獨 立 結 構
Absolute Construction狀語有時可以由一個名詞（代詞）和另一成分構成的複合結構充當，稱為獨立（主格）結構。
獨立結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。名詞或代詞與後面的分詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式和介詞是主謂關係。 獨立結構的位置相當靈活，可置於主句前、主句末或主句中，常有逗號與主句分開。
需要特別注意的是，獨立結構與句子之間不能使用任何連詞。
獨立結構的分類
一.主格獨立結構二.帶with的獨立結構
1. 主格獨立結構有以下幾種類型：
名詞(代詞)+ ing形式
名詞(代詞) + 過去分詞
名詞(代詞)+不定式
無動詞獨立結構
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2. 帶with的獨立結構有以下幾種類型：
with＋名詞＋介詞短語
with＋名詞＋形容詞
with＋名詞＋副詞
with＋名詞＋名詞
with＋名詞＋ing形式
with＋名詞＋ed分詞
with＋名詞＋不定式
主格獨立結構的句法功能
主格獨立結構主要用來作狀語，偶爾用來作補充說明。
Weather permitting; we shall hold a sport meet in time.（獨立結構作條件狀語）
如果天氣許可，我們將按時舉辦運動會。
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Spring having come; it is getting warmer and warmer.（作時間狀語）
春天來了，天氣越來越暖和。
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We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.（作原因狀語）
我們在10:45集合，因為遊行隊伍將在11點準時行動。
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Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
（many of them children是對Two hundred people的補充說明）
兩百人死於事故，其中有許多兒童。
何時採用主格獨立結構
主格獨立結構是用於補充ing形式作狀語的不足。
Looking out of the window, I saw many green trees.
往窗外一望，我看到了許多綠樹。
此句的 I 既是 saw 的施動者，又是 Looking out 的施動者。
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如果主句的施動者和狀語的施動者不是同一個人，則必須採用主格獨立結構，如：
John arriving home, Mary asked him to dine.
約翰回家時，瑪麗請他吃飯。
名詞(代詞)+ ing形式
Time permitting; we’ll go out for a walk.
時間許可的話，我們出去散步一下。
Weather permitting; we shall hold a sport meet in time.
如果天氣許可，我們將按時舉辦運動會。
God willing, I will fly to Paris.
如果上帝願意，我將飛往巴黎。
No further discussion arising, the meeting was brought to a close.
由於沒有進一步的討論，所以就休會了。
Spring having come; it is getting warmer and warmer.
春天來了，天氣越來越暖和。
名詞(代詞) + 過去分詞
Lunch finished, the guest retired to the lounge.
午餐後，客人們到客廳休息去了。
His voice drowned by the noise, the speaker interrupted his lecture.
由於噪聲蓋過了他的嗓音，發言人中斷了演講。
The purse not yet found, we went to the police.
由於錢包還沒有找到，所以我們到警察局報案。
名詞(代詞)+不定式
We shall assemble at 10:45, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.
我們在10:45集合，因為遊行隊伍將在11點準時行動。
The plan was that the two parties should first reach an agreement on the
basic principle, the details to be worked out later.
計畫是兩黨首先在基本原則上達成一致，細節以後再解決。
無動詞獨立結構
名詞(代詞)+形容詞；
名詞(代詞)+副詞；
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語。
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He went off, gun in hand.
他離去，手裡拿著槍。
The floor wet and slippery, we stayed outside.
地板又濕又滑，我們呆在室外。
The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller.
飯後，米勒小姐作了禱告。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
兩百人死於事故，其中有許多兒童。
with＋名詞＋介詞短語
with ＋名詞（代詞）＋介詞短語
We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.
我們背靠著牆壁，坐在乾草上。
He was asleep with his arms on his heads.
他頭枕著胳膊，睡著了。
He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand．
他手托下巴，坐在那兒沉思。
They ran to the hero, flowers in hand.
他們手持鮮花朝著英雄跑去。
Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes.
媽媽眼含淚水看著我。
The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks.
這個女孩來到了兩岸開滿鮮花的河邊。
with＋名詞＋形容詞
with ＋名詞（代詞）＋形容詞
He stared at his friend with his mouth Wide Open．
他張大嘴巴凝視著他的朋友。
They went to bed with all the windows open.
他們上床睡了，窗戶都開著。
with＋名詞＋副詞
with ＋名詞（代詞）＋副詞
With John away, we’ve got more room
約翰離開了，我們就有更多的空間。
Anderson was lying on the bed with his clothes on.
安德生和衣臥床。
The boy stood there, with his head down.
那個男孩站在那兒，耷拉著腦袋。
With production up by 60 ％, the company has had another excellent year．
產量上升了60 ％, 公司又是一個好年景。
With his wife away, he felt miserable.
妻子走了，他覺得悲哀。
with＋名詞＋名詞
with ＋名詞（代詞）＋名詞
They died with their son a teenage.
他們死去的時候，兒子剛剛十幾歲。
With tears of joy in her eyes, she saw her daughter married.
含著幸福的淚水，她看著女兒出嫁。
She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion．
她從前總愛在晚上坐著看書，她的寵物狗便是她唯一的夥伴。
with＋名詞＋ing形式
with ＋名詞（代詞）＋ing形式
With winter coming on, it is time to buy warm clothes.
冬天來了，該買冬衣了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.
由於媽媽生病，我不能去度假。
I couldn't do my homework with all that noise going on.
吵吵鬧鬧的，我無法做作業。
With the crowds cheering, they drove to the palace.
在人群的歡呼聲中，他們驅車來到了皇宮。
She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her．
她站在那兒跟朋友閒聊，孩子在旁邊玩。
The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.
小男孩躺在草地上，兩眼望著天空。
with＋名詞＋ed分詞
with ＋名詞（代詞）＋ed分詞
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.
整個下午他閉門工作。
She sat with her head bent.
她低垂的頭坐著。
It was a pity that the great writer died with his works unfinished.
真可惜，大作家去世的時候，作品尚未完成。
She said nothing, with her eyes fixed on the floor.
她眼睛盯著地板，一言不發。
I think we can leave with our heads held high．
我認為我們可以昂首離去。
with＋名詞＋不定式
with ＋名詞（代詞）＋不定式
So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went round of the bookshops.
整個下午，無所事事，我就到書店逛逛。
I can’t go out with all the dishes to wash.
盤子都沒洗，我不能這樣就出去。
With no one to talk to, I felt lonely.
沒有人可以交談，我覺得孤單。
With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night.
有這么多工作要做，我們不得不徹夜不眠。
With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有瑪麗的幫助，他一定能成功。
