A Brief History
In 1901, on 30 April was born in Russia on the Ukrainian city of a fur merchant family, father Abraham Kuznets and mother Pauline Friedman were Jewish In 1901, on 30 April was born in Russia on the Ukrainian city of a fur merchant family, father Abraham Kuznets and mother Pauline Friedman were Jewish . 1906, Simon Smith Kuznets was 6 years old, his father emigrated to the United States, Simon Smith Kuznets himself said, he has an interest in economics, believe that economics is the study of all social problems 1906, Simon Smith Kuznets was 6 years old, his father emigrated to the United States, Simon Smith Kuznets himself said, he has an interest in economics, believe that economics is the study of all social problems .
1922, Simon Smith Kuznets also emigrated to the United States at Columbia University in 1923 and studied economics at 1922, Simon Smith Kuznets also emigrated to the United States at Columbia University in 1923 and studied economics at .,obtained a Bachelor of Arts;In 1924, obtained a master of arts degree;In 1926, ,obtained a Bachelor of Arts;In 1924, obtained a master of arts degree;In 1926, .
received his PhD in 1927, Simon Smith Kuznet into Mitchell and Professor of the Research Department of the national economy, until 1961 received his PhD in 1927, Simon Smith Kuznet into Mitchell and Professor of the Research Department of the national economy, until 1961 . in this period, he also spent time in the university and the government;1936 to 1954, served as assistant professor of economics and statistics at the University of Pennsylvania, Professor in this period, he also spent time in the university and the government;1936 to 1954, served as assistant professor of economics and statistics at the University of Pennsylvania, Professor .
1942 1944, at University of Washington, D.C. War Production Department plans a 55 percent and the Planning Commission, director of research for 1946, President of the China National Resources Committee Adviser 1946, President of the China National Resources Committee Adviser .
1950 1951, served as a consultant to the India national income 1950 1951, served as a consultant to the India national income . from 1953 to 1963, and worked as a research plan, the chairman of the Israeli economy Falck from 1953 to 1963, and worked as a research plan, the chairman of the Israeli economy Falck .
from 1954 to 1960, the role of John Hopkins University professor of political economy in 1960 from 1954 to 1960, the role of John Hopkins University professor of political economy in 1960 .,He was a professor of economics at Harvard from 1971 until his retirement in 1963 ,He was a professor of economics at Harvard from 1971 until his retirement in 1963 .
, Mao Li served as Israel's Institute of Economics, Falck, a member of the Council and Honorary President of the People's Republic of China, from 1961 to 1970 and served as a member of the American Social Science Institute China Economic Council 1971 , Mao Li served as Israel's Institute of Economics, Falck, a member of the Council and Honorary President of the People's Republic of China, from 1961 to 1970 and served as a member of the American Social Science Institute China Economic Council 1971 ., , .
retired on July 8, 1985 in Cambridge, Mass., the death of Simon Smith Kuznets in the West was very active are the American Economic Association, American Statistical Association, the American Philosophical Society, American Society for the Promotion of Science, the International Statistical Institute (ISI), a Fellow of the American economic history,Honorary Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the British Academy of Sciences, as vice - president of the American Economic Association and the American Statistical Association and Vice - Chairperson of the Simon Smith Kuznets in the West was very active are the American Economic Association, American Statistical Association, the American Philosophical Society, American Society for the Promotion of Science, the International Statistical Institute (ISI), a Fellow of the American economic history,Honorary Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the British Academy of Sciences, as vice - president of the American Economic Association and the American Statistical Association and Vice - Chairperson of the .
and went on to Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, Hebrew University Honorary degrees and went on to Princeton University, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, Hebrew University Honorary degrees .
Academic Contribution
Kuznets Cycle Theory
cycle of discovery, testing and interpretation is the US National Bureau of Economic Research initially set up a programme to cycle of discovery, testing and interpretation is the US National Bureau of Economic Research initially set up a programme to . only appear in cycles in the cycle, rather than the many economic activities in the simultaneous occurrence of the periodic fluctuation of economic cycle of expansion or contraction of the only appear in cycles in the cycle, rather than the many economic activities in the simultaneous occurrence of the periodic fluctuation of economic cycle of expansion or contraction of the .
5 ~ 6 years, but it is also possible for 10 ~ 12 years 5 ~ 6 years, but it is also possible for 10 ~ 12 years . it is clearly pointed out that will be a long - term trend, it is clearly pointed out that will be a long - term trend, .
now from the economic cycle and long - term trend was identified in three has an average duration of the period, although their continued effectiveness still debate now from the economic cycle and long - term trend was identified in three has an average duration of the period, although their continued effectiveness still debate . in the period are often called the Kuznets cycles in the period are often called the Kuznets cycles .
