簡單句和並列句的互換
簡單句變為並列句
根據句子的含義將簡單句中的一個短語擴展為一個分句，用and、but、or、so、for、therefore、 otherwise等並列連詞連線，使之成為並列句。a. 介詞短語擴展為分句
1) 表示"時間"
--After working in the garden all day，I took a bath.
--I worked in the garden all day，and took a bath.
2) 表示"讓步"
--In spite of his injured leg he won the race.
--His leg was injured but he won the race.
3) 表示"原因"
--Because of the bad weather we had to leave early.
--The weather was bad，so we had to leave early.
b. 不定式短語擴展為分句
1) 表示"目的"
--You must learn from other companies to achieve your aim.
--You must learn from other companies，or you will not achieve your aim.
2) 表示"結果"
--His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.
--His eyesight is very poor and so he cannot read such small letters.
c. 動詞-ing形式擴展為分句
1) 表示"時間"和"行為方式"
--Hearing the news，they jumped with joy.
--They heard the news and jumped with joy.
--humming a tune，she went into the bedroom.
--She hummed a tune，and went into the bedroom.
2) 表示"原因"
--Not knowing her address，we couldn't get in touch with her.
--We didn't know her address，so we couldn't get in touch with her.
d. 獨立結構擴展為分句
獨立結構表示"時間"或"原因"時，可擴展為分句。
--The shower being over，we continued to march.
--The shower was over，and we continued to march.
--So many members being absent，we decided to put the meeting off.
--So many members were absent，so we decided to put the meeting off.
並列句變為簡單句
根據句子的含義，將並列句中的一個分句減縮為短語同時刪去並列連詞，使之成為簡單句，並基本保持原句的邏輯關係。a. 並列分句減縮為介詞短語
1) 表示"時間"
--We stood in the queue for hours，and we got good seats.
--After standing in the queue for hours，we got good seats.
2) 表示"讓步"
--He was seriously ill，but he came to the meeting.
--Despite his serious illness，he came to the meeting.
3) 表示"原因"
--There is fog at Heathrow，and therefore the plane has been diverted.
--Because of fog at Heathrow，the plane has been diverted.
b. 並列分句減縮為不定式
1) 表示"目的"
--We must be early or else we won't get a seat.
--We must be early to get a seat.
2) 表示"結果"
--The case was very heavy，so a child couldn't carry it.
--The case was too heavy for a child to carry.
c. 並列分句減縮為動詞-ing形式
1) 表示"時間"和"行為方式"
--I washed the dishes and then I dried them.
--Having washed the dishes，I dried them.
--He held the rope with one hand and stretched out the other to the boy in the water.
--Holding the rope with one hand，he stretched out the other to the boy in the water.
2) 表示"原因"
--He heard an explosion，and therefore he phone the police.
--Having heard an explosion，he phoned the police.
d. 並列分句減縮為獨立結構
1) 表示"時間"
--The homework was done，and the pupils felt greatly relieved.
--The homework done，the pupils felt greatly relieved.
2) 表示"原因"
--Her eyes were dimmed with tears，so she did not see him enter.
--Her eyes dimmed with tears，she did not see him enter.
簡單句和複合句的互換
簡單句擴展為複合句
簡單句中的名詞詞組、介詞詞組、不定式短語、動詞-ing形式、獨立結構以及形容詞短語等可以擴展為相應的從句，使之成為複合句，並基本上不改變原句的意義。a. 擴展為名詞從句
1）主語從句
--His study is very useful to you.（名詞詞組）
--What he is studying is very useful to you.
--It was a pity for them to refuse to modify the plan.（不定式短語）
--It was a pity that they refused to modify the plan.
--Mary's grumbling annoyed her husband.（動詞-ing形式） (zhan)
--That Mary should grumble annoyed her husband.
2）主語補足語從句
--The question is the propriety of doing that. （名詞詞組）
--The question is whether it is proper to do that.
--My suggestion is to start work at once. （不定式短語）
--My suggestion is that we should start work at once.
--Her chief worry was her lacking in experience.（動詞-ing形式） (zha)
--Her chief worry was that she lacked experience.
3）賓語從句
--No one can tell the time of his coming. （名詞詞組）
--No one can tell when he will come.
--I can't understand him leaving his wife.（動詞-ing形式）
--I can't understand why he left his wife.
--I arranged for Tom to meet them.（不定式短語） (oxf)
--I arranged that Tom should meet them.
--He insisted on my staying there. （介詞短語）
--He insisted that I should stay there.
b. 擴展為形容詞從句
--Jane，a girl of a strong character，naturally couldn't bear the idea of lagging behind. （名詞詞組）
--Jane，who is a girl of a strong character，naturally couldn't bear the idea of lagging behind.
--She was the only one to survive the crash. （不定式短語）
--She was the only one who survived the crash.
--The road leading to the city is difficult to walk on. （動詞-ing形式）
--The road which leads to the city is difficult to walk on.
c. 擴展為副詞從句
1）表示"時間"
--He has lived here since his return from abroad.（介詞短語）
--He has lived here since he returned from abroad.
--Hearing the sad news，we were very much grieved.（動詞-ing形式）
--When we heard the sad news，we were very much grieved.
2）表示"原因"
--Being a student, he was naturally interested in museums.（動詞-ing形式）
--Because he was a student，he was naturally interested in museums.
--Happy and contented，they worked with enthusiasm.（形容詞短語）
--As they were happy and contented，they worked with enthusiam.
--I am sorry not to have answered your letter earlier.（不定式短語）
--I am sorry I haven't answered your letter earlier. (zha)
3) 表示"目的"
--The police stopped the traffic for me to get across the street. （不定式短語）
--The police stopped the traffic so that I could get across the street.
