定義
限制性內切酶識別特定的DNA序列,除此之外,酶蛋白還要占據識別位點兩邊的若干個鹼基,這些鹼基對內切酶穩定的結合到DNA雙鏈並發揮切割DNA作用是有很大影響的,被稱為保護鹼基。
原理
在分子克隆實驗中,有時我們會在待擴增的目的基因片段兩端加上特定的酶切位點,用於後續的酶切和連線反應。由於直接暴露在末端的酶切位點不容易直接被限制性核酸內切酶切開,因此在設計PCR引物時,人為的在酶切位點序列的5‘端外側添加額外的鹼基序列,即保護鹼基,用來提高將來酶切時的活性。
其次,在分子克隆實驗中選擇載體的酶切位點時,相臨的兩個酶切位點往往不能同時使用,因為一個位點切割後留下的鹼基過少以至於影響旁邊的酶切位點切割。
添加原則
添加保護鹼基,需要考慮兩個因素:一是鹼基數目,一是鹼基種類。
添加保護鹼基時,最關心的應該是保護鹼基的數目,而不是種類。什麼樣的酶切位點,添加幾個保護鹼基,是有數據可以參考的,見附表。
添加什麼保護鹼基,如果嚴格點,是根據兩條引物的Tm值和各引物的鹼基分布及GC含量。如果某條引物Tm值偏小,GC%較低,添加時多加G或C,反之亦反。
附表
Fermentas提供的保護鹼基數目和酶切活性對應值表
註:酶切活性值出現空格時參考前一格。
內切酶 | 鹼基數目和酶切活性(%) | ||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
AarI | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
AasI | 50-100 | | | | |
AatII | 0 | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | |
Acc65I | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
AdeI | 50-100 | | | | |
AjiI | 50-100 | | | | |
AluI | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
Alw21I | 50-100 | | | | |
Alw26I | 50-100 | | | | |
Alw44I | 0 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
ApaI | 50-100 | | | | |
BamHI | 50-100 | | | | |
BauI | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
BcnI | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
BclI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
BcuI | 50-100 | | | | |
BfiI | 50-100 | | | | |
BfmI | 50-100 | | | | |
BfuI | 50-100 | | | | |
BglI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
BglII | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Bme1390I | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
BoxI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
BpiI | 50-100 | | | | |
Bpu10I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Bpu1102I | 50-100 | | | | |
BseDI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
BseGI | 50-100 | | | | |
BseJI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
BseLI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
BseMI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
BseMII | 50-100 | | | | |
BseNI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
BseSI | 50-100 | | | | |
BseXI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Bsh1236I | 50-100 | | | | |
Bsh1285I | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
BshNI | 50-100 | | | | |
BshTI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Bsp68I | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Bsp119I | 50-100 | | | | |
Bsp120I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Bsp143I | 50-100 | | | | |
Bsp1407I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
BspLI | 50-100 | | | | |
BspPI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
BspTI | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
Bst1107I | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
BstXI | 0 | | 50-100 | | |
Bsu15I | 50-100 | | | | |
BsuRI | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
BveI | 0-20 | | 50-100 | | |
CaiI | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
CFRI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Cfr9I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Cfr10I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Cfr13I | 50-100 | | | | |
Cfr42I | 50-100 | | | | |
CpoI | 50-100 | | | | |
CSEI | 50-100 | | | | |
Csp6I | 50-100 | | | | |
DpnI | 50-100 | | | | |
DraI | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
Eam1104I | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Eam1105I | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Ecl136II | 50-100 | | | | |
Eco24I | 50-100 | | | | |
Eco31I | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
Eco32I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Eco47I | 50-100 | | | | |
Eco47III | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
Eco52I | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
Eco57I | 50-100 | | | | |
Eco57MI | 50-100 | | | | |
Eco72I | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
Eco81I | 50-100 | | | | |
Eco88I | 50-100 | | | | |
Eco91I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Eco105I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Eco130I | 0 | | 50-100 | | |
Eco147I | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
EcoO109I | 50-100 | | | | |
EcoRI | 50-100 | | | | |
EcoRII | 0 | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | |
EheI | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
Esp3I | 50-100 | | | | |
FaqI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
FspAI | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
FspBI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
GsuI | 50-100 | | | | |
HhaI | 50-100 | | | | |
Hin1I | 50-100 | | | | |
Hin1II | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
Hin6I | 0 | | 0-20 | 50-100 | |
HincII | 50-100 | | | | |
HindIII | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
HinfI | 50-100 | | | | |
HpaII | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
HphI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Hpy8I | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
HpyF3I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
HpyF10VI | 50-100 | | | | |
KpnI | 50-100 | | | | |
Kpn2I | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
KspAI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
LguI | 50-100 | | | | |
LweI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
MbiI | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
MboI | 50-100 | | | | |
MboII | 50-100 | | | | |
MlsI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
MluI | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
MnlI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Mph1103I | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
MspI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
MssI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
MunI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
MvaI | 0 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
Mva1269I | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
NcoI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
NdeI* | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
NheI | 0 | 20-50 | | 50-100 | |
NmuCI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
NotI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
NsbI | 0 | 0-20 | 50-100 | | |
OliI | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
PaeI | 0 | 0-20 | | 20-50 | 50-100 |
PagI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
PasI | 50-100 | | | | |
PauI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
PdiI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
PdmI | 50-100 | | | | |
PfeI | 50-100 | | | | |
Pfl23II | 0-20 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
PfoI | 0 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
Ppu21I | 50-100 | | | | |
PscI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Psp5II | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
Psp1406I | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
PsuI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
PstI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
PsyI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
PvuI | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
PvuII | 50-100 | | | | |
RsaI | 50-100 | | | | |
SacI | 50-100 | | | | |
SalI | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
SatI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
ScaI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
SchI | 50-100 | | | | |
SdaI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
SduI | 50-100 | | | | |
SfiI | 50-100 | | | | |
SgsI | 50-100 | | | | |
SmaI | 50-100 | | | | |
SmiI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
SmoI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
SmuI | 50-100 | | | | |
SsiI | 50-100 | | | | |
SSPI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
TaaI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
TaiI | 50-100 | | | | |
TaqI | 0 | 20-50 | | 50-100 | |
TASI | 0 | 20-50 | 50-100 | | |
TatI | 0-20 | | 20-50 | 50-100 | |
TauI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Tru1I | 0 | 0-20 | | 50-100 | |
Tsoi | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
Van91I | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
VspI | 50-100 | | | | |
XagI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
XapI | 20-50 | | 50-100 | | |
XbaI | 20-50 | 50-100 | | | |
XceI | 0 | 50-100 | | | |
XhoI | 0-20 | 50-100 | | | |
XmaJI | 50-100 | | | | |
XmiI | 50-100 | | | | |
I-SceI | 50-100 | | | | |