Morphological Feature
large African snail shells, who are normally 7 - 8 cm, a maximum of 20 cm, and weigh up to 32 g large African snail shells, who are normally 7 - 8 cm, a maximum of 20 cm, and weigh up to 32 g . shells stenosis, taper, aspect ratio is approximately two to one shells stenosis, taper, aspect ratio is approximately two to one .
crustaceous somewhat thick, glossy, oval - shaped shell 130 mm, a width of 54 mm, the coil layer is 7 - 9, with a conical spiral crustaceous somewhat thick, glossy, oval - shaped shell 130 mm, a width of 54 mm, the coil layer is 7 - 9, with a conical spiral . inflated body whorl, whose height is approximately 3 / 4 - height of the shell top inflated body whorl, whose height is approximately 3 / 4 - height of the shell top .
, , . suture deep shell surface is yellow or yellow ground color, with brown damascene suture deep shell surface is yellow or yellow ground color, with brown damascene .
embryonic shell that is generally in the form of a white jade snail embryonic shell that is generally in the form of a white jade snail . each other of breaking the read layer of brown - striped each other of breaking the read layer of brown - striped .
coarse growth lines rather than obvious, and the inner shell is purplish or bluish white, the threads on the body whorl is not obvious,Each screw is screwed to the middle layer of the layer with the growth lines staggered coarse growth lines rather than obvious, and the inner shell is purplish or bluish white, the threads on the body whorl is not obvious,Each screw is screwed to the middle layer of the layer with the growth lines staggered . the port, with an ovoid peristome is simple, complete the port, with an ovoid peristome is simple, complete .
outer lip is thin and sharp, brittle outer lip is thin and sharp, brittle . inner lip sticking to the body whorl, and an "S" shaped portion of the blue and white of the corpus callosum, the shaft edge outward fold, no umbilicus inner lip sticking to the body whorl, and an "S" shaped portion of the blue and white of the corpus callosum, the shaft edge outward fold, no umbilicus .
muscular foot, the back is dark brownish black, face pale yellow, and the mucus colourless muscular foot, the back is dark brownish black, face pale yellow, and the mucus colourless . egg: oval, white or pale yellow, calcareous shell has a length of 4. 5 - 7 mm, a width of 4 mm, and a volume of 35 - 85 mm
³ juveniles which: newly hatched snails is 2. 5 to provide two layers, each layer of the slow growth of the shell surface is yellow or dark yellow color, resembling the adult identification characteristics were,It is oval - shaped and have the shape of a spiral layer identification characteristics were,It is oval - shaped and have the shape of a spiral layer .
is 6. 5 to 8, in which the surface of the shell has a brown mist - like pattern, the port was oval, shell can accommodate the entire foot .
reproductive system does not have an accessory organ kidney longer, often around my heart long film of 2 ~ 3 times of the pulmonary vein branches reproductive system does not have an accessory organ kidney longer, often around my heart long film of 2 ~ 3 times of the pulmonary vein branches . no no .
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Habitat Environment
Achatina fulica is suitable for the growth and propagation in regions of altitude 800m below of heat resource in valley zone Achatina fulica is suitable for the growth and propagation in regions of altitude 800m below of heat resource in valley zone . Africa large snails live in the suitable temperature is in the range of from 15 to 38 c Africa large snails live in the suitable temperature is in the range of from 15 to 38 c .
and the soil moisture was 45% to 85% of agar and temperature from 20 # to 32 #, and the soil moisture was 55% -75% and the soil moisture was 45% to 85% of agar and temperature from 20 # to 32 #, and the soil moisture was 55% -75% . when temperatures below 14 degrees Celsius, less than 40% of soil moisture or temperature above 39. degree. C. moisture up to 90% or more when the
African snails, i.e. to produce the wax seal of dormancy or diapause human activities for the circulation of goods, man - carrying, large African snail is the major path for life and production garbage, which include the remains of large snail habitat in Africa,multiply offerred place human activities for the circulation of goods, man - carrying, large African snail is the major path for life and production garbage, which include the remains of large snail habitat in Africa,multiply offerred place .
. likes moist environments, lived in the land, inhabit mainly the vegetable land, farmland, orchards, parks, tree plantation, overgrown and lush vegetation, crops and lush shady and moist environment and humus soil, subtilis stacks, caves in and the tree branch defoliation and below likes moist environments, lived in the land, inhabit mainly the vegetable land, farmland, orchards, parks, tree plantation, overgrown and lush vegetation, crops and lush shady and moist environment and humus soil, subtilis stacks, caves in and the tree branch defoliation and below .
