Introduction
Joseph Needham (Dr. Joseph Needham, 1900 - 1995, full name Joseph Needham) Terence Montgomery Britons, Cambridge and honorary director of the Needham Research Institute, engaged in the study of the science Xinwenxue and Civilisation in China " Xinwenxue and Civilisation in China ".
lots of excellent lots of excellent . historian Joseph Needham in Science and Technology is a famous British scientist, a member of Royal Society (FRS), a British academic and Distinguished (FBA), Chinese science masters and old friend of the Chinese people.Contemporary humanist
early biochemical research, in 1930s and 1940s was published in "Chemical Embryology" (three volumes) and "Biochemistry and morphogenesis", an internationally renowned biochemical early biochemical research, in 1930s and 1940s was published in "Chemical Embryology" (three volumes) and "Biochemistry and morphogenesis", an internationally renowned biochemical . after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, Joseph Needham personally initiated and respectively of the presidency of the British - China Friendship Association, the British Association in understanding, eight - time winner of the China trip, to gather information on a large scale of Chinese science, and to find out more about the new Chinese political, economic, scientific and cultural development of after the founding of the Peoples Republic of China, Joseph Needham personally initiated and respectively of the presidency of the British - China Friendship Association, the British Association in understanding, eight - time winner of the China trip, to gather information on a large scale of Chinese science, and to find out more about the new Chinese political, economic, scientific and cultural development of .
1954, Needham published" Chinese History of Science ", vol.a sensation of western sinology He Ji has 34 volumes of the magnum opus in the series, to the vast historical evidence to show to the world: "Chinese civilization in the history of science and technology, therefore, it has never been aware of the enormous benefits of", "modern technology and more than a dozen before the century, China's technological and intellectual accumulation than western" He Ji has 34 volumes of the magnum opus in the series, to the vast historical evidence to show to the world: "Chinese civilization in the history of science and technology, therefore, it has never been aware of the enormous benefits of", "modern technology and more than a dozen before the century, China's technological and intellectual accumulation than western" .
"of the 20th century the great scholar", "An" "of the 20th century the great scholar", "An" . 1994 elected the first batch of foreign academicians of CAS 1994 elected the first batch of foreign academicians of CAS .
2 2.
Life Resumes
1900 to December 9, was born in London, England to a well - off family in the southern sector of the 1900 to December 9, was born in London, England to a well - off family in the southern sector of the . In summer of 1914, the Irish into Connaught shire Oundle Public school learning In summer of 1914, the Irish into Connaught shire Oundle Public school learning .
in October 1918, the University of Cambridge, Gonville - based college chose to study physiology, anatomy and zoology, biochemistry and later granted Xi in October 1918, the University of Cambridge, Gonville - based college chose to study physiology, anatomy and zoology, biochemistry and later granted Xi . 1921, Hopkins at the University of Cambridge under the auspices of the biochemistry laboratory work 1921, Hopkins at the University of Cambridge under the auspices of the biochemistry laboratory work .
1922 Xia, from Gonville - based college graduation 1922 Xia, from Gonville - based college graduation . 1924 Sep. 13, and classmates Dorothy Marie Moyle (Li Fei)
married in 1931, and attended the Second Congress in London,Soviet representative viewpoints of Marxism; "Chemical Embryology", published in the three - volume Cambridge married in 1931, and attended the Second Congress in London,Soviet representative viewpoints of Marxism; "Chemical Embryology", published in the three - volume Cambridge . in July 1936, Spain during the civil war in the Cambridge Federation of Trade Unions, on behalf of the Association of Scientific Workers is in July 1936, Spain during the civil war in the Cambridge Federation of Trade Unions, on behalf of the Association of Scientific Workers is .
years, founded at the University of Cambridge and the history of science lecture; Ren Cornford - McLaughlin Foundation Treasurer years, founded at the University of Cambridge and the history of science lecture; Ren Cornford - McLaughlin Foundation Treasurer . in 1937, to Cambridge for her doctorate of Shen Shizhang, Lu Gwei - djen and three Chinese students of the profound Chinese civilization happen to take a keen interest in and study hard to enter the Chinese 1939 in 1937, to Cambridge for her doctorate of Shen Shizhang, Lu Gwei - djen and three Chinese students of the profound Chinese civilization happen to take a keen interest in and study hard to enter the Chinese 1939 .
,Lu Gwei - djen and fitting pieces of the first Chinese science papers in "Chinese Nutrition of contribution" ,Lu Gwei - djen and fitting pieces of the first Chinese science papers in "Chinese Nutrition of contribution" . in 1941, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1941, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) .
In September 1942, under orders from the British Council's presence in China to perform tasks; first went to Washington to investigate British Central Scientific Office, Calcutta, India to Preparatory Assistance In September 1942, under orders from the British Council's presence in China to perform tasks; first went to Washington to investigate British Central Scientific Office, Calcutta, India to Preparatory Assistance . matters in February 1943, by the Calcutta Tingjiang Kunming through Myanmar against; to the british scientific mission, identity,visit to the war and withdraw to the nearby of many universities and research facility for matters in February 1943, by the Calcutta Tingjiang Kunming through Myanmar against; to the british scientific mission, identity,visit to the war and withdraw to the nearby of many universities and research facility for .
3 months arrived Nov. 21, the Government of the Republic of China, Chongqing 6 months in the British scientific cooperation in Chongqing was officially established, to take the responsibility as curator of the 6 months in the British scientific cooperation in Chongqing was officially established, to take the responsibility as curator of the .
is the summer trip to china and western study tour is in the autumn and winter, he went to that travel is the summer trip to china and western study tour is in the autumn and winter, he went to that travel . in February 1944, in Chongqing's Agricultural Science Societies" of Chinese and Western science and agricultural "in a speech that was first proposed in western modern science why the birth has not occurred in China in the famous" Needham Puzzle" in February 1944, in Chongqing's Agricultural Science Societies" of Chinese and Western science and agricultural "in a speech that was first proposed in western modern science why the birth has not occurred in China in the famous" Needham Puzzle" .
is in spring or summer trips to southeastern China study tour was in summer and autumn, the southwest to study tours on is in spring or summer trips to southeastern China study tour was in summer and autumn, the southwest to study tours on . in early 1945,Ren, British Embassy Science Counsellor; and Li Fei, eds., "Science China" photography was published in London in the autumn is
, , . northern tours in March 1946, the British scientific co - curator of the Ren is retiring; stay in Nanjing, Jinan, Peiping, Tientsin, Shanghai, Hong Kong returned to China, Ren Paris UNESCO natural sciences section) is for the Director northern tours in March 1946, the British scientific co - curator of the Ren is retiring; stay in Nanjing, Jinan, Peiping, Tientsin, Shanghai, Hong Kong returned to China, Ren Paris UNESCO natural sciences section) is for the Director .
in 1948, to bid farewell to the UNESCO, director of the Natural Sciences, and was transferred to serve as the organization's honorary advisor; and returned to Cambridge in Wang Ling began writing with the assistance of the Chinese History of Science "; and Lee, eds., Hua Fei in the report on the work of the collection" Science Outpost ", published in London in 1950, was one of the founders of the Anglo - Chinese Friendship Association, offered to take the president (1964) published in London in 1950, was one of the founders of the Anglo - Chinese Friendship Association, offered to take the president (1964) .
