內容簡介
語言引論
每一章的全面更新：新增了沃爾夫假說，神經語言學的最新成果，雙語及雙語教學的最新資料，句法處理的新方法，可以反映現代思維方式的語義語用學的新篇章，修訂後的社會語言學一章側重於最新的發現，另外還有一部分詳細介紹了句法變化的問題。
對語言學各組成部分(語音、音系、詞法、句法、語義以及語用學)的最新、流行的導論性介紹。
對美國符號語言學及通過文本體現的其他符號語言的介紹，使讀者認識到這些符號語言也具備那些可以通過口頭表達的語言的共同特點，也是真正的語言形式。
每一章的結尾部分都會對重點部分做一總結，並會列出相應的參考書目、進一步研究所需的閱讀材料以及相關練習。
書中使用的國際音標的用法。
大量簡潔的術語注釋，詳細的索引，都使文章易讀易懂。
為您提供更為豐富的教與學資源，例如：網上測驗、期末考試、章節提綱、書評、網站連結以及動畫卡片等。
媒體推薦
最全面的語言學導論，已經成為我的案頭書。——約翰·奧森， 英國倫敦法律語言研究所所長
目錄
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
PARTI
The Nature of Human Language
CHAPTER
What Is Language?
Linguistic Knowledge
Knowledge of the Sound System
Knowledge of Words
Arbitrary Relation of Form and
Meaning
The Creativity of Linguistic
Knowledge
Knowledge of Sentences and
Nonsentences
Linguistic Knowledge and Performance
What Is Grammar?
Descriptive Grammars
Prescriptive Grammars
Teaching Grammars
Language Universals
The Development of Grammar
Sign Languages: Evidence for the Innateness of Language
American Sign Language
Animal "Languages"
"Talking" Parrots
The Birds and the Bees
Language and Thought
What We Know about Language
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 2
Brain and Language
The Human Brain
The Localization of Language in the Brain
Brain Imaging Technology
Brain Plasticity and Lateralization
in Early Life
Split Brains
Other Experimental Evidence of Brain
Organization
The Autonomy of Language
Other Dissociations of Language and Cognition
Laura
Christopher
Genetic Basis of Language
Language and Brain Development
The Critical Period
A Critical Period for Bird Song
The Evolution of Language
In the Beginning: The Origin of Language
God's Gift to Mankind?
The First Language
Human Invention or the Cries of Nature?
The Development of Language in the Species
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
PART 2
Grammatical Aspects of Language
CHAPTER 3
Morphology: The Words of Language
Dictionaries
Content Words and Function Words
Morphemes: The Minimal Units of Meaning
Bound and Free Morphemes
Prefixes and Suffixes
Infixes
Circumfixes
Roots and Stems
Huckles and Ceives
Rules of Word Formation
Derivational Morphology
The Hierarchical Structure of Words
More about Derivational
Morphemes
Lexical Gaps
Rule Productivity
"pulletSurprises"
Sign Language Morphology
Word Coinage
Words from Names
Back-Formations
Compounds
Meaning of Compounds
Universality of Compounding
Blends
Reduced Words
Inflectional Morphemes
Exceptions and Suppletions
Morphology and Syntax
Morphological Analysis: Identifying Morphemes
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 4
Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language
What the Syntax Rules Do
What Grammaticality Is Not Based On
Sentence Structure
Constituents andconstituencyTests
Syntactic Categories
Phrase Structure Trees and Rules
Some Conventions for Building Phrase
Structure Trees
The Infinity of Language
Heads and Complements
Selection
What Heads the Sentence
Structural Ambiguities
More Structures
Sentence Relatedness
Transformational Rules
Structure-Dependent Rules
Syntactic Dependencies
Wh Questions
UG Principles and Parameters
Sign Language Syntax
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 5
The Meaning of Language
What Speakers Know about Sentence Meaning
Truth
Entailment and Related Notions
Compositional Semantics
Semantic Rules
Semantic Rule I
Semantic Rule II
hen Compositionality
Goes Awry
Anomaly
Metaphor
Idioms
Lexical Semantics (Word Meanings)
Theories of Word Meaning
Reference
Sense
Lexical Relations
Semantic Features
Evidence for Semantic Features
Semantic Features and Grammar
Argument Structure
ThematicRoles
Pragmatics
Pronouns
Pronouns and Syntax
Pronouns and Discourse
Deixis
More on Situational Context
Maxims of Conversation
Implicatures
Speech Acts
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 6
Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
Sound Segments
Identity of Speech Sounds
The Phonetic Alphabet