Living Habits
Achatina fulica with nocturnal, gregarious, and likes damp environments Achatina fulica with nocturnal, gregarious, and likes damp environments . daytime to inhabit moist and shady nooks and crannies and hidden in a more loose soil humus, the rubbish, heaps, soil cave or riprap cave daytime to inhabit moist and shady nooks and crannies and hidden in a more loose soil humus, the rubbish, heaps, soil cave or riprap cave .
8: 00 p.m., then began to climb out of the event, 9: 00 - 11: 00 is the activity peak in the next morning 5: 00 pm and returned to their place of origin or the nearest hidden 5: 00 pm and returned to their place of origin or the nearest hidden .
photophobia and the mantra of most afraid photophobia and the mantra of most afraid . direct sunlight on the environment is extremely sensitive to humidity, the temperature is not suitable, the snails will be retracted in the body shell and secrete mucus to form a protective film, and seals the housing opening, in order to overcome the adverse interference environment of direct sunlight on the environment is extremely sensitive to humidity, the temperature is not suitable, the snails will be retracted in the body shell and secrete mucus to form a protective film, and seals the housing opening, in order to overcome the adverse interference environment of .
to vegetables, to vegetables,. flowers and feed on a variety of greenery and the bran can be used as the species of the foodstuff to flowers and feed on a variety of greenery and the bran can be used as the species of the foodstuff to .
General spring Chinese cabbage, cabbage, lettuce and other broad - leaved plants and feeding; in the summer can feed a large amount of sugar cane, sunflower leaves, various fruit peels and the like; autumn low temperature, loss of appetite, feeding some lettuces, potato chips, eat grass, weeds, antifeedant pungent onion, leek, garlic General spring Chinese cabbage, cabbage, lettuce and other broad - leaved plants and feeding; in the summer can feed a large amount of sugar cane, sunflower leaves, various fruit peels and the like; autumn low temperature, loss of appetite, feeding some lettuces, potato chips, eat grass, weeds, antifeedant pungent onion, leek, garlic . host is papaya, frost wood, cactus, breadfruit, rubber, cocoa, tea, citrus, coconut, pineapple, banana, arrowroot, salep, sweet potatoes, peanuts, beans and put down roots, fern, plant cereals (sorghum, millet, etc.)
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Geographical Distribution
Place of Origin East Africa, but to the 21st century has been widely distributed in Asia, Pacific, Indian Ocean and even the america of such areas by Place of Origin East Africa, but to the 21st century has been widely distributed in Asia, Pacific, Indian Ocean and even the america of such areas by . grow in Japan, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Spain, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, the Northern Mariana Islands, Canada, the United States and grow in Japan, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Spain, Madagascar, Seychelles, Mauritius, the Northern Mariana Islands, Canada, the United States and .
China such as Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan China such as Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hainan and Taiwan .
Propagation Manner
The hermaphrodite, allogamy, high fecundity The hermaphrodite, allogamy, high fecundity . can spawn four times a year, laying is 150 ~ 300 grain can spawn four times a year, laying is 150 ~ 300 grain .
eggs hatch after 5 months are sexually mature, the snails can live for 5 ~ 6 years and a maximum of 9 years eggs hatch after 5 months are sexually mature, the snails can live for 5 ~ 6 years and a maximum of 9 years . mating time at 9: 30 pm - 11: 00, the larvae will be much more moist humus topsoil under 1 - 2cm in soil or wet subtilis heap of rubbish, the oviposition quantity per kilogram on the 150 - 300 grain mating time at 9: 30 pm - 11: 00, the larvae will be much more moist humus topsoil under 1 - 2cm in soil or wet subtilis heap of rubbish, the oviposition quantity per kilogram on the 150 - 300 grain .
instar of larvae feeding, 3 - 4 days after the start of feeding 5 - 6 months instar of larvae feeding, 3 - 4 days after the start of feeding 5 - 6 months . .
sexually mature eggs from several hours to 17 days sexually mature eggs from several hours to 17 days . snail in 5 - 15 months when mature,in accordance with the temperature according to the snail in 5 - 15 months when mature,in accordance with the temperature according to the .
(at low temperatures in winter delay maturation to large winter) African snail has a life expectancy of nine years, is generally 5 - 6 years (at low temperatures in winter delay maturation to large winter) African snail has a life expectancy of nine years, is generally 5 - 6 years .