June 1952, "North Korea and China in the investigation of the fact that the International Committee of Bacteriological Warfare", and is now the Chairman of the Secretary - General, to the Northeast China and North Korea with June 1952, "North Korea and China in the investigation of the fact that the International Committee of Bacteriological Warfare", and is now the Chairman of the Secretary - General, to the Northeast China and North Korea with . fieldwork in 1954, "Chinese History of Science", vol. I, Introduction by Cambridge University Press, 1956
, "Chinese History of Science" is published by Cambridge University Press History of Science vol , "Chinese History of Science" is published by Cambridge University Press History of Science vol . June 1958, with Li Fei, Lu Gwei - djen June 1958, with Li Fei, Lu Gwei - djen .
made a second visit to China in 1959,Ren Cambridge college, Gonville, group Chairman (1966); "History of Chinese Science and Technology" vol. III, mathematics, astronomy and geoscience by Cambridge University Press, 1962, the Chinese History of Science and Technology, Vol. IV, physics and technology related to the first volume of an acoustic, optical and magnetic
1964 by Cambridge University Press published Jul. 3, with Li Fei, Lu Gwei - djen 1965 made its third visit on May 15 because of British - China Friendship Association, was one of the founders of the British Association in the know, to take the responsibility as President is in 1965 made its third visit on May 15 because of British - China Friendship Association, was one of the founders of the British Association in the know, to take the responsibility as President is in .
,Chinese History of Science and Technology, vol. 4, the second fascicule Mechanical Engineering is published by Cambridge University Press in May 1966, Ren Gonville - Guise, dean of the School (to 1976) Mechanical Engineering is published by Cambridge University Press in May 1966, Ren Gonville - Guise, dean of the School (to 1976) .
August 1968, in Paris on the 12th International Congress for the History of Science was awarded the George Medal for Sutton August 1968, in Paris on the 12th International Congress for the History of Science was awarded the George Medal for Sutton . is in, and won the Italian Renner - Award of the British East Asian History of Science Foundation Trust was founded ( is in, and won the Italian Renner - Award of the British East Asian History of Science Foundation Trust was founded (.
August 1971, in Moscow to attend the Thirteenth International Congress for the History of Science, a member of the international history of science and philosophy of science, President of the Federation (1972, 1974) is an annual August 1971, in Moscow to attend the Thirteenth International Congress for the History of Science, a member of the international history of science and philosophy of science, President of the Federation (1972, 1974) is an annual .,Britain elected Academic Academy (FBA), academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chinese History of Science and Technology, vol. 4, a third fascicle of civil engineering, hydraulic engineering and nautical technology
is published by Cambridge University Press in October 1972, with Lu Gwei - djen made his fourth visit to is published by Cambridge University Press in October 1972, with Lu Gwei - djen made his fourth visit to . is served as a member of the East Asian History of Science Library curator obligations, obligations, Lu Gwei - Ren, deputy curator of the is served as a member of the East Asian History of Science Library curator obligations, obligations, Lu Gwei - Ren, deputy curator of the .
in 1974, the history of Book IV of the chemical and related techniques of the 2nd fascicule of the origin and nature of alchemy is published by Cambridge University Press, 1976 in 1974, the history of Book IV of the chemical and related techniques of the 2nd fascicule of the origin and nature of alchemy is published by Cambridge University Press, 1976 .,Chinese History of Science and Technology Book IV of the chemistry and in the related art in which the third fascicle alchemy (Waidan) with the development of the early history of chemistry ,Chinese History of Science and Technology Book IV of the chemistry and in the related art in which the third fascicle alchemy (Waidan) with the development of the early history of chemistry .
is published by Cambridge University Press, 1978, and Lu Gwei - djen is published by Cambridge University Press, 1978, and Lu Gwei - djen . fifth visit to China in 1980, "History of Chinese Science and Technology of Book IV of Volume IV chemistry, alchemy and theories of the immortality of comparison is published by Cambridge University Press 1981 fifth visit to China in 1980, "History of Chinese Science and Technology of Book IV of Volume IV chemistry, alchemy and theories of the immortality of comparison is published by Cambridge University Press 1981 .
on 16 September, with Lu Gwei - djen as sixth on 16 September, with Lu Gwei - djen as sixth . June 1983, the establishment of the Needham Research Institute in Cambridge, he worked as the director of the obligation, Lu Gui Zhen Ren, deputy director of the obligation is in June 1983, the establishment of the Needham Research Institute in Cambridge, he worked as the director of the obligation, Lu Gui Zhen Ren, deputy director of the obligation is in .
,Chinese History of Science and Technology Book IV of the fifth fascicle physiological alchemy (Neidan) is published by Cambridge University Press ,Chinese History of Science and Technology Book IV of the fifth fascicle physiological alchemy (Neidan) is published by Cambridge University Press . 21 August 1984, with Lu Gwei - djen as seventh visit to China; attended the 3rd China Beijing International Seminar on the History of 21 August 1984, with Lu Gwei - djen as seventh visit to China; attended the 3rd China Beijing International Seminar on the History of .
mid - September and Lu Gwei - djen, went to visit Taiwan and held a series of academic lectures mid - September and Lu Gwei - djen, went to visit Taiwan and held a series of academic lectures . 20 October to lay the first stone of the new building of the needham research institute in Cambridge held by 20 October to lay the first stone of the new building of the needham research institute in Cambridge held by .
1985, Chinese History of Science and Technology, "V" in the first volume of printing paper and is published by Cambridge University Press 1985, Chinese History of Science and Technology, "V" in the first volume of printing paper and is published by Cambridge University Press . September 1986,Needham research institute new main building for the junction of the top September 1986,Needham research institute new main building for the junction of the top .
16 November and Lu Gwei - djen as his eighth visit to China, attended Beijing's" Proceedings" 16 November and Lu Gwei - djen as his eighth visit to China, attended Beijing's" Proceedings" . premiere December His 80th Birthday. essays explore the History of Science and Technology "(Chinese edition) published by Shanghai Ancient Book
is in," Chinese History of Science vol. and the ninth fascicle, textile technology, in the first volume of Botany Vol.6 respectively is published by Cambridge University Press 1987 Dec. 22, Li Fei died of illness is
in Chinese History of Science vol. and 7th Fascicule military technology:Gunpowder, an epic poem by Cambridge University Press, 1988 was the year , and Civilisation in China "Vol.6 biology and related technologies of the 2nd fascicule agriculture is published by Cambridge University Press
15 September 1989, with Lu Gwei - djen, married him 15 September 1989, with Lu Gwei - djen, married him . on Feb. 26, 1990, Ren He Peag - yoke and Joseph Needham, the director of the Institute, is the honorary director of the Needham
July Fukuoka of Japan awarded the First Prize of the Fukuoka Asian Culture Award July Fukuoka of Japan awarded the First Prize of the Fukuoka Asian Culture Award . August 6th China International Seminar on the History of Science at the University of Cambridge at the Robinson College,He and Joseph Needham on the 90s birthday August 6th China International Seminar on the History of Science at the University of Cambridge at the Robinson College,He and Joseph Needham on the 90s birthday .
