest people," the "river people" are much more sedentary and subsist by fishing and trading goods such as canoes and hooks with other villages.比起"森林人"、"河"、更舒展的生存漁貨交易等由於獨木舟、鉤與其他村莊.
The "forest people" are horticulturists as well as hunters and gathers."森林人"是獵人和園藝以及集.
They will spend up to two hours of their day "garden farming" which is quite a labor intensive process.他們將花一天多達兩小時的"農園",其中有不少是勞動密集型過程. Some of the crops grown include sweet potatoes, bananas, sugar cane and tobacco.包括一些農作物種植甘薯、香蕉、甘蔗、菸草. However as horticulturists the Yanomami do not get sufficient protein from their crops.但是由於沒有得到足夠的Yanomami園藝蛋白質農作物. Therefore the Yanomami will spend as much as 60% of their time trekking.因此雅諾馬馬會動用高達60%的時間行行.
Men usually make up the hunters and the women the gathers.通常男人和婦女組成的集狩獵. Men will go on long distant hunts that may last up to a week.男性則會在遙遠的獵龍可能長達一周. The fact that just about all of the Yanomami live deep within the forest has been quite significant for their survival.事實上,世界各國的雅諾馬馬深厚的生活已經相當明顯的森林生存.
Since most outsiders have invaded the Amazon via the large rivers, the Yanomami have been able to live in isolation until very recently.由於大多數外人侵入,經大河亞馬遜、雅諾馬馬都能夠生活在孤立直到最近. Because of this they have been able to retain their culture and their identity which many Indians of the Amazon have lost.也因此得以保留自己的文化和身份的許多印度人亞馬遜遺失.
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1980's - The Gold Rush80年代-淘金
The Yanomami had very little contact with the outside world until the 1980's.雅諾馬馬已經很少與外界接觸,直到80年代.
Since 1987, the Yanomami have seen about 10% of their entire population - over 2,000 people - decimated by massacres and diseases brought by invaders.自1987年以來,雅諾馬馬看過他們全部人口約10%至兩千人銳減到屠殺和疾病帶來的侵略者.
The Yanomamo is the most well known and best documented of the four division partly because they have been victims of a recent gold rush.yanomamo是最廣為人知的最佳記錄,部分是因為他們的四個師已傷亡最近一個淘金. After gold was discovered on Yanomami land in the mid-1980's, thousands of miners illegally rushed into the territory.雅諾馬馬土地被發現後,金在80年代中期,數千名礦工非法闖入境內. The constant flights of supply planes and the noise from generators and pumps used in the mining operation has frightened away the game animals the Indians rely on as a key source of protein in their diet.供應固定航班的飛機噪音及採礦用發電機、水泵運行驚慌遊戲以外的動物印度人靠作為蛋白質的主要來源. High pressure hoses are used to wash away river banks, silting the rivers and destroying spawning grounds.高壓軟管被用來洗去河岸,淤塞河道,破壞產卵場.
Mercury is used to separate the gold from soil and rock.汞是用來區分黃金從土壤和岩石. It is then dumped in the rivers haphazardly.然後是胡亂棄置在河川. Mercury bio-accumulates and reeks havoc on the entire ecosystem.汞的生物累積及風肆虐著整個生態系統. The effects of mercury poisoning reach even the surrounding trees, some of which rely on birds and fish to disperse their seeds.汞中毒效果達到甚至周邊樹木其中有些靠種鳥類和魚類驅散他們. The mercury ascends the food chain up to the Yanomami in the form of a neurotoxin that especially affects child development.水銀下樓到雅諾馬馬食物鏈的形式,尤其是影響兒童神經發展. The most devastating statistic of them all: child mortality rates have skyrocketed while birth rates have declined.其中最具破壞力的所有統計:兒童死亡率節節上升,而出生率下降.
The influence of the miners goes well beyond physical health.影響遠遠超出了礦工的身體健康. They introduce alcohol outside of ritual which exacerbates existing rivalries and leads to violence.他們推出酒精以外禮儀加劇現有混戰,導致暴力. Weakened by illness and unable to produce and hunt enough food, the Yanomami are reduced to begging and most recently trading sex for food.因生病而不能削弱和狩獵生產足夠的糧食,雅諾馬馬都淪為乞丐和最近交易性食品.
For the Yanomami what was once an intricate social system patterned on trading and bartering goods and food amongst themselves has become a game of deadly high stakes where they are trading their culture for their very existence.雅諾馬馬曾經一度為錯綜複雜的社會制度和易貨交易模式之間的貨物和食品已成為遊戲致命的賭注何處貿易文化為其生存.
The effects are dire.可怕的效果. Disoriented by the influx of miners with their unfamiliar culture, technology and diseases, their self-respect has plummeted as their belief and cultural systems are undermined.迷失的礦工與陌生湧入文化、科技及疾病自尊一落千丈作為自己的信仰和文化系統被破壞. The Yanomami are not being integrated into Western society; instead begging, prostitution and drunkenness are being introduced into theirs.雅諾馬馬不被納入西方社會;不是乞討、賣淫和酗酒正在引進身上.
In 1992, the Yanomami Territory was demarcated and ratified, yet the government has not consistently kept its commitment to protect their land.1992年,雅諾馬馬領土劃分和批准、但政府卻始終沒有信守承諾,以保護自己的土地.
Supported by politicians and business people, the gold miners assault escalated.政界和商界人士的支持,黃金礦工毆打升級. In July 1993, a group of miners tried to exterminate the village of Haximu, killing 16 Yanomami, in what Brazilian Attorney General Aristides Junqueira classified as genocide.1993年7月,一組礦工試圖滅絕haximu村,造成16名雅諾馬馬,什麼律政司勉勵勉勵巴西列為種族滅絕. Despite international outcry spurred by the massacre, miners continue to enter the territory illegally.儘管國際輿論譁然帶動的屠殺,礦工繼續非法入境.
According to the Commission for the Creation of the Yanomami Park (CCPY) in Sao Paulo and the Indianist Missionary Council (CIMI) in Brasilia, state and local politicians are fighting to reduce the Yanomami territory because they want access to its rich mineral deposits.根據該委員會的成立雅諾馬馬公園(ccpy)聖保羅和印第安人傳教會(cimi)巴西利亞國家和地方政客們戰鬥,以減少雅諾馬馬境內因為他們想獲得豐富的礦藏. There is little question that if this happens, the gold prospectors will be replaced by large scale commercial mining operations that will only compound the devastation of the Yanomami and the rainforest.毫無疑問,如果這種情況發生,黃金淘金將會由大規模的商業開採作業,只會破壞的化合物雅諾馬馬和雨林.