Invasive Species
Route Of Transmission
The main mode of transmission of the manual mode propagation, one is by boat, train, automobile, aircraft and other means of transport, with ornamental plants, nursery stock, sheet, containers, cargo box spread; the other is the African snail and big, beautiful, delicious meat, have extensively been made for display in the food and the direct introduction of the The main mode of transmission of the manual mode propagation, one is by boat, train, automobile, aircraft and other means of transport, with ornamental plants, nursery stock, sheet, containers, cargo box spread; the other is the African snail and big, beautiful, delicious meat, have extensively been made for display in the food and the direct introduction of the .
Environmental Destruction
Achatina fulica of the violating object including crops, forest trees, fruit trees, vegetables and flowers, while feeding the sheet and also hungry corpses, and even eating and digesting cement, may be harmful to the crop and more than 500 Achatina fulica of the violating object including crops, forest trees, fruit trees, vegetables and flowers, while feeding the sheet and also hungry corpses, and even eating and digesting cement, may be harmful to the crop and more than 500 . "Achatina fulica" many human and animal parasites and pathogens of intermediate hosts, especially with regard to the spread of tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis, eating is a great harm to the "Achatina fulica" many human and animal parasites and pathogens of intermediate hosts, especially with regard to the spread of tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis, eating is a great harm to the .
Achatina fulica is recognized in the tropical and subtropical areas of the worst sort of snail Achatina fulica is recognized in the tropical and subtropical areas of the worst sort of snail . it eats large amounts of native vegetation and habitat change it eats large amounts of native vegetation and habitat change .
. compete native snail Achatina fulica predators might also provide an alternative source of food, altering the food chain,so as to change the local ecosystem if compete native snail Achatina fulica predators might also provide an alternative source of food, altering the food chain,so as to change the local ecosystem if .
predators also invading species, which might have unfortunate consequences predators also invading species, which might have unfortunate consequences . For example, in Japan, Bonin Islands, the invasion of cane toad is found in Africa will eat snails For example, in Japan, Bonin Islands, the invasion of cane toad is found in Africa will eat snails .
However, natural predation may also help control the population of Achatina fulica However, natural predation may also help control the population of Achatina fulica . for example, at Christmas Island, the Achatina fulica is yet to be established at a disturbed rainforest communities; generally, it is believed that the reason is, the local Christmas Island red crabs will eat a lot of snails achatina fulica for example, at Christmas Island, the Achatina fulica is yet to be established at a disturbed rainforest communities; generally, it is believed that the reason is, the local Christmas Island red crabs will eat a lot of snails achatina fulica .
Africa is a major crop pest, eating crops, causing serious economic loss for the Africa is a major crop pest, eating crops, causing serious economic loss for the . 1969 Florida estimates,African snails will cause a loss of $11 million a year, if that ethnic group is not controlled (the USDA) 1969 Florida estimates,African snails will cause a loss of $11 million a year, if that ethnic group is not controlled (the USDA) .
India in 1982, it reached a serious pest of the state, especially in the 1946 - 47, was the result of appearing in Orissa, on vegetable crops and paddy fields were seriously damaged in the India in 1982, it reached a serious pest of the state, especially in the 1946 - 47, was the result of appearing in Orissa, on vegetable crops and paddy fields were seriously damaged in the . most likely to be damaged of the plant is a snail, garden flowers and ornamental plants and vegetables, especially cruciferous, cucurbits and legumes) and breadfruit,Cassava and teak seedlings of most likely to be damaged of the plant is a snail, garden flowers and ornamental plants and vegetables, especially cruciferous, cucurbits and legumes) and breadfruit,Cassava and teak seedlings of .
African snails may also increase the plant diseases (for example, by black pod disease caused)), Youzhou, which in its spread in the excreta of African snails may also increase the plant diseases (for example, by black pod disease caused)), Youzhou, which in its spread in the excreta of .
Infection Disease
Achatina fulica is some pathogens and parasites, can spread the rat lungworm, human infection with the bacteria causing meningitis A Achatina fulica is some pathogens and parasites, can spread the rat lungworm, human infection with the bacteria causing meningitis A . Aeromonas (1992) and Palumbo Aeromonas (1992) and Palumbo .
snails within the parasite is usually a human eating raw or undercooked snails to humans, snails within the parasite is usually a human eating raw or undercooked snails to humans, . for example, in Samoa and American Samoa 16 South Korean fisherman eosinophil infection encephalitis,eating the meal of the parasite infection of Achatina fulica dyeing after. (et al. 1982)
Achatina fulica of parasites including: esoteric cat Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis - cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, ridge Angiostrongylus cantonensis Angiostrongyliasis; - causing gastrointestinal, schistosomiasis japonicum - reasons, in the feces is detected, the whipworm - detected in the feces, nana - detected in the feces, Strongyloides stercoralis - faeces and mucus secretion detected Achatina fulica of parasites including: esoteric cat Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis - cause of eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, ridge Angiostrongylus cantonensis Angiostrongyliasis; - causing gastrointestinal, schistosomiasis japonicum - reasons, in the feces is detected, the whipworm - detected in the feces, nana - detected in the feces, Strongyloides stercoralis - faeces and mucus secretion detected . 3 3.