Kuznets cycle in addition to the conclusions taken from the original data,Also thanks to his former student and colleague Anthony Moses Abramovitz becomes one of the two articles Kuznets cycle in addition to the conclusions taken from the original data,Also thanks to his former student and colleague Anthony Moses Abramovitz becomes one of the two articles . due to periodic motion having spontaneous, "China has a Kuznets according to experience is put forward in the" swing "and" fluctuation "in place of the due to periodic motion having spontaneous, "China has a Kuznets according to experience is put forward in the" swing "and" fluctuation "in place of the .
to the exclusion of the United States and eight other countries of trend and periodicity of the produced commodity price of 35% and 65% of the product series produced after the impact, Kuznets found" a second - term movement ", and the swing of the mean duration of 22 to the exclusion of the United States and eight other countries of trend and periodicity of the produced commodity price of 35% and 65% of the product series produced after the impact, Kuznets found" a second - term movement ", and the swing of the mean duration of 22 . in overall economic activity in the period of existence, is the Arthur F. Burns first discovered through research,Kuznets and confirmed the conclusions with respect to individual commodities
Kuznets to economic activity in the passive and the corresponding fluctuation of immigration, population growth and labor force growth, the analysis of the economic and demographic changes, his economic science made significant pioneering contributions to the economic activities of the Kuznets to economic activity in the passive and the corresponding fluctuation of immigration, population growth and labor force growth, the analysis of the economic and demographic changes, his economic science made significant pioneering contributions to the economic activities of the . population is the main determinant of economic activities may appear on the population is the main determinant of economic activities may appear on the .
demographic growth, however, economists generally agree that the population is external variables, such as may be specified as the cost per unit of output of production, were considered as exogenous variables, that is to say,Due to demographic factors is necessary to adjust the data actually demographic growth, however, economists generally agree that the population is external variables, such as may be specified as the cost per unit of output of production, were considered as exogenous variables, that is to say,Due to demographic factors is necessary to adjust the data actually ., in Klein, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the econometric model of representation in the research, it has produced a weak Kuznets cycles , in Klein, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade of the econometric model of representation in the research, it has produced a weak Kuznets cycles .
National Income Accounting Theory
Kuznets Diligence always had encountered some controversial conceptual and statistical problems, pay careful attention to the basic hypothesis of classification Kuznets Diligence always had encountered some controversial conceptual and statistical problems, pay careful attention to the basic hypothesis of classification . his special look - out for the user data, which are likely to mislead those who are subjective and error of accuracy in conveying his special look - out for the user data, which are likely to mislead those who are subjective and error of accuracy in conveying .
Kuznets's many writings has been discussed at the accounting postulates, definition and description of data published by the record or field.For example, GNP is to economic activities and a comprehensive measure of the enterprise and government decision - making basis, however, has all but ruled out some of the products and services, since they do not have obvious signs, housekeeping services are also not included,Some illegal activities also ruled out For example, GNP is to economic activities and a comprehensive measure of the enterprise and government decision - making basis, however, has all but ruled out some of the products and services, since they do not have obvious signs, housekeeping services are also not included,Some illegal activities also ruled out .
Kuznets explains: "For example, blackmail 'service obviously had the compensation of remuneration, it depends on the price on the market of supply and demand for such services, and they are thus in one part of our economic system, but if they are included in the gross national product within, there is no way to explain to society would be extremely useful, as a contribution to the economy of the portion of the Kuznets explains: "For example, blackmail 'service obviously had the compensation of remuneration, it depends on the price on the market of supply and demand for such services, and they are thus in one part of our economic system, but if they are included in the gross national product within, there is no way to explain to society would be extremely useful, as a contribution to the economy of the portion of the ." In addition, he has looked in national income and works as well as many domestic and international events at issue in the philosophy of the social problems " In addition, he has looked in national income and works as well as many domestic and international events at issue in the philosophy of the social problems .
For example, the final intermediate,Gross and net output of the difference is a good example: For example, the final intermediate,Gross and net output of the difference is a good example: . to avoid double - counting, that means that only includes Final product to avoid double - counting, that means that only includes Final product .
For example, the final product for the production of bread flour, they are not included in the gross national product within For example, the final product for the production of bread flour, they are not included in the gross national product within . however, for the same reason, is included in the final product of the workers of transportation costs, may be deemed to be workers of the production of intermediate products and labor cost however, for the same reason, is included in the final product of the workers of transportation costs, may be deemed to be workers of the production of intermediate products and labor cost .
national accounts also include the production of a value of a motor vehicle and is applied to the production of the new car value of the machinery,also includes production due to the devaluation of the portion of the machine's value national accounts also include the production of a value of a motor vehicle and is applied to the production of the new car value of the machinery,also includes production due to the devaluation of the portion of the machine's value . net national product (GDP) minus depreciation of capital stock estimation, and does not address that issue, and since a part of the consumer to maintain the labour force, labour resources will also devalue net national product (GDP) minus depreciation of capital stock estimation, and does not address that issue, and since a part of the consumer to maintain the labour force, labour resources will also devalue .
Kuznets believed that these problems can be addressed through the development of economic activities to meet the ultimate objective of the protocol to solve the Kuznets believed that these problems can be addressed through the development of economic activities to meet the ultimate objective of the protocol to solve the . if society's ultimate goal is to increase the supply of resources, it is possible to obtain a boundary;If the ultimate goal is to satisfy the consumer, it is possible to obtain another border with this method to develop the national income concept of one may be justified, since the common motivation, a measure of how much they must satisfy as a consumer utility maximization of the overall state of the current and future needs of the economic system of the positive contribution made by the consumer to maximize this
motive mainly from the merchandise is for man, not man - made merchandise, starting with the motive mainly from the merchandise is for man, not man - made merchandise, starting with the . on this issue, Kuznets continues to conduct a study,and the final product and of the definition of the modified S on this issue, Kuznets continues to conduct a study,and the final product and of the definition of the modified S .