Articulatory Phonetics
Consonants
Places ofarticulation
Manner of Articulation
Phonetic Symbols for American English Consonants
Vowels
Lip Rounding
Diphthongs
Nasalization of Vowels
Tense and Lax Vowels
Different (Tongue) Strokes for Different Folks
Major Phonetic Classes
Noncontinuants and Continuants
Obstruents and Sonorants
Consonantal
syllabicSounds
Prosodic Features
Tone and Intonation
Phonetic Symbols and Spelling Correspondences
The "Phonetics" of Signed Languages
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 7
Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language
The Pronunciation of Morphemes
The Pronunciation of Plurals
Additional Examples of Allomorphs
Phonemes: The Phonological Units of Language
Vowel Nasalization in English as
an Illustration of Allophones
Allophones of /t/
Minimal Pairs in ASL
Complementary Distribution
Distinctive Features of Phonemes
Feature Values
Nondistinctive Features
Phonemic Patterns May Vary Across
Languages
Natural Classes of Speech Sounds
Feature Specifications for American
English Consonants and Vowels
The Rules of Phonology
Assimilation Rules
Dissimilation Rules
Feature-Changing Rules
Segment Insertion and Deletion
Rules
Movement (Metathesis) Rules
From One to Many and from Many to One
The Function of Phonological Rules
Slips of the Tongue: Evidence
for Phonological Rules
Prosodic Phonology
syllableStructure
Word Stress
Sentence and Phrase Stress
Intonation
Sequential Constraints of Phonemes
Lexical Gaps
Why Do Phonological Rules Exist?
Phonological Analysis: Discovering Phonemes
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
PART 3
The Psychology of Language
CHAPTER 8
Languageacquisition
Mechanisms of Language Acquisition
Do Children Learn through
Imitation?
Do Children Learn through
Reinforcement?
Do Children Learn Language through
Do Children Learn through Structured
Input?
Children Construct Grammars
The Innateness Hypothesis
Stages in Language Acquisition
The Perception and Production of Speech Sounds
First Words
The Development of Grammar
The Acquisition of Phonology
The Acquisition of Word Meaning
The Acquisition of Morphology
The Acquisition of Syntax
The Acquisition of Pragmatics
The Development of Auxiliaries: A Case Study
Setting Parameters
The Acquisition of Signed Languages
Knowing More Than
One Language
Childhood Bilingualism
Theories of Bilingual Development
Twomonolingualin One Head
The Role of Input
Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism
Second Language Acquisition
Is L2 Acquisition the Same as LI
Acquisition?
native languageInfluence in L2
Acquisition
The Creative Component ofL2
Acquisition
Is There a Critical Period for L2
Acquisition?
Second-Language Teaching Methods
Can Chimps Learn Human Language?
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 9
Language Processing: Humans and Computers
The Human Mind at Work: Human Language Processing
Comprehension
The Speech Signal
Speech Perception and Comprehension
Bottom-up and Top-down Models
Lexical Access and Word Recognition
Syntactic Processing
Speech Production
Planning Units
Lexical Selection
Application and Misapplication
of Rules 377 Nonlinguistic Influences
Computer Processing of Human Language
Frequency Analysis, Concordances,
and Collocations
Information Retrieval and
Summarization
Spell Checkers
Machine Translation
Computers That Talk and Listen
Computational Phonetics and Phonology
Computational Morphology
Computational Syntax
Computational Semantics
Computational Pragmatics
Computer Models of Grammar
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
PART 4
Language and Society
CHAPTER 10
Language in Society
Dialects
Regional Dialects
Accents
Dialects of English
Social Dialects
The "Standard"
African American English
Latino (Hispanic) English
Genderlects
Sotiolinguistic Analysis
Languages in Contact
Lingua Francas
Pidgins
Creoles
Language in Use
Styles
Slang
Jargon and Argot
Taboo or Not Taboo?