Intrusion Cases
Florida US
On April 15, 2013 Taiwan Daily News Cloud Floridian only one as large as tens of thousands of "giant African snail invasion of giant African snail invasion Florida On April 15, 2013 Taiwan Daily News Cloud Floridian only one as large as tens of thousands of "giant African snail invasion of giant African snail invasion Florida . from 1966 to the year, a kid from Hawaii three snails back to Miami, with the result that in the seven years, they are only a few of the vast ethnic from 1966 to the year, a kid from Hawaii three snails back to Miami, with the result that in the seven years, they are only a few of the vast ethnic .
17,000 local government spends millions of dollars to tackle snails, But come after the rainy season, they will turn the explosive growth of 17,000 local government spends millions of dollars to tackle snails, But come after the rainy season, they will turn the explosive growth of . A female snails may give birth to 1,200 eggs a year, and eat wild lime to calcium supplements, promoting housing development A female snails may give birth to 1,200 eggs a year, and eat wild lime to calcium supplements, promoting housing development .
In addition, they also spread rat lungworm,This has the potential to infect humans causing a meningitis In addition, they also spread rat lungworm,This has the potential to infect humans causing a meningitis .
Nanning, Guangxi
September 20, 2013, in the outskirts of Nanning African snails, have a very strong fecundity September 20, 2013, in the outskirts of Nanning African snails, have a very strong fecundity . This is China's first batch of 16 species of alien invasive species is listed as one of the "rural hitman" nocturnal, vegetables and other crops are harmful to Chinese national entry - exit quarantine pest This is China's first batch of 16 species of alien invasive species is listed as one of the "rural hitman" nocturnal, vegetables and other crops are harmful to Chinese national entry - exit quarantine pest .
Achatina fulica is a very strong reproductive capacity of herbivorous snail xerophytic, recipes involving hundreds of herbs, woody lianas, gardens, crop fields, referred to as a "pastoral killer" Achatina fulica is a very strong reproductive capacity of herbivorous snail xerophytic, recipes involving hundreds of herbs, woody lianas, gardens, crop fields, referred to as a "pastoral killer" . Achatina fulica although they bred with extreme rapidity, but there are natural enemies in Guangxi, but also can use pesticides to kill, therefore, did not result in a large - scale outbreak of Achatina fulica although they bred with extreme rapidity, but there are natural enemies in Guangxi, but also can use pesticides to kill, therefore, did not result in a large - scale outbreak of .
China's Fuzhou
In July 2014, China's Fuzhou surnamed Cao in copper in the vicinity of the Boulevard, and saw a "giant snails" In July 2014, China's Fuzhou surnamed Cao in copper in the vicinity of the Boulevard, and saw a "giant snails" . Via expert appraisal, this is" Achatina fulica", one of the first publication of harmful invasive species, and in the 1980s, Fujian had many people breed, but banned in the United States, farmers would throw them into the wild Via expert appraisal, this is" Achatina fulica", one of the first publication of harmful invasive species, and in the 1980s, Fujian had many people breed, but banned in the United States, farmers would throw them into the wild .
such a snail's a giant, will harm crops and more than 500, even more cement can eat such a snail's a giant, will harm crops and more than 500, even more cement can eat . And, this snail will spread tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis cannot be touched with a hand, cannot eat more And, this snail will spread tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis cannot be touched with a hand, cannot eat more .
earlier it is prohibited in China, this Banyan found in downtown, earlier it is prohibited in China, this Banyan found in downtown,. somebody is suspected in the breeding of the giant snails is an odd one, almost 10 cm long, and yellowish - brown shell is figured somebody is suspected in the breeding of the giant snails is an odd one, almost 10 cm long, and yellowish - brown shell is figured .
resembles a spiral shell, very hard and resembles a spiral shell, very hard and . African snail is native to Africa, the longest and can grow to 20 cm, including food crops, forest trees, fruit trees, vegetables and flowers, while feeding the sheet and also hungry corpses, and even eating and digestion of cement, 500 may be harmful to various crops, mainly active in Fujian for the annual November 4 African snail is native to Africa, the longest and can grow to 20 cm, including food crops, forest trees, fruit trees, vegetables and flowers, while feeding the sheet and also hungry corpses, and even eating and digestion of cement, 500 may be harmful to various crops, mainly active in Fujian for the annual November 4 .
