概述
虛擬條件句往往指不能實現或純假想的情況,可以對過去、現在或將來進行假想。虛擬語氣的本質就是對根本不可能的情況發生假設。我們可以記住這樣一個原則,即把時態向過去推一格。
一般虛擬條件句
一、對現在情況的虛擬
條件從句中謂語動詞用一般過去式,主句用“would/should/might/could+動詞原形”形式,表示對現在不可能實現情況的假想。
If I were you,I would choose to work in a small town.
如果我是你,我會選擇在小城鎮工作。(事實上我不是你)
If I had a map now,we could easily get out of the forest.
如果現在有地圖,我們能很容易地走出森林。(事實上是現在沒有地圖)
注意:在條件從句中,如果謂語動詞是be的形式,不管主語是單數還是複數,書面語中用were,而口語中如果是單數,也可以用was,不過在if I were...中一般用were.
If the world were perfect,how could we enjoy the pleasure and comfort of being successful?
世界若完美,我們如何能嘗到創造成功的快慰?
二、對過去情況的虛擬
條件從句中謂語動詞用過去完成式,主語用“would/could/should/might+have+動詞的過去分詞”形式。
If it had not been for your help yesterday,I could not have caught the bus.
如果昨天沒有你的幫助,我不會趕上公車。(事實是你昨天已經幫助了我,所以我趕上了車)
三、對將來情況的虛擬
在表示與將來事實相反的條件從句中,謂語動詞可用should do,were to do或動詞的過去式三種形式表示,但意義略有不同。should表示的可能性最大,動詞過去式的可能性次之,were to do 的可能性最小。
If things were to be twice,all would be wise.
假如凡事都可以重新做一次,人人皆可成為聰明人。(事實是並不是所有的事都可以重新做一次)
其他虛擬條件句
一、錯綜時間條件句
有些條件句的主句謂語和從句謂語表示的動作在時間上並不一致,這類句子稱為錯綜時間條件句。
If you had taken my advice then,you would not be in trouble now.
如果當時聽我的勸,你現在就不會有麻煩了。(if 條件句是對過去的虛擬,故用過去完成時,而主句是對現在的虛擬,故用“would+動詞原形”形式)
二、含蓄條件句
有些句子雖不含條件從句,但意思和條件句相差不多,這種句子稱為“含蓄條件句”,這種句子有時候會用虛擬語氣。
Without electricity,the world would be dark.(=If there were no electricity ,the world would be dark.)
如果沒有電,世界將會一片黑暗。
虛擬條件句 1與現在事實相反,從句謂語用動詞過去式(be動詞一般用were);主句用should(would,could,might) do 2與將來事實相反:從句謂語可用動詞過去式,should do動詞原形或者用were to do;主句謂語形式也是用should(would,could,might) do 3,與過去相反的事實,從句中用had done;主句謂語是由should(would,could,might) have done 例句上面有,不再贅述分詞獨立主格結構(一) 獨立主格結構的構成: 名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞;名詞(代詞)+形容詞;名詞(代詞)+副詞;名詞(代詞)+不定式;名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。 (二) 獨立主格結構的特點: 1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。 2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關係。 3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。下面是幾個例句 The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, ......... Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow=If weather permits, ........ He came into the room, his ears red with cold