Sep. 4, the 1st Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize was given a special award to commemorate the lecture on speeches 8 September and Civilisation in China "in Chinese versions of three albums by Science Press, published by the Ancient 8 September and Civilisation in China "in Chinese versions of three albums by Science Press, published by the Ancient .
1992 on 13 June, Queen Elizabeth II signed the grant for that year's former advisor" (CH) 1992 on 13 June, Queen Elizabeth II signed the grant for that year's former advisor" (CH) . Medal on 22 October, the Queen at Buckingham Palace granted the "Royal and a former adviser to the" Medal of Medal on 22 October, the Queen at Buckingham Palace granted the "Royal and a former adviser to the" Medal of .
8 June 1994, elected as the first batch of Chinese Academy of Sciences and foreign member of 8 June 1994, elected as the first batch of Chinese Academy of Sciences and foreign member of . is in is in .
UNESCO Albert Einstein Award 1995 of 24 March 2005,In Cambridge apartment, died at the age of ninety and UNESCO Albert Einstein Award 1995 of 24 March 2005,In Cambridge apartment, died at the age of ninety and . in 1996, and Civilisation in China "Vol.6 third fascicle of animal husbandry, fisheries, agro - and forestry is published by Cambridge University Press
3 3.
Biography
1900 to December 9, Needham was born in London into a cultured, middle - class Scottish family, the only son of 1900 to December 9, Needham was born in London into a cultured, middle - class Scottish family, the only son of . father was a military doctor and his mother was a music teacher and composer father was a military doctor and his mother was a music teacher and composer .
early education at the University of Cambridge (B.A. in 1921, and received a Master's degree in January 1925, Dr. October 1925), then in 1924 and was hired at the University of Cambridge, Gonville and Caius College professor (fellow), Frederick Hopkins' laboratory where the work, the study of embryology and morphogenesis in 1937, three Chinese moved his laboratory to work with (Lu Gwei - djen,, Shen Shizhang in 1937, three Chinese moved his laboratory to work with (Lu Gwei - djen,, Shen Shizhang .
) wherein,Lu Gwei - djen (1904 - 1991), daughter of a pharmacist in Nanjing, Ginling College graduates, and Needham had become involved, but it was the wife of Joseph Needham forgive ) wherein,Lu Gwei - djen (1904 - 1991), daughter of a pharmacist in Nanjing, Ginling College graduates, and Needham had become involved, but it was the wife of Joseph Needham forgive . Lu Gwei - djen to Needham attended the session and introduced the centuries - old Chinese medicine, give "the West center" in the environment of the Needham brought great shock of the soul, so he created a "valuable beliefs, Chinese civilization in the history of science and technology played a never to be aware of the enormous benefits of" Lu Gwei - djen to Needham attended the session and introduced the centuries - old Chinese medicine, give "the West center" in the environment of the Needham brought great shock of the soul, so he created a "valuable beliefs, Chinese civilization in the history of science and technology played a never to be aware of the enormous benefits of" .
Julianne needham 'great interest in science, started learning Chinese,aspire to study in China are influenced by Julianne needham 'great interest in science, started learning Chinese,aspire to study in China are influenced by . ordered by the Royal Society, Joseph Needham from 1942 - 1946 in China's Chongqing Sino - British Science Cooperation, curator, his wartime Chinese outstanding scientists in Western scientific journal publishing original research has made great efforts, and they met at Chu, Fu Sinian and Chinese scientists and scholars, a large collection of chinese science and technology literature ordered by the Royal Society, Joseph Needham from 1942 - 1946 in China's Chongqing Sino - British Science Cooperation, curator, his wartime Chinese outstanding scientists in Western scientific journal publishing original research has made great efforts, and they met at Chu, Fu Sinian and Chinese scientists and scholars, a large collection of chinese science and technology literature .
Furthermore he again toured Japan as not yet occupied, including Dunhuang and Yunnan, and visited the Chinese academic institutions so as to collect a large number of documents and literature can be found Furthermore he again toured Japan as not yet occupied, including Dunhuang and Yunnan, and visited the Chinese academic institutions so as to collect a large number of documents and literature can be found . "in his later writing and Civilisation in China" would be of great help in "in his later writing and Civilisation in China" would be of great help in .
,He visited Paris when on the science part of Unesco's first minister, and Chinese scholar Wang Ling's help, he began to write "of the Science and Civilisation in China" ,He visited Paris when on the science part of Unesco's first minister, and Chinese scholar Wang Ling's help, he began to write "of the Science and Civilisation in China" . 1948, Needham back to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge although his 1948, Needham back to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge although his .
in 1952 due to the Chinese audit evidence of germ warfare is displaced and criticism, but has not affected his writing plan in 1952 due to the Chinese audit evidence of germ warfare is displaced and criticism, but has not affected his writing plan . in 1955, he was recruited by the World Peace Council, an institution established by the International Scientific Committee,investigation by U.S. forces in Northeast China and North Korea with evidence of the use of bacteriological weapons
his political attitudes had caused some misunderstanding and criticism of the British scholar his political attitudes had caused some misunderstanding and criticism of the British scholar . from 1967 to 1976, Gonville and Caius College Dean from 1967 to 1976, Gonville and Caius College Dean .
after retirement, with his personal collections were established based on East Asian History of Science Library after retirement, with his personal collections were established based on East Asian History of Science Library . in 1987, the museum is the development of the needham research institute in 1987, the museum is the development of the needham research institute .
in the 1970s, he was appointed British - China Friendship Association and the British Association in understanding (SACU) president, has received eight in the 1970s, he was appointed British - China Friendship Association and the British Association in understanding (SACU) president, has received eight . 1984 visit to China, Taiwan, N.C., at the invitation of the Implementation Committee,He and Lu Gwei - djen visited Taiwan
Needham married firstly Dorothy Lee, Fei (Needham, maiden name Moyle, 1896 - 1987) Needham married firstly Dorothy Lee, Fei (Needham, maiden name Moyle, 1896 - 1987) . Li Fei died two years after the death of Joseph Needham's remarriage, and marries Lu Gwei - djen Li Fei died two years after the death of Joseph Needham's remarriage, and marries Lu Gwei - djen .
in 1982, he has Parkinson's disease, in 1995 Cambridge apartment died, aged 95 in 1982, he has Parkinson's disease, in 1995 Cambridge apartment died, aged 95 . Institute in 2003 from in front of a banyan tree Institute in 2003 from in front of a banyan tree .
