不規則動詞

不規則動詞

英語動詞按其過去式和過去分詞的構成方式可分為規則動詞和不規則動詞。規則動詞的過去式和過去分詞由詞尾加-ed構成,如果有e,只加d,如果詞尾有以y結尾,y前是輔音則把y改為i加ed,否則直接加ed。而不規則動詞的變化因詞而異。從英語的演變來看,不規則動詞就是強勢動詞(Strong Verbs)--即其詞形變化全依其本身之語音(尤其是元音)變化來進行而不藉助詞尾的變化。我們學習不規則動詞的時候,最有效的方法就是要針對這種詞形變化的現象,了解其變化的型式,發出聲音背念,使其能自然地隔入我們的speaking和writing,這樣才能說確實地把不規則動詞學會了。

定義

英語單詞中由動詞原形轉變為過去式和過去分詞時不按詞尾加“-ed”之變化規則者叫做不規則動詞(Irregular Verbs)。

現代英語新生成的動詞都歸入“-ed”的規則變化,例如:

park→parked (停車--1864)

fax→faxed (以傳真傳送--1979)

e-mail→e-mailed (以電腦網路傳送--1982)

(所附年次為最早用例出現年次--O.E.D.)

因此,不規則動詞可以說都是古英語動詞的不規則變化因其常用度很高而一直沿用到今天者,所以我們今天在學習英語時絕對無法,也不可能規避這些不規則動詞。

從英語的演變來看,不規則動詞就是強勢動詞(Strong Verbs)--即其詞形變化全依其本身之語音(尤其是元音)變化來進行而不藉助詞尾的變化。例如:

原形: buy sing speak

過去式: bought sang spoke

過去分詞: bought sung spoken

我們學習不規則動詞的時候,最有效的方法就是要針對這種詞形變化的現象,了解其變化的型式,發出聲音背念,使其能自然地隔入我們的speaking和writing,這樣才能說確實地把不規則動詞學會了。

註:與強勢動詞相對,須藉助“-ed”之詞尾來進行詞形變化的規則動詞就叫做弱勢動詞(Weak Verbs)。

表格

AAA型

現在式、過去式和過去分詞同形,保持不變,除進行式外

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
cost cost cost 花費
cut cut cut 割,切
hit hit hit
put put put 放下
read # read read
hurt hurt hurt 受傷
let let let

註:read的過去式和過去分詞的讀音與動詞原型的讀音不同。

AAB型

現在式和過去式同形

詞例:

動詞原型 過去式 過去分詞 意思
beat beat beat en

ABA型

現在式和過去分詞同形

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
come c a me come 來到
become bec a me become
run r a n run
overcome overc a me overcome 征服,打敗

ABB型

過去式與過去分詞同形

分為以下情形:

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
burn burn t burn t 燃燒
learn learn ed / learn t learn ed / learn t 學習
mean mean t mean t 含義
hear hear d hear d 聽見

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
build buil t buil t 建築
lend len t len t
send sen t sen t 傳送
spend spen t spen t 花費

③ 其他不規則的各種變化。

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思 動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
pay paid paid 付錢 lay laid laid 下蛋
say said said bring brought brought 帶來
buy bought bought fight fought fought 戰鬥
think thought thought 思考 sleep slept slept 睡覺
feel felt felt 感覺 keep kept kept 保持
sweep swept swept stand stood stood
understand understood understood 理解 win won won 勝利
catch caught caught 抓住 teach taught taught
find found found 發現 get got got 得到
hold held held leave left left 離開
make made made 製造 meet met met 遇見
shoot shot shot 射擊 dig dug dug
smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled 嗅,聞 shine shone / shined shone / shined 發光
sit sat sat 坐下 have had had

ABC型

三詞不同形,分為以下情形:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思 動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
eat ate eat en fall f e ll fall en 落下
give g a ve give n take t ook take n 拿,記錄,拍攝
see s aw see n 看見 write wr o te writte n
ride r o de ridde n drive dr o ve drive n 駕駛
throw thr e w throw n 拋,扔 blow bl e w blow n
grow grew grow n 生長 know kn e w know n 知道
show showed show n 展示 draw dr e w draw n 拉,繪畫,抽籤

② 過去式加-n或-en構成過去分詞。

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
speak spoke spoke n 說話
break broke broke n 破碎
choose chose chose n 選擇
forget forgot forgott en 忘記
freeze froze froze n 凝固