--He hurried back to school for fear of missing too many classes. （介詞短語）
--He hurried back to school for fear that he should miss too many classes.
4) 表示"結果"
--He worked so well as to astonish every one of us. （不定式短語）
--He worked so well that he astonished every one of us.
5) 表示"讓步"
--With all his profound knowledge，he is always modest.（介詞短語）
--Although he has profound knowledge，he is always modest.
--Waking or sleeping，the subject is always in his mind. (zhan)
--Whether he was awake or asleep，the subject is always in his mind.
6) 表示"條件"
--Weather permitting，we shall go for an outing.（獨立結構）
--If weather permits，we shall go for an outing.
--With more money，they would have moved to a bigger house.（介詞短語）
--If they had had more money，they would have moved to a bigger house.
7) 表示"比較"
--The depth of the sea equals the height of the mountains. （名詞詞組）
--The sea is as deep as the mountains are high.
8) 表示"比例"
--The air becomes cooler in proportion to the height of the ground.（介詞短語）
--The higher the ground is，the cooler the air becomes.
9) 表示"方式"
--She sings like a professional. （介詞短語）
--She sings as a professional does.
複合句減縮為簡單句
在不改變原句基本含義的情況下，為使語言簡練，可把複合句中的從句減縮為名詞詞組、介詞短語、不定式短語、動-ing形式、獨立結構以及形容詞短語等。其變換方式和簡單句變換為複合句的方式剛好相反。a. 減縮為名詞詞組
--What he spoke at the meeting was encouraging. （主語從句）
--His speech at the meeting was encouraging.
--That's why he disagrees with you about this. （主語補足語從句）
--That's his reason for disagreement with you about this.
--I don't know who owns the bike.（賓語從句）
--I don't know the owner of the bike.
b. 減縮為介詞短語
--Our forces，who were now in control of all the bridgeheads，were ready to push eastward.（形容詞從句）
--Our forces，now in control of all the bridgeheads，were ready to push eastward.
--After it has laid its eggs，the turtle returns to the sea. （副詞從句）
--After laying its eggs，the turtle returns to the sea.
c. 減縮為不定式短語
--It is a pity that you did not arrive by daylight . （主語從句）
--It is a pity for you not to arrive by daylight.
--My idea is that we should stick to our original plan. （主語補足語從句）
--My idea is to stick to our original plan.
--They agreed that a statue should be put up. （賓語從句）
--They agreed to put up a statue.
--He wished to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter. （形容詞從句）
--He wished to write an article to attract public attention to the matter.
--They were so surprised they didn't try to stop him. (副詞從句)
--They were so surprised as not to try to stop him.
d. 減縮為動詞-ing形式
--He suggested that a reward should be offered. （賓語從句）
--He suggested offering a reward.
--We shall arrive too late to catch the train which leaves at eight. (形容詞從句)
--We shall arrive too late to catch the train leaving at eight.
--If you work hard，you will succeed. （副詞從句）
--Working hard，you will succeed.
e. 減縮為獨立結構
--When the report had been read，a lively discussion began.（副詞從句）
--The report having been read，a lively discussion began.
--If all the electricity were turned off，the world's transport and communication system would fall apart. （副詞從句）
--With all the electricity being turned off，the world's transport and communication system would fall apart.
f. 減縮為形容詞短語
--This is a question which is worthy of careful consideration. （形容詞從句）
--This is a question worthy of careful consideration.
並列句和複合句的互換
並列句和複合句在一定條件下可以相互轉換。表示複合句內容的並列句可轉換成複合句；同樣，表示並列句內容的複合句也可轉換成並列句。並列句和含有副詞從句的複合句的互換
分句之間含有時間、讓步、條件、原因、目的、結果等關係的並列句，常可轉換成含有副詞從句的複合句（a）;同樣，含有這類副詞從句的複合句也可轉換成並列句（b）。a. Our work is done，and we will go home.
--When our work is done，we will go home.
--He was tired，but he offered to carry her.
--Tired as he was，he offered to carry her.
--Out of sight，out of mind.
--If someone is out of sight，he will soon pass out of mind.
--He did a good job，and he was praised by the principal.
--As he did a good job，he was praised by the principal.
--They were hurrying on the way；they wanted to catch the first train.
--They were hurrying on the way so that they could catch the first train.
--He was diligent，and he got full marks.
--He was so diligent that he got full marks.
b. Because he was beaten in the first round，he changed his tactics.
--He was beaten in the first round，and therefore he changed his tactics.
--Although the traffic held us up，we got to the airport on time.
--The traffic held us up，but we got to the airport on time.
並列句和含有形容詞從句的複合句的互換
並列句的後一分句附帶或補充說明前一分句的有關情況時，常可把後一分句變換成形容詞從句 。a. The boys are very diligent and active and they lived with us by the seaside last year.
--The boys who lived with us by the seaside last year are very diligent and active.
--In the reading room，there are a lot of reference books and most of them are very useful.
--In the reading room，there are a lot of reference books，most of which are very useful.
--I gave him no definite answer，and that made him angry.
--I gave him no definite answer，which made him angry.
b. He likes reading，which I am glad to hear.
--He likes reading，and I am glad to hear that.
--This note was left by Mr.Smith，who was here a few minutes ago.
--This note was left by Mr.Smith，and he was here a few minutes ago.
並列句和含有名詞從句的複合句的轉換
a. 並列句轉換為複合句--Mr. Harry should have objected to this plan，and it was surprising.
--It was surprising that Mr. Harry should have objected to this plan.
--The director is going to some place，but we don't know where.
--We don't know where the director is going.
b. 複合句轉換為並列句
--It was out of question that Tom was in trouble.
--Tom was in trouble and it was out of question.