Sinology Research
Joseph Needham And Civilisation In China "
Joseph Needham in 1942 was sent to China until the end of World War II, this time in China, he made the acquaintance of many scholars such as Guo Moruo, and Wang found a bell with people such as scholars, and Wang Ling's Chinese History of Science and Research of Joseph Needham's first collaborator Joseph Needham in 1942 was sent to China until the end of World War II, this time in China, he made the acquaintance of many scholars such as Guo Moruo, and Wang found a bell with people such as scholars, and Wang Ling's Chinese History of Science and Research of Joseph Needham's first collaborator . Joseph Needham has not only profound knowledge, but also by a phenomenal capacity for organization, with its partners throughout the world and every year, has received at least three generations to assist his work through Joseph Needham has not only profound knowledge, but also by a phenomenal capacity for organization, with its partners throughout the world and every year, has received at least three generations to assist his work through .
course, Needham's work has also been particularly with the support of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, not only should there be support,And there are financial and staff support course, Needham's work has also been particularly with the support of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, not only should there be support,And there are financial and staff support . in the early work in the country four years (1942 - 1946), Joseph Needham had undertaken for the writing of the Chinese History of Science "preparing, in the early work in the country four years (1942 - 1946), Joseph Needham had undertaken for the writing of the Chinese History of Science "preparing, .
he piloted by ambulance ship converted into a two - ton wagon, traveled in the Rear during the Anti - Japanese War ten provincial final against the southeast of Fujian, Guangdong, on Qin straight northwest, Gansu, south - west up to the shore of the Erhai Lake, travel five kilometres above, access to over 300 years of culture, education, scientific institutions, factories, hospitals, etc., to contact thousands of NYFW in academia and science and technology workers reading, and can further understand the Chinese civilization in all its aspects,well - versed in the relevant literature was in academia and science and technology workers reading, and can further understand the Chinese civilization in all its aspects,well - versed in the relevant literature was .
He also seek attention in the book, purchased the "Zhuangzi", the "Zhou Bi Suan Jing", "Astronomy", "Taiping Imperial Encyclopedia" has a lot of books, the way for his magnificent writing ideas laid the foundation of He also seek attention in the book, purchased the "Zhuangzi", the "Zhou Bi Suan Jing", "Astronomy", "Taiping Imperial Encyclopedia" has a lot of books, the way for his magnificent writing ideas laid the foundation of . through long - term data collection and research, Joseph Needham finally pumped up on the idea of a more comprehensive description of China's sci - tech developing history of Chinese History of Science ", which provided adequate information strongly proves the Chinese science and technology in the history of world civilization and had ever played a major role, and praised the Chinese peoples great creativity through long - term data collection and research, Joseph Needham finally pumped up on the idea of a more comprehensive description of China's sci - tech developing history of Chinese History of Science ", which provided adequate information strongly proves the Chinese science and technology in the history of world civilization and had ever played a major role, and praised the Chinese peoples great creativity .
work in 1954, came along, work in 1954, came along,. captured attention and praise for this purpose, China Science and Technology Committee in 1983 he was awarded the first prize of Natural Science captured attention and praise for this purpose, China Science and Technology Committee in 1983 he was awarded the first prize of Natural Science .
Needham Of The Philosophy Of Science
Civilisation in China "unprecedented - complete are reviewed in this ancient Chinese science and technology on the development of world civilization and play a great role, but also reflects the philosophy of science Joseph Needham, as the core of the harmonization and coordination of student Civilisation in China "unprecedented - complete are reviewed in this ancient Chinese science and technology on the development of world civilization and play a great role, but also reflects the philosophy of science Joseph Needham, as the core of the harmonization and coordination of student . Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei - djen, a longtime collaborator, used to say:" He attempted to compromise all political and religious, religion and science, east and west and between factions doctrine, search for complementarities, joint interoperability "(Zhang Meng Wen:" Joseph Needham and the Needham ", Academic Press, 1989) Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei - djen, a longtime collaborator, used to say:" He attempted to compromise all political and religious, religion and science, east and west and between factions doctrine, search for complementarities, joint interoperability "(Zhang Meng Wen:" Joseph Needham and the Needham ", Academic Press, 1989) .
this passage summarizes the book's purpose above this passage summarizes the book's purpose above . Author of provenance,mainly it's not so much a matter of his birth and his nature, but because of his cultural concept Author of provenance,mainly it's not so much a matter of his birth and his nature, but because of his cultural concept .
in early education, open to academic tendency of Joseph Needham's influence is crucial, and he has long had an opportunity to learn about the habits and customs of the ancient Egyptians, exotic civilizations of contact and understanding led him to abandon the West - centrism on in early education, open to academic tendency of Joseph Needham's influence is crucial, and he has long had an opportunity to learn about the habits and customs of the ancient Egyptians, exotic civilizations of contact and understanding led him to abandon the West - centrism on . Joseph Needham, Science is the best means to achieve the ideal of Great Harmony, because science has other human activities in the field such as politics, economy and other features not found in Joseph Needham, Science is the best means to achieve the ideal of Great Harmony, because science has other human activities in the field such as politics, economy and other features not found in .
Needham spoke highly of China's culture, he thought that Chinese culture in its time of development, and also in the development of perfect degree,were, in ancient Greek culture comparable to Needham spoke highly of China's culture, he thought that Chinese culture in its time of development, and also in the development of perfect degree,were, in ancient Greek culture comparable to . in humans to learn about the natural and control natural aspect, Chinese people have contribution but also is great, not a national or multinational collective is able to conclude that monopoly is the scientific contribution to the development, thus each nation's achievements by people around the world should give in humans to learn about the natural and control natural aspect, Chinese people have contribution but also is great, not a national or multinational collective is able to conclude that monopoly is the scientific contribution to the development, thus each nation's achievements by people around the world should give .
Needham also affirmed and appreciated China's sincere appreciation for the ideas of classical philosophy, he believed that the philosophical ideas of western progressive thoughts and a role in the formation of Needham also affirmed and appreciated China's sincere appreciation for the ideas of classical philosophy, he believed that the philosophical ideas of western progressive thoughts and a role in the formation of . Needham and Civilisation in China "not only to promote East - West cultural exchanges have played a significant role in the technological history is also the cause of revolution in thinking mode,gave impetus to the international context of research on Chinese Science Needham and Civilisation in China "not only to promote East - West cultural exchanges have played a significant role in the technological history is also the cause of revolution in thinking mode,gave impetus to the international context of research on Chinese Science .
and Civilisation in China "have prominently marked the British of Sinology research to a wider and more systematic level and Civilisation in China "have prominently marked the British of Sinology research to a wider and more systematic level . traditionally study mostly concentrated in the fields of humanities, natural sciences, Joseph Needham to expand the frontiers of this significance whatever valuation is never too much traditionally study mostly concentrated in the fields of humanities, natural sciences, Joseph Needham to expand the frontiers of this significance whatever valuation is never too much .