Euphemisms
Racial and National Epithets
Language andsexism
Marked andunmarkedForms
The Generic "He"
Secret Languages and Language Games
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 11
Language Change: The Syllables of Time
The Regularity of Sound
Change
Sound Correspondences
Ancestral Protolanguages
Phonological Change
Phonological Rules
The Great Vowel Shift
Morphological Change
Syntactic Change
Lexical Change
Addition of New Words
Borrowings or Loan Words
History through Loan Words
Loss of Words
Semantic Change
Broadening
Narrowing
Meaning Shifts
Reconstructing "Dead" Languages
The Nineteenth-Century
Comparativists
Cognates
Comparative Reconstruction
Historical Evidence
extinctand Endangered Languages
The Genetic Classification of Languages
Languages of the World
Types of Languages
Why Do Languages Change?
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
CHAPTER 12
Writing: The ABCs of Language
The History of Writing
Pictograms and Ideograms
cuneiformWriting
TherebusPrinciple
From Hieroglyphics to the Alphabet
Modern Writing Systems
Word Writing
Syllabic Writing
Consonantal Alphabet Writing
Alphabetic Writing
Reading, Writing, and Speech
Reading
Spelling
Spelling Pronunciations
Summary
References for Further Reading
Exercises
GLOSSARY
INDEX 567
……
序言
“西方語言學原版影印系列叢書”是北京大學出版社外語編輯部建立以來的一個新產品，具有重大意義。隨著國內高等教育的發展，這幾年來本科生、碩士生和博士生的招生名額都擴大了，教材建設再次提上了日程。除組織國內老師自行編寫外，從國外直接引進仍不失為一個有效途徑。語言學是一門領先科學，因此本叢書的有些內容對其他專業的老師和學生、研究者，甚至業餘學習者也有很高參考價值。例如，像有關語料庫、認知語言學的著作除外語老師外，計算科學、統計學、認知科學、詞典編輯等專業的研究人員和師生也有一讀之必要。
北大版“西方語言學原版影印系列叢書”的問世是意料中的事。早在2002年1月北京大學出版社已出版過“西方語言學叢書”，從劍橋大學出版社引進了六卷本《英語語言史》，Robert D.van Valin和Randy J.Lapolla的《句法：結構、意義與功能》，Andres Radford的《最簡方案：句法理論與英語結構》……共七種，在外語界獨樹一
幟。經過兩至三年的摸索，經驗更豐富了，視野更擴大了。這表現在選題方面語言學和套用語言學並重，這更符合研究生專業目錄中有關“語言學和套用語言學”的基本要求。我們的學生既要有理論知識，也要有如何運用有關理論的知識，只有這樣，才能將所學的專業知識更好地為國家建設服務。
另一點值得我們考慮的是，全面掌握語言學和套用語言學的專業知識固然是保證教學質量的一個方面，我們還要讓高等學校的學生經常站在本學科的前沿，接觸本學科的最新成果。掌握本學科的最新動向。這也是保證教材質量，從而保證所培養學生質量的—個重要方面。因此，本叢書既引進有關學科在各時期的經典著作，更注意引進21世紀的新著。長江後浪推前浪，許多經典著作最初也是以新著的形式問世的，其作者的年齡往往屬於新生代。因此，時代意識是本系列叢書的一大特徵。
為了實現這一目標，本叢書採取靈活的出版發行方式，既可系統成套出版，也可成熟一本，出版一本。這樣，只要國外有好的新著出版，北京大學出版社就可以根據該書的質量和國內的需要，及時引進。這在信息爆炸的今天，尤為重要。我們還認為，這套叢書的建設與廣大讀者的監督和支持是分不開的。我們歡迎讀者對本叢書不足之處提出寶貴意見，我們更歡迎讀者和業內行家向我們推薦有引進價值的著作！