African snail or human and animal parasites and pathogens of intermediate hosts, especially with regard to the spread of tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis African snail or human and animal parasites and pathogens of intermediate hosts, especially with regard to the spread of tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis . Furthermore,They crawled off of fruits and vegetables are all possible residual pathogens invading the body Furthermore,They crawled off of fruits and vegetables are all possible residual pathogens invading the body .
Achatina fulica although they bred with extreme rapidity, but there are natural enemies, but also can use pesticides to kill, therefore, are not known to have caused a massive outbreak of Achatina fulica although they bred with extreme rapidity, but there are natural enemies, but also can use pesticides to kill, therefore, are not known to have caused a massive outbreak of .
Prevention Method
African snail genus xerophytic mollusks, nocturnal, to preventing certain difficulties in addition to the African snail genus xerophytic mollusks, nocturnal, to preventing certain difficulties in addition to the . chemical methods of economically viable, other measures can still be used as partial prevention or supportive measures chemical methods of economically viable, other measures can still be used as partial prevention or supportive measures .
mechanical control, can be found at dawn, dusk and night or after thunderstorms, snail activity foraging time, to perform artificial killing may also be utilized on the basis of habits, with Food Bait mechanical control, can be found at dawn, dusk and night or after thunderstorms, snail activity foraging time, to perform artificial killing may also be utilized on the basis of habits, with Food Bait . also available caustic soda, dried lime, kainite field earth mix to form a protective tape, to prevent the intrusion of snail also available caustic soda, dried lime, kainite field earth mix to form a protective tape, to prevent the intrusion of snail .
Furthermore, it is possible to use the smooth copper plate (0.8 mm thick, 5 cm high), zinc (0. 8mm thick,20 - 25cm wide) in a mechanical isolation fence agriculture: agricultural cultivation measures, the ecological environment change agriculture: agricultural cultivation measures, the ecological environment change .
snails moist but can not touch water, paddy - dryland rotation area in purple soil were found to kill the snail eradication snails moist but can not touch water, paddy - dryland rotation area in purple soil were found to kill the snail eradication . garden, vegetable plots around the weed, the destruction of its wintering over\ | summering place, but also relieve the harm of chemical snail occurs garden, vegetable plots around the weed, the destruction of its wintering over\ | summering place, but also relieve the harm of chemical snail occurs .
: commonly used methods: for metaldehyde (1. 6%), 10 kg / ha using a spray, or 15% metaldehyde powder of 50 kg / ha, 4% carbamate 100kg / ha) Copper sulfate 125 to 250 kg / ha,ferric sulfate 125 to 250 kg / ha of spray may also be in afternoon 5 when, with 1% - 5% molluscacide or 1% - 1.5% ammonia solution ground spraying, or with a high concentration of methamidophos, dimethoate pesticide spraying plants, feeding on snails after the deaths of
Furthermore, bait trapping and also has certain effects, customary 5% calcium arsenate and 1. 6% tetramer of acetaldehyde is mixed with the snail food mixed poison bait biocontrol: It has been found to be bio - parasitic or predatory snails, such as bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, molluscs, and other mammals, but are not widely used biocontrol: It has been found to be bio - parasitic or predatory snails, such as bacteria, nematodes, arthropods, molluscs, and other mammals, but are not widely used .
Still,create a good ecological environment, preserve the natural predators, or artificial feeding release, was a stable control of Achatina fulica Still,create a good ecological environment, preserve the natural predators, or artificial feeding release, was a stable control of Achatina fulica . actively effective protection using toads, frogs, ants, birds, chicken, duck, goose, to control the African snails have obtained obvious effect actively effective protection using toads, frogs, ants, birds, chicken, duck, goose, to control the African snails have obtained obvious effect .
pay particular attention to: the African snails are many human and animal parasites and pathogens of intermediate hosts, especially with regard to the spread of tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis, eating is a great harm to the pay particular attention to: the African snails are many human and animal parasites and pathogens of intermediate hosts, especially with regard to the spread of tuberculosis and eosinophilic meningitis, eating is a great harm to the . 6 6.