"Joseph Needham Problem" (Needham's Question)
Joseph Needham states that humans in the science of unification, heralded as the world moves towards unity of the world's future, writing in the "history" of the process, the following problem is always in his mind: why have the experimental system and the characteristic of natural knowledge hypothesis of modern natural science, and thus, the industrial revolution first emerged in the fifties?Why in 1,500 years after China's development in science than in the West is more effective and leading?What are China's achievements, its contribution?Why Chinese traditional science is essentially on the type or stage of the Leonardo da Vinci's experience level and has been unable to spontaneously arise in modern science or Galileo type of breakthrough and subsequent Industrial Revolution?"Joseph Needham Problem" is one of heuristic problem, the authors have expanded it out to China's ancient scientific and social approach, his science project is to answer these questions while the formulation of these problems is Joseph Needham states that humans in the science of unification, heralded as the world moves towards unity of the world's future, writing in the "history" of the process, the following problem is always in his mind: why have the experimental system and the characteristic of natural knowledge hypothesis of modern natural science, and thus, the industrial revolution first emerged in the fifties?Why in 1,500 years after China's development in science than in the West is more effective and leading?What are China's achievements, its contribution?Why Chinese traditional science is essentially on the type or stage of the Leonardo da Vinci's experience level and has been unable to spontaneously arise in modern science or Galileo type of breakthrough and subsequent Industrial Revolution?"Joseph Needham Problem" is one of heuristic problem, the authors have expanded it out to China's ancient scientific and social approach, his science project is to answer these questions while the formulation of these problems is . historians referred to as the "Needham question", to attract scholars pondering and solving historians referred to as the "Needham question", to attract scholars pondering and solving .
to the school in Needham, before many people presented with "the Needham problem" of similar problems, the most famous chemist and educator Ren Hong - jun, he was the first in China, "the journal" Science ", Volume 1, Number 1 (1915), was published in" China says no scientific reason ", to the school in Needham, before many people presented with "the Needham problem" of similar problems, the most famous chemist and educator Ren Hong - jun, he was the first in China, "the journal" Science ", Volume 1, Number 1 (1915), was published in" China says no scientific reason ",. presents a similar problem since the 1980s, "Needham problem" of research into the history of science and philosophy of an important question presents a similar problem since the 1980s, "Needham problem" of research into the history of science and philosophy of an important question .
80 at the beginning of the 1990s, the "Nature" published a number of papers, and in 1989 was organized on a national "Needham Puzzle" question - and - answer event, complete with Needham also visit 80 at the beginning of the 1990s, the "Nature" published a number of papers, and in 1989 was organized on a national "Needham Puzzle" question - and - answer event, complete with Needham also visit . Into the 90 's, important in domestic and overseas academic journals have also published many monographs, which Ma Ying Piu unaccepting of scientific philosophy, the Forum also had "special fund" Into the 90 's, important in domestic and overseas academic journals have also published many monographs, which Ma Ying Piu unaccepting of scientific philosophy, the Forum also had "special fund".
Why China in the 14th century before leading the nation for achievement in science and technology to create the conditions for the development of modern science, the crux lies in whether the modern experimental science and scientific theoretical system of problems?Some people believe that China's history since there is no development of Tibet, and therefore this question not to raise the value of Why China in the 14th century before leading the nation for achievement in science and technology to create the conditions for the development of modern science, the crux lies in whether the modern experimental science and scientific theoretical system of problems?Some people believe that China's history since there is no development of Tibet, and therefore this question not to raise the value of . The view was also expressed that the so - called "the Needham Question" actually belonged to some scholars there early and put forward a "fake question" The view was also expressed that the so - called "the Needham Question" actually belonged to some scholars there early and put forward a "fake question" .
2 2.
Needham Research Methods
The Needham study chinese history of science and the basic method can be summarized into the following six aspects: one is to gather information, card - index, and building up massive data storage and retrieval system, an eclectic mix of ancient documents, photos and archaeological data. The second is to lay emphasis on fieldwork, the actual feeling of the traditional production and life, in order to understand China ancient books described in science and technology, moreover with the Chinese scholars with extensive exchanges carried out, and obtain the inspiration; attaching an importance on the Experiment and Research into a technology, the most typical example is the Royal Armaments Development Bureau has formulated some gunpowder, Needham and trying to put their historical records of different ingredients in the gunpowder,chart comparison observation test of Chinese Ancient Book INstitute of gunpowder recipe; four are standing in the world of science, science and foreign science and history of Chinese scientific civilization history placed in its rightful place, thereby correcting the West on China's scientific culture of all kinds of wrong perceptions, misunderstandings and grossly underestimated, and the fifth is the internal history and external history research, paying attention to the cause of science, emphasizes the social and economic as well as external influences, the demonstration of Chinese modern science and technology is far behind; and 6 States between scholars of academic cooperation, give play to their respective expertise, co - authored the history,And fruitful 4 4.
History Of Chinese Science Research Method
An Eclectic Mix Of Ancient Documents, Photos And Archaeological Data
Needham studied the Chinese history of science and technology is one of basic methods: collection of pertinent information, card - index, and building up massive data storage and retrieval system, an eclectic mix of ancient documents, photos and archaeological data Needham studied the Chinese history of science and technology is one of basic methods: collection of pertinent information, card - index, and building up massive data storage and retrieval system, an eclectic mix of ancient documents, photos and archaeological data . in 1936, three young Chinese student Lu Gwei - djen, and Shen Shizhang came to Cambridge for her doctorate in Biochemistry Laboratory in 1936, three young Chinese student Lu Gwei - djen, and Shen Shizhang came to Cambridge for her doctorate in Biochemistry Laboratory .
Joseph Needham and work together, starting from around China and abroad to understand china science culture, traditional Chinese language Joseph Needham and work together, starting from around China and abroad to understand china science culture, traditional Chinese language . these outstanding, clever wit of the Chinese students found him halfway across the globe, China's ancient civilization is somewhat similar to western,Chinese people do not, as some Westerners say "edgy" human development " these outstanding, clever wit of the Chinese students found him halfway across the globe, China's ancient civilization is somewhat similar to western,Chinese people do not, as some Westerners say "edgy" human development ".
Needham began to take a keen interest in China, up from the 37 - year - old decided to learn Chinese, Chinese original Needham began to take a keen interest in China, up from the 37 - year - old decided to learn Chinese, Chinese original . to read his weekly time, alone with the famous Sinologist Professor Xia (Gustave) learn the Chinese language to read his weekly time, alone with the famous Sinologist Professor Xia (Gustave) learn the Chinese language .
he read of China's first book is a" tube " he read of China's first book is a" tube ". solid knowledge of the ancient Chinese, and later as Joseph Needham has provided a solid foundation for the study of solid knowledge of the ancient Chinese, and later as Joseph Needham has provided a solid foundation for the study of .
Needham the opportunity to study the history of science and technology, modern computer is not initiated, therefore, attaches particular importance to him choreographing his Needham the opportunity to study the history of science and technology, modern computer is not initiated, therefore, attaches particular importance to him choreographing his . card index according to a range of academic subjects,edit folder, a photo folder, a folder, a huge information storage and retrieval system card index according to a range of academic subjects,edit folder, a photo folder, a folder, a huge information storage and retrieval system .
because this is the first Western language multivolume works, so that each roll must be huge lists of various reference works, he does also give a sense of the bibliography card index for long - term verification because this is the first Western language multivolume works, so that each roll must be huge lists of various reference works, he does also give a sense of the bibliography card index for long - term verification . In addition, the series for other special card indexes, such as Chinese technical terminology card index, one including thousands of Chinese ancient scientists, engineers and doctors of person name index In addition, the series for other special card indexes, such as Chinese technical terminology card index, one including thousands of Chinese ancient scientists, engineers and doctors of person name index .
these data,Later constitute the Needham Research Institute of East Asian History of Science in library is these data,Later constitute the Needham Research Institute of East Asian History of Science in library is . Dr. Joseph Needham and pay great attention to China's ancient documents of the collection and textual research
him except the reference in the various disciplines that past generations of important books, but also from the relevant literature, lexicography, found in many important information, gleaned from the official history of ancient astronomy, calendar and acoustic information, and with reference to the thousands of scientific, technical and medical aspects of the achievements of the Biographical Data him except the reference in the various disciplines that past generations of important books, but also from the relevant literature, lexicography, found in many important information, gleaned from the official history of ancient astronomy, calendar and acoustic information, and with reference to the thousands of scientific, technical and medical aspects of the achievements of the Biographical Data . He believes in the importance of textual research of ancient documents.