Robert Aisi, and a contribution to the Kuznets of concepts and ideas has been the editor of the "Account of the revenue system of estimating" Robert Aisi, and a contribution to the Kuznets of concepts and ideas has been the editor of the "Account of the revenue system of estimating" . national income statistics provided by the framework of modern policy management is indispensable to national income statistics provided by the framework of modern policy management is indispensable to .
this framework in the course of the past 50 years has been widely used around the world this framework in the course of the past 50 years has been widely used around the world . Kuznets helped several after World War II established the State has formulated the initial estimates of revenue and Kuznets helped several after World War II established the State has formulated the initial estimates of revenue and .
, is also the national accounts, savings, investment and other data to be used for the examination by the government,The Ministry of Education and Research, an economist at the established macroeconomic data required in the origin of the , is also the national accounts, savings, investment and other data to be used for the examination by the government,The Ministry of Education and Research, an economist at the established macroeconomic data required in the origin of the . Kuznets is this economic and statistical fields also made a major contribution to Kuznets is this economic and statistical fields also made a major contribution to .
Economic Growth Theory
Kuznets in the 1930s) published by the production and the price of long - term movement, long - term economic growth dynamic process of deepening the understanding of the phenomena in the core position of Kuznets in the 1930s) published by the production and the price of long - term movement, long - term economic growth dynamic process of deepening the understanding of the phenomena in the core position of . in Kuznets's view, the economic analysis is limited in the static equilibrium theory, which might hamper the development of the theory on in Kuznets's view, the economic analysis is limited in the static equilibrium theory, which might hamper the development of the theory on .
Kuznets uncompromisingly assert the importance of long - term study Kuznets uncompromisingly assert the importance of long - term study . he pointed out: "If we did not know the demand and supply after the reaction of the change in the total process, also does not know of the former to the latter may have been the influence which is exerted on the state - we demand and supply for the moment at which the static reaction of how research can be comprehensive?"The economic growth of the research, Kuznets's method is very obvious: one State or group of each stage as well as the quantity of growth compared to some countries in different development stages on the characteristic curve of a certain point on the cross - section of the data, as well as on the related factors and the relationship among them, he pointed out: "If we did not know the demand and supply after the reaction of the change in the total process, also does not know of the former to the latter may have been the influence which is exerted on the state - we demand and supply for the moment at which the static reaction of how research can be comprehensive?"The economic growth of the research, Kuznets's method is very obvious: one State or group of each stage as well as the quantity of growth compared to some countries in different development stages on the characteristic curve of a certain point on the cross - section of the data, as well as on the related factors and the relationship among them, .
Although Kuznets also study inter - regional growth differences, but he felt that the" country "is the study of the best units of the People's Republic of China, mainly because of the domination of the government, able to promote or impede economic growth policy Although Kuznets also study inter - regional growth differences, but he felt that the" country "is the study of the best units of the People's Republic of China, mainly because of the domination of the government, able to promote or impede economic growth policy ., 1971,Kuznets in Stockholm as Nobel Prize winners and speeches in the modern economic growth of six interrelated aspects of , 1971,Kuznets in Stockholm as Nobel Prize winners and speeches in the modern economic growth of six interrelated aspects of .
among the most important is the total population and the rapid increase;The second most important factor is the growth of the production efficiency;in a third aspect of the economic structure from the dominance of agricultural production to manufacturing and service industries dominate the change;In accordance with a fourth aspect of the social structure and way of thinking changes;in a fifth aspect is the communication and transportation technologies change caused more dependence between countries;The last piece is, in the world economy in oligodendrocytes among the most important is the total population and the rapid increase;The second most important factor is the growth of the production efficiency;in a third aspect of the economic structure from the dominance of agricultural production to manufacturing and service industries dominate the change;In accordance with a fourth aspect of the social structure and way of thinking changes;in a fifth aspect is the communication and transportation technologies change caused more dependence between countries;The last piece is, in the world economy in oligodendrocytes . 1 1.
Scholarly
(1) Economic Cycle
His main works include retail and wholesale trade of periodic fluctuations" (1962), "the production and the price of long - term movement" (1930), "Industrial and Trade of seasonal fluctuations" (1934) etc.
(2) National Income Accounting
His main works include national income and capital formation "(1938)," 1919 1938 of natonal income constitutes" (1914), "the war of national output" (1945), "national income: an overview" (1946), "since the 1869 national output" (1946), etc.
(3) Economic Growth
His major works include "since 1870 of US national income and long - term trend." (1951), "The economic growth of each of the quantitative aspects." (1956), "with regard to the economic growth of six of them in the speech" (1959), "Modern economic growth: Rate, structure and spread" (1966), "economic growth: GDP and production structure" (1971) 2 2.