③ 把單詞在重讀音節中的元音字母“i”變成“a”(過去式)和“u”(過去分詞)。

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
begin beg a n beg u n 開始
ring r a ng r u ng 按鈴
sing s a ng s u ng
sink s a nk s u nk
swim sw a m sw u m 游泳
drink dr a nk dr u nk
序號 不定式 過去式 過去分詞
1 abide ab o de, abided ab o de, abided
2 arise ar o se arise n
3 awake awoke awaked, awoken
4 be was been
5 bear bore borne, born
6 beat beat beaten
7 become became become
8 befall befell befallen
9 beget begot begotten
10 begin began begun
11 behold beheld beheld
12 bend bent bent
13 bereave bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft
14 beseech besought besought
15 beset beset beset
16 bet bet, betted bet, betted
17 betake betook betaken
18 bethink bethought bethought
19 bid bade, bid bidden, bid
20 bind bound bound
21 bite bit bitten, bit
22 bleed bled bled
23 blend blended, blent blended, blent
24 bless blessed, blest blessed, blest
25 blow blew blown
26 break broke broken
27 breed bred bred
28 bring brought brought
29 broadcast broadcast, broadcasted broadcast, broadcasted
30 build built built
31 burn burnt, burned burnt, burned
32 burst burst burst
33 buy bought bought
34 cast cast cast
35 catch caught caught
36 chide chided, chid chided, chidden
37 choose chose chosen
38 cleave clove, cleft cloven, cleft
39 cling clung clung
40 clothe clothed, clad clothed, clad
41 come came come
42 cost cost cost
43 creep crept crept
44 crow crowed, crew crowed
45 cut cut cut
46 dare dared, durst dared
47 deal dealt dealt
48 dig dug dug
49 dive dived; (US) dove dived
50 do did done
51 draw drew drawn
52 dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed
53 drink drank drunk
54 drive drove driven
55 dwell dwelt dwelt
56 eat ate eaten
57 fall fell fallen
58 feed fed fed
59 feel felt felt
60 fight fought fought
61 find found found
62 flee fled fled
63 fling flung flung
64 fly flew flown
65 forbear forbore forborne
66 forbid forbade, forbad forbidden
67 forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted
68 foreknow foreknew foreknown
69 foresee foresew foreseen
70 foretell foretold foretold
71 forget forgot forgotten
72 forgive forgave forgiven
73 forsake forsook forsaken
74 forswear forswore forsworn
75 freeze froze frozen
76 gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
77 get got got; (US) gotten
78 gild gilded, gilt gilded
79 gird girded, girt girded, girt
80 give gave given
81 go went gone
82 grave graved graven, graved
83 grind ground ground
84 grow grew grown
85 hamstring hamstringed, hamstrung hamstringed , hamstrung
86 hang hung, hanged hung, hanged
87 have had had
88 hear heard heard
89 heave heaved, hove hesved, hove
90 hew hewed hewed, hewn
91 hide hid hidden
92 hit hit hit
93 held held held
94 hurt hurt hurt
95 inlay inlaid inlaid
96 keep kept kept
97 kneel knelt knelt
98 knit knitted, knit knitted, knit
99 know knew known
100 lade laded laden
101 lay laid laid
102 load led led
103 lean leant, leaned leant, leaned
104 leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped
105 learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
106 leave left left
107 lend lent lent
108 let let let
109 lie lay lain
110 light lit, lighted lit, lighted
111 lose lost lost
112 make made made
113 mean meant meant
114 meet met met
115 melt melted melted, molten
116 miscast miscast miscast
117 misdeal misdealt misdealt
118 misgive misgave misgiven
119 mislay mislaid mislaid
120 mislead misled misled
121 misspell misspelt misspelt
122 misspend misspent misspent
123 mistake mistook mistaken
124 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
125 mow mowed mown; (US) mowed
126 outbid outbid outbid
127 outdo outdid outdone
128 outg o outwent outgone
129 outgrow outgrew outgrown
130 outride outrode outridden
131 outrun outran outrun
132 outshine outshone outshone
133 overbear overbore overborne
134 overcast overcast overcast
135 overcome overcame overcome
136 overdo overdid overdone
137 overhang overhung overhung
138 overhea r overheard overheard
139 overlay overlaid overlaid
140 overleap overleapt, overleaped overleapt, overleaped
141 overlie overlay overlain
142 override overrode overridden
143 overrun overran overun
144 oversee oversaw overseen
145 overshoot overshot overshot
146 oversleep overslept overslept
147 overtake overtook overtaken
148 overthrow overthrew overthrown
149 partake partook partaken
150 pay paid paid
151 prove proved proved, proven
152 put put put
153 quit quitted, quit quitted, quit
154 read read [red] read [red]
155 rebind rebound rebound
156 rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
157 recast recast recast
158 redo redid redone
159 relay relaid relaid
160 remake remade remade
161 rend rent rent
162 repay repaid repaid
163 rerun reran rerun
164 reset reset reset
165 retell retold retold
166 rewrite rewrote rewritten
167 rid red, redded rid, ridded
168 ride rode ridden
169 ring rang rung
170 rise rose risen
171 rive rived riven, rived
172 run ran run
173 saw sawed sawn, sawed
174 say said said
175 see saw seen
176 seek sought sought
177 sell sold sold
178 send sent sent
179 set set set
180 sew sewed sewn, sewed
181 shake shook shaken
182 shave shaved shaved, shaven
183 shear sheared sheared, shorn
184 shed shed shed
185 shine shone shone
186 shoe shod shod
187 shoot shot shot
188 show showed shown, showed
189 shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk, shrunken
190 shrive shrove, shrived shriven, shrived
191 shut shut shut
192 sing sang, sung sung
193 sink sank, sunk sunk; sunken
194 sit sat sat
195 slay slew slain
196 sleep slept slept
197 slide slid slid
198 sling slung slung
199 slink slunk slunk
200 slit slit slit
201 smell smelt; smelled smelt; smelled
202 smite smote smitten
203 sow sowed sown, sowed
204 speak spoke spoken
205 speed sped, speeded sped, speeded
206 spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled
207 spend spent spent
208 spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled
209 spin spun, span spun
210 spit spat, spit spat, spit
211 spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled
212 spread spread spread
213 spring sprang, sprung sprung
214 stand stood stood
215 stave staved, stove staved, stove
216 steal stole stolen
217 stick stuck stuck
218 sting stung stung
219 stink stank, stunk stunk
220 strew strewed strewn, strewed
221 stride strode stridden, strid
222 strike struck struck, stricken
223 string strung strung
224 strive strove striven
225 swear swore sworn
226 sweep swept swept
227 swell swelled swollen, swelled
228 swim swam swum
229 swing swung swung
230 take took taken
231 teach taught taught
232 tear tore torn
233 tell told told
234 think thought thought
235 thrive throve, thrived thriven, thrived
236 throw threw thrown
237 thrust thrust thrust
238 tread trod trodden, trod
239 unbend unbent unbent
240 unbind unbound unbound
241 underbid underbid underbid, underbidden
242 undergo underwent undergone
243 understand understood understood
244 undertake undertook undertaken
245 undo undid undone
246 upset upset upset
247 wake woke, waked woken, waked
248 waylay waylaid waylaid
249 wear wore worn
250 weave wove woven
251 weep wept wept
252 win won won
253 wind wound wound
254 withdraw withdrew withdrawn
255 withhold withheld withheld
256 withstand withstood withstood
257 work worked, wrought worked, wrought
258 wring wrung wrung
259 write wrote written