Needham said: "We always have such an experience, whenever they start a new chapter to it,We were facing the terminology confusion Needham said: "We always have such an experience, whenever they start a new chapter to it,We were facing the terminology confusion . past there is so much misunderstanding and mistranslation at the same time, so much of the legend, so much of the wrong date of past there is so much misunderstanding and mistranslation at the same time, so much of the legend, so much of the wrong date of .
and misunderstanding, and that there were a certain special subjects or technical difficulties, i.e. the so - called necessary in modern science jargon Western languages, in ancient and medieval science of Chinese also have turned a blind eye in some cases, the technical term is rather difficult, for example in Chinese medicine, the translation problem is well - nigh insoluble Western languages, in ancient and medieval science of Chinese also have turned a blind eye in some cases, the technical term is rather difficult, for example in Chinese medicine, the translation problem is well - nigh insoluble .
"Dr. Joseph Needham of taking advantage of a second - hand materials, i.e. from a published history of the various specialized discipline for the documentations of the shortcut,As will be described with reference to the publication of the history of mathematics, astronomy, history and the history of entomology works Dr Joseph Needham also stressed the importance of the Chinese literature reference, advocated in the conclusions of the former, should also consider Chinese literature Dr Joseph Needham also stressed the importance of the Chinese literature reference, advocated in the conclusions of the former, should also consider Chinese literature .
these documents not only includes Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other East Asian characters of literature, including Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian and Arabic, Greek, Latin, and after the European language of the document in order to grasp all of the these documents not only includes Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese and other East Asian characters of literature, including Sanskrit, Urdu, Persian and Arabic, Greek, Latin, and after the European language of the document in order to grasp all of the . character, often need a reference translations character, often need a reference translations .
Joseph Needham in his research on ancient Chinese history of science and technology, not only in terms of the Joseph Needham in his research on ancient Chinese history of science and technology, not only in terms of the . character evidence as he may think,Whether a headstone inscribed on temples and various images and pictures, or painted on a wall of murals, or inserted in the book of woodcut illustrations or other reproductions, etc, are important in the Research Department of Archaeology also character evidence as he may think,Whether a headstone inscribed on temples and various images and pictures, or painted on a wall of murals, or inserted in the book of woodcut illustrations or other reproductions, etc, are important in the Research Department of Archaeology also .
provides an important historical picture provides an important historical picture . he once had with Wang Ling, according to the image kind put forward an argument: the stern rudder is one of the Three Kingdoms Period (AD) in the third century or more earlier is an invention he once had with Wang Ling, according to the image kind put forward an argument: the stern rudder is one of the Three Kingdoms Period (AD) in the third century or more earlier is an invention .
later, he and Lu Gwei - djen in Guangzhou found a from the Unearthed fitted with a stern rudder of the ship burial objects, thereby correcting the previous arguments later, he and Lu Gwei - djen in Guangzhou found a from the Unearthed fitted with a stern rudder of the ship burial objects, thereby correcting the previous arguments . is another example: the Dunhuang Caves in there,Now preserved in the Paris - based Musee Guimet Museum (Michael A) is another example: the Dunhuang Caves in there,Now preserved in the Paris - based Musee Guimet Museum (Michael A) .
Paris painting, the Buddha seated in meditation, demons are disturbing him, armed to the Paris painting, the Buddha seated in meditation, demons are disturbing him, armed to the . one devil head decorated with snake 3, shook the hands of a flame, the flame injection which is one devil head decorated with snake 3, shook the hands of a flame, the flame injection which is .
flamethrowing gun of one of the earliest photo flamethrowing gun of one of the earliest photo . was inconclusive, the torch is not larger than the projection of the explosives to Cannon's early, but certainly earlier rocket was inconclusive, the torch is not larger than the projection of the explosives to Cannon's early, but certainly earlier rocket .
Second Visit And Traditional Life
Dr. Joseph Needham and the History of Science and Technology of China; the second method is: pay attention to on - the - spot investigation, the actual feeling of the traditional production and life, in order to understand China ancient books described in science and technology, moreover with the Chinese scholars with extensive exchanges carried out, and get inspired by 1942, Needham accepted government dispatched, as the Royal Academy, went to China to assistance to third States affected by the Japanese blockade of China scientists 1942, Needham accepted government dispatched, as the Royal Academy, went to China to assistance to third States affected by the Japanese blockade of China scientists .
joseph needham, serving initially as Science Counsellor, British Embassy, after preparatory "scientific cooperation in the British Museum" (Sino - British Science Cooperation Office),Chinese scientists, engineers and doctors with assistance, including in the scientific literature, instruments, chemical reagents, and the communication of scientific information and communication between China and foreign (especially British) scientific exchange between joseph needham, serving initially as Science Counsellor, British Embassy, after preparatory "scientific cooperation in the British Museum" (Sino - British Science Cooperation Office),Chinese scientists, engineers and doctors with assistance, including in the scientific literature, instruments, chemical reagents, and the communication of scientific information and communication between China and foreign (especially British) scientific exchange between . in working in China, Joseph Needham and visited the greater part of China, Fujian to the east, to the west of Dunhuang Caves, and they met a Chinese scholar in all walks of life and broadened my mind in working in China, Joseph Needham and visited the greater part of China, Fujian to the east, to the west of Dunhuang Caves, and they met a Chinese scholar in all walks of life and broadened my mind .
these scholars with mathematicians, physicists, chemists, engineers, scientists, astronomers, historians, archaeologists, linguists, economists, historians, sociologists these scholars with mathematicians, physicists, chemists, engineers, scientists, astronomers, historians, archaeologists, linguists, economists, historians, sociologists . They discussed with him the ancient Chinese history and culture,Scientific development and social economy a series of academic problems They discussed with him the ancient Chinese history and culture,Scientific development and social economy a series of academic problems .
they tell him what to read, what to buy the book and the subjects in the history of they tell him what to read, what to buy the book and the subjects in the history of . Joseph Needham has been accumulating a sufficient number of translations in terms of Joseph Needham has been accumulating a sufficient number of translations in terms of .