形式列表

AAA型

現在式、過去式和過去分詞同形,保持不變,除進行式外

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
cost cost cost 花費
cut cut cut 割,切
hit hit hit
put put put 放下
read # read read
hurt hurt hurt 受傷
let let let

# “Read” 的“過去式”和“過去分詞”的讀音和動詞原型的不同。

AAB型

現在式和過去式同形

詞例:

動詞原型 過去式 過去分詞 意思
beat beat beaten

ABA型

現在式和過去分詞同形

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
come came come 來到
become became become
run ran run
overcome overcame overcome 征服,打敗

ABB型

過去式與過去分詞同形

分為以下情形:

① 在動詞原形後加一個輔音字母d或t。

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
burn burnt burnt 燃燒
learn learned / learnt learned / learnt 學習
mean meant meant 含義
hear heard heard 聽見

② 把動詞原形的最後一個輔音字母“d”改為“t”。

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
build built built 建築
lend lent lent
send sent sent 傳送
spend spent spent 花費

③ 其他不規則的各種變化。

詞例:

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思 動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
pay paid paid 付錢 lay laid laid 下蛋
say said said bring brought brought 帶來
buy bought bought fight fought fought 戰鬥
think thought thought 思考 sleep slept slept 睡覺
feel felt felt 感覺 keep kept kept 保持
sweep swept swept stand stood stood
understand understood understood 理解 win won won 勝利
catch caught caught 抓住 teach taught taught
find found found 發現 get got got 得到
hold held held leave left left 離開
make made made 製造 meet met met 遇見
shoot shot shot 射擊 dig dug dug
smell smelt / smelled smelt / smelled 嗅,聞 shine shone / shined shone / shined 發光
sit sat sat 坐下 have had had

ABC型

三詞不同形,分為以下情形:

① 在動詞原形後加-n或-en 構成過去分詞 。

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思 動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
eat ate eaten fall fell fallen 落下
give gave given take took taken 拿,記錄,拍攝
see saw seen 看見 write wrote written
ride rode ridden drive drove driven 駕駛
throw threw thrown 拋,扔 blow blew blown
grow grew grown 生長 know knew known 知道
show showed shown 展示 draw drew drawn 拉,繪畫,抽籤

② 過去式加-n或-en構成過去分詞。

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
speak spoke spoken 說話
break broke broken 破碎
choose chose chosen 選擇
forget forgot forgotten 忘記
freeze froze frozen 凝固

③ 把單詞在重讀音節中的元音字母“i”變成“a”(過去式)和“u”(過去分詞)。

動詞原形 過去式 過去分詞 意思
begin began begun 開始
ring rang rung 按鈴
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
swim swam swum 游泳
drink drank drunk
序號 不定式 過去式 過去分詞
1 abide abode, abided abode, abided
2 arise arose arisen
3 awake awoke awaked, awoken
4 be was been
5 bear bore borne, born
6 beat beat beaten
7 become became become
8 befall befell befallen
9 beget begot begotten
10 begin began begun
11 behold beheld beheld
12 bend bent bent
13 bereave bereaved, bereft bereaved, bereft
14 beseech besought besought
15 beset beset beset
16 bet bet, betted bet, betted
17 betake betook betaken
18 bethink bethought bethought
19 bid bade, bid bidden, bid
20 bind bound bound
21 bite bit bitten, bit
22 bleed bled bled
23 blend blended, blent blended, blent
24 bless blessed, blest blessed, blest
25 blow blew blown
26 break broke broken
27 breed bred bred
28 bring brought brought
29 broadcast broadcast, broadcasted broadcast, broadcasted
30 build built built
31 burn burnt, burned burnt, burned
32 burst burst burst
33 buy bought bought
34 cast cast cast
35 catch caught caught
36 chide chided, chid chided, chidden
37 choose chose chosen
38 cleave clove, cleft cloven, cleft
39 cling clung clung
40 clothe clothed, clad clothed, clad
41 come came come
42 cost cost cost
43 creep crept crept
44 crow crowed, crew crowed
45 cut cut cut
46 dare dared, durst dared
47 dea dealt dealt
48 dig dug dug
49 dive dived; (US) dove dived
50 do did done
51 draw drew drawn
52 dream dreamt, dreamed dreamt, dreamed
53 drink drank drunk
54 drive drove driven
55 dwell dwelt dwelt
56 eat ate eaten
57 fall fell fallen
58 feed fed fed
59 feel felt felt
60 fight fought fought
61 find found found
62 flee fled fled
63 fling flung flung
64 fly flew flown
65 forbear forbore forborne
66 forbid forbade, forbad forbidden
67 forecast forecast, forecasted forecast, forecasted
68 foreknow foreknew foreknown
69 foresee foresew foreseen
70 foretell foretold foretold
71 forget forgot forgotten
72 forgive forgave forgiven
73 forsake forsook forsaken
74 forswear forswore forsworn
75 freeze froze frozen
76 gainsay gainsaid gainsaid
77 get got got; (US) gotten
78 gild gilded, gilt gilded
79 gird girded, girt girded, girt
80 give gave given
81 go went gone
82 grave graved graven, graved
83 grind ground ground
84 grow grew grown
85 hamstring hamstringed, hamstrung hamstringed , hamstrung
86 hang hung, hanged hung, hanged
87 have had had
88 hear heard heard
89 heave heaved, hove hesved, hove
90 hew hewed hewed, hewn
91 hide hid hidden
92 hit hit hit
93 held held held
94 hurt hurt hurt
95 inlay inlaid inlaid
96 keep kept kept
97 kneel knelt knelt
98 knit knitted, knit knitted, knit
99 know knew known
100 lade laded laden
101 lay laid laid
102 load led led
103 lean lesnt, leaned lesnt, leaned
104 leap leapt, leaped leapt, leaped
105 learn learnt, learned learnt, learned
106 leave left left
107 lend lent lent
108 let let let
109 lie lay lain
110 light lit, lighted lit, lighted
111 lose lost lost
112 make made made
113 mean meant meant
114 meet met met
115 melt melted melted, molten
116 miscast miscast miscast
117 misdeal misdealt misdealt
118 misgive misgave misgiven
119 mislay mislaid mislaid
120 mislead misled misled
121 misspell misspelt misspelt
122 misspend misspent misspent
123 mistake mistook mistaken
124 misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
125 mow mowed mown; (US) mowed
126 outbid outbid outbid
127 outdo outdid outdone
128 outgo outwent outgone
129 outgrow outgrew outgrown
130 outride outrode outridden
131 outrun outran outrun
132 outshine outshone outshone
133 overbear overbore overborne
134 overcast overcast overcast
135 overcome overcame overcome
136 overdo overdid overdone
137 overhang overhung overhung
138 overhear overheard overheard
139 overlay overlaid overlaid
140 overleap overleapt, overleaped overleapt, overleaped
141 overlie overlay overlain
142 override overrode overridden
143 overrun overran overun
144 oversee oversaw overseen
145 overshoot overshot overshot
146 oversleep overslept overslept
147 overtake overtook overtaken
148 overthrow overthrew overthrown
149 partake partook partaken
150 pay paid paid
151 prove proved proved, proven
152 put put put
153 quit quitted, quit quitted, quit
154 read read [red] read [red]
155 rebind rebound rebound
156 rebuild rebuilt rebuilt
157 recast recast recast
158 redo redid redone
159 relay relaid relaid
160 remake remade remade
161 rend rent rent
162 repay repaid repaid
163 rerun reran rerun
164 reset reset reset
165 retell retold retold
166 rewrite rewrote rewritten
167 rid red, redded rid, ridded
168 ride rode ridden
169 ring rang rung
170 rise rose risen
171 rive rived riven, rived
172 run ran run
173 saw sawed sawn, sawed
174 say said said
175 see saw seen
176 seek sought sought
177 sell sold sold
178 send sent sent
179 set set set
180 sew sewed sewn, sewed
181 shake shook shaken
182 shave shaved shaved, shaven
183 shear sheared sheared, shorn
184 shed shed shed
185 shine shone shone
186 shoe shod shod
187 shoot shot shot
188 show showed shown, showed
189 shrink shrank, shrunk shrunk, shrunken
190 shrive shrove, shrived shriven, shrived
191 shut shut shut
192 sing sang, sung sung
193 sink sank, sunk sunk; sunken
194 sit sat sat
195 slay slew slain
196 sleep slept slept
197 slide slid slid
198 sling slung slung
199 slink slunk slunk
200 slit slit slit
201 smell smelt; smelled smelt; smelled
202 smite smote smitten
203 sow sowed sown, sowed
204 speak spoke spoken
205 speed sped, speeded sped, speeded
206 spell spelt, spelled spelt, spelled
207 spend spent spent
208 spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled
209 spin spun, span spun
210 spit spat, spit spat, spit
211 spoil spoilt, spoiled spoilt, spoiled
212 spread spread spread
213 spring sprang, sprung sprung
214 stand stood stood
215 stave staved, stove staved, stove
216 steal stole stolen
217 stick stuck stuck
218 sting stung stung
219 stink stank, stunk stunk
220 strew strewed strewn, strewed
221 stride strode stridden, strid
222 strike struck struck, stricken
223 string strung strung
224 strive strove striven
225 swear swore sworn
226 sweep swept swept
227 swell swelled swollen, swelled
228 swim swam swum
229 swing swung swung
230 take took taken
231 teach taught taught
232 tear tore torn
233 tell told told
234 think thought thought
235 thrive throve, thrived thriven, thrived
236 throw threw thrown
237 thrust thrust thrust
238 tread trod trodden, trod
239 unbend unbent unbent
240 unbind unbound unbound
241 underbid underbid underbid, underbidden
242 undergo underwent undergone
243 understand understood understood
244 undertake undertook undertaken
245 undo undid undone
246 upset upset upset
247 wake woke, waked woken, waked
248 waylay waylaid waylaid
249 wear wore worn
250 weave wove woven
251 weep wept wept
252 win won won
253 wind wound wound
254 withdraw withdrew withdrawn
255 withhold withheld withheld
256 withstand withstood withstood
257 work worked, wrought worked, wrought
258 wring wrung wrung
259 write wrote written

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