Needham explore science and soft science, ancient Chinese civilization with a knowledge of the Needham explore science and soft science, ancient Chinese civilization with a knowledge of the . he believes that the Chinese people, almost as much as Greece, the Roman - era Europeans, in many areas and even as far as Europeans over he believes that the Chinese people, almost as much as Greece, the Roman - era Europeans, in many areas and even as far as Europeans over .
some achievements from China to the West,Chinese ancient science is the scientific part of the world some achievements from China to the West,Chinese ancient science is the scientific part of the world . He later in Chinese History of Science "series of volumes in the elaboration of the fundamental ideas in almost four years now and he formed He later in Chinese History of Science "series of volumes in the elaboration of the fundamental ideas in almost four years now and he formed .
's presence in China after the termination of the mandate, he thought the only thing to do in the future of work is urgent, and to create a western ever came to China as a member of the scientific, technical and medical history of the 's presence in China after the termination of the mandate, he thought the only thing to do in the future of work is urgent, and to create a western ever came to China as a member of the scientific, technical and medical history of the . 1943 he said:" In order to study the life of the conventional problems, it is necessary: Growing up in China, or have lived in China for a period of time; otherwise, it is difficult to truly understand the book in a lot of the stuff 1943 he said:" In order to study the life of the conventional problems, it is necessary: Growing up in China, or have lived in China for a period of time; otherwise, it is difficult to truly understand the book in a lot of the stuff .
a person must be specially trained to go fuck yourself, vacuum distillation, a person must be specially trained to go fuck yourself, vacuum distillation,. titration or completion one must ride the ship sailing to China to really understand the head sail titration or completion one must ride the ship sailing to China to really understand the head sail .
likewise must be familiar with China's small factory tofu and soy sauce factory, will not know how to make tofu, soy sauce and likewise must be familiar with China's small factory tofu and soy sauce factory, will not know how to make tofu, soy sauce and . " ".
Three Simulation Experiment And Study On The Technology
Dr. Joseph Needham and the History of Science and Technology of China; the third method is: pay attention to the Experiment and Research into a technology the most typical example is the Royal Armaments Development Bureau has formulated some gunpowder, to inspection of Chinese Ancient Book INstitute of gunpowder formulations is described in the most typical example is the Royal Armaments Development Bureau has formulated some gunpowder, to inspection of Chinese Ancient Book INstitute of gunpowder formulations is described in .
Needham through the whole history of gunpowder, and draw a conclusion: the gunpowder in the denitration component is gradually increased, probably initially saltpeter, sulfur, carbon equal to the proportion, or percentage of buyers using fewer, more powerful gunpowder of the stronger, faster and faster combustion velocity, the last of the denitration components gradually rises to seventy or eighty Needham through the whole history of gunpowder, and draw a conclusion: the gunpowder in the denitration component is gradually increased, probably initially saltpeter, sulfur, carbon equal to the proportion, or percentage of buyers using fewer, more powerful gunpowder of the stronger, faster and faster combustion velocity, the last of the denitration components gradually rises to seventy or eighty . This is the theoretical optimum number This is the theoretical optimum number .
To prove this,He and his co - writer, persuaded the Royal Armaments Bureau developed a specially formulated some gunpowder, the nitrate content is from twenty percent to ninety unequal To prove this,He and his co - writer, persuaded the Royal Armaments Bureau developed a specially formulated some gunpowder, the nitrate content is from twenty percent to ninety unequal . One day, they go to the Bureau for Development of the Dai Hai Si where Kent Fort (Fort of Kent), these were observed to ignite gunpowder One day, they go to the Bureau for Development of the Dai Hai Si where Kent Fort (Fort of Kent), these were observed to ignite gunpowder .
Needham seeks to put the gunpowder in the historical records of the different components, the graph compares observed from Needham seeks to put the gunpowder in the historical records of the different components, the graph compares observed from . "WU JING ZONG YAO", "Firedrake" and the fourteenth, the fifteenth century China earlier in the discovery of an ancient recordation, saltpeter, sulfur, charcoal, and the balance of the ingredients in Table everywhere,that was also carried out in a variety of different formulations were tested, and later also in the surrounding of the denitration component 75.2 percent about
from early Arab and European records, found the equilibrium point uniformly concentrated in the denitration component 75.2 percent in the vicinity of the center of the Arabs and the Europeans seem to have started with the best know how to prepare gunpowder gunpowder was introduced from China into the west, in the knowledge of gunpowder to Europe at the same time, the basic formula of knowledge also simultaneously incoming European gunpowder was introduced from China into the west, in the knowledge of gunpowder to Europe at the same time, the basic formula of knowledge also simultaneously incoming European .
Four Comparative Study Achievement In Science And Technology
Dr. Joseph Needham and the History of Science and Technology of China; the fourth method is: standing in the world of science, science and foreign science and history of Chinese scientific civilization history placed in its rightful place, thereby correcting the West on China's scientific culture of all kinds of wrong perceptions, misunderstandings and seriously underestimated what he had done the comparison between China and the important discovery as follows: 1, the equations of is a French mathematician and Horner (Horner W. G. Horner, 1786 - 1837) was established in 1819, but the Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao in 1247 proposed method practically consistent with Homer,predates Horner
2 in 572, when Westerners argue who in 1615 and left first discovered the sunspots, the Chinese back in 18 years since the system recording sunspots, 1,500 years before the Europeans 2 in 572, when Westerners argue who in 1615 and left first discovered the sunspots, the Chinese back in 18 years since the system recording sunspots, 1,500 years before the Europeans . 1400 BC to AD 1600 years, China has 90 items supernova recorded, of which 1054 supernova in modern times of radio astronomer in the interest of the Crab Nebula, the remnant of the western past, unheard of in China as early as 1361 1400 BC to AD 1600 years, China has 90 items supernova recorded, of which 1054 supernova in modern times of radio astronomer in the interest of the Crab Nebula, the remnant of the western past, unheard of in China as early as 1361 .
BC there was a solar eclipse records, 1600 BC to 1600 AD, there were 581 comet recorded item,467 BC to Halley's comet BC there was a solar eclipse records, 1600 BC to 1600 AD, there were 581 comet recorded item,467 BC to Halley's comet . 3, modern science revolution of key instrument is the clock, while its soul is the escapement, used to believe that there is a 14th - century European invention of China in 3, modern science revolution of key instrument is the clock, while its soul is the escapement, used to believe that there is a 14th - century European invention of China in .
723 in Yixing has been fabricated, such a device, 1090 years Su Song in Kaifeng of the tower is constructed in such a mechanical clock 723 in Yixing has been fabricated, such a device, 1090 years Su Song in Kaifeng of the tower is constructed in such a mechanical clock . China clock by Englishman John Cambridge (Cambridge) after recovered per hour and has an error less than 20 seconds China clock by Englishman John Cambridge (Cambridge) after recovered per hour and has an error less than 20 seconds .
4, when the magnetic polarities of the Westerners don't know a damn thing,Chinese people in the region of interest on the declination and magnetic induction property was 4, when the magnetic polarities of the Westerners don't know a damn thing,Chinese people in the region of interest on the declination and magnetic induction property was . Nick Campbell, a British (Alexander, 1157 - 1217) to Europe, first mentioned in 1190 in the magnetic polarity and magnetic induction before Shen Kuo (1031 - 1217) to 1080 years on magnetic needle declination has been described and pointed out the Europeans know Nick Campbell, a British (Alexander, 1157 - 1217) to Europe, first mentioned in 1190 in the magnetic polarity and magnetic induction before Shen Kuo (1031 - 1217) to 1080 years on magnetic needle declination has been described and pointed out the Europeans know .
. compass declination is in the 15th century is the knowledge in the 12th century by Western Liao made their way overland to the West of compass declination is in the 15th century is the knowledge in the 12th century by Western Liao made their way overland to the West of .
5 to the West in the 13th century had no idea niter. And as for the Chinese as early as 850 - year - old "Yuan Zhen Miao Dao An Outline on the record to saltpeter,sulfur and charcoal mixture made of gunpowder, year 1044 "General Military," given the earliest military gunpowder recipe 6, 1380 years ago, Europe was still unable to produce small cast iron, while the Chinese as early as the 4th century BC has been on an industrial scale production of cast iron, from the 1st century people in China have cast iron is the Masters, Europeans in contrast behind 6, 1380 years ago, Europe was still unable to produce small cast iron, while the Chinese as early as the 4th century BC has been on an industrial scale production of cast iron, from the 1st century people in China have cast iron is the Masters, Europeans in contrast behind .
1500 years he also according to the archaeological discoveries, this genre to the smelting furnace of smelting furnace and the later Western compared, to conclude that China's ancient and medieval iron smelting technology in aspect of long - term, our leading 1500 years he also according to the archaeological discoveries, this genre to the smelting furnace of smelting furnace and the later Western compared, to conclude that China's ancient and medieval iron smelting technology in aspect of long - term, our leading . 7, the lightning rod,Zhu of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) in 1406, the year of the "enumerate available for famine and wild 414 species, its ecological characteristics, geographic distribution, and processing methods are described, and with exquisite botanical illustrations 7, the lightning rod,Zhu of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) in 1406, the year of the "enumerate available for famine and wild 414 species, its ecological characteristics, geographic distribution, and processing methods are described, and with exquisite botanical illustrations .
Europe until the 18th century Bray Ante (Charles Bryant) began to notice that the value of edible wild plants, than China's 400 years late Europe until the 18th century Bray Ante (Charles Bryant) began to notice that the value of edible wild plants, than China's 400 years late . Western printing of the first plants to appear as a 1475 by Germans in Conrad's" natural", but the ratio of the "Late 69 years Western printing of the first plants to appear as a 1475 by Germans in Conrad's" natural", but the ratio of the "Late 69 years .
8, medieval Chinese extracting sex hormone from human urine,Biochemistry is the biggest achievement 8, medieval Chinese extracting sex hormone from human urine,Biochemistry is the biggest achievement . Western and was found to be as an unclean thing, until in 1927 Asher (Heim S. Aschheim) and Dirk (B.) from the sex hormone in urine obtained
In China, Ye Mengde (1077 - 1148) in the "cloud" has been described in the sex hormone in the urine from the extracting method of In China, Ye Mengde (1077 - 1148) in the "cloud" has been described in the sex hormone in the urine from the extracting method of . 9, modern medical science of the greatest and most beneficial to the mankind of one discipline immunology, human 'is carried out for the vaccination against smallpox in 9, modern medical science of the greatest and most beneficial to the mankind of one discipline immunology, human 'is carried out for the vaccination against smallpox in .
Ge Hong in 300 years. The earliest record of this pathogen, in 1000 years have invented the smallpox vaccination,1500 years TCM has disclosed a book introducing this therapy Europeans then knew nothing of this, many patients lose life Europeans then knew nothing of this, many patients lose life .
China Fassi vaccination, after the year 1700 by the uk in Turkey (in 1722, the British Ambassador to Turkey Islamabad court Wolseley and Minister Mrs Montagu - Madam Mary Montagu - let their children be covered with smallpox, vaccination and brought back to Britain, widespread publicity in Europe) China Fassi vaccination, after the year 1700 by the uk in Turkey (in 1722, the British Ambassador to Turkey Islamabad court Wolseley and Minister Mrs Montagu - Madam Mary Montagu - let their children be covered with smallpox, vaccination and brought back to Britain, widespread publicity in Europe) . in the early 19th century, Edward Jenner, Edward Jenner,1749 - 1823) discovered the smallpox vaccine to prevent smallpox safe in the early 19th century, Edward Jenner, Edward Jenner,1749 - 1823) discovered the smallpox vaccine to prevent smallpox safe .
10, China in 200 BCE of the early Han Dynasty, had the effective of the chest strap harness, in the sixth century, and a chance for the progress of these two collar harness 10, China in 200 BCE of the early Han Dynasty, had the effective of the chest strap harness, in the sixth century, and a chance for the progress of these two collar harness . effectively harness until the year 1000 effectively harness until the year 1000 .
Western Europe began to appear in the past with the neck girth, neck tension from easily stifle livestock Western Europe began to appear in the past with the neck girth, neck tension from easily stifle livestock .
Five Internal History And External History Research
Dr Needham for his research on the History of Science and Technology of the fifth method is: internal and external history or the history research, paying attention to the cause of science, emphasizes the social and economic as well as external influences, the demonstration of Chinese modern science and technology is far behind Dr Needham for his research on the History of Science and Technology of the fifth method is: internal and external history or the history research, paying attention to the cause of science, emphasizes the social and economic as well as external influences, the demonstration of Chinese modern science and technology is far behind . Dr Joseph Needham, who is a scientific philosophical historians Dr Joseph Needham, who is a scientific philosophical historians .
as early as the 1930s, his Cambridge a promising class of biochemist, but philosophy, religion and ethics is interested in, and began to dabble in the history of science from the University of Cambridge, as early as the 1930s, his Cambridge a promising class of biochemist, but philosophy, religion and ethics is interested in, and began to dabble in the history of science from the University of Cambridge, . chemistry historian James Partington (Partington,1886 - 1965), Professor Dr Joseph Needham has had an influence on the chemistry historian James Partington (Partington,1886 - 1965), Professor Dr Joseph Needham has had an influence on the .
Partington, a professor of classics there in Angewandte Chemie the emergence and development of "The Origin and Development of Applied Chemistry),"History of Greek Fire and Gunpower" (History of Greek Fire and) and the four - volume "A History of Chemistry" (A History of Chemistry) Partington, a professor of classics there in Angewandte Chemie the emergence and development of "The Origin and Development of Applied Chemistry),"History of Greek Fire and Gunpower" (History of Greek Fire and) and the four - volume "A History of Chemistry" (A History of Chemistry) . him by Partington met London's famous historians of Sanger, professor Charles Singer, 1876 - 1960),often discussed the problem of science he read it at him by Partington met London's famous historians of Sanger, professor Charles Singer, 1876 - 1960),often discussed the problem of science he read it at .
Foster (Michael Foster "Physiology Shi" (History of Physiology and Dampier - -Sir Whitehead (Sir William) - Whitham of the "History of Foster (Michael Foster "Physiology Shi" (History of Physiology and Dampier - -Sir Whitehead (Sir William) - Whitham of the "History of . He also enjoy reading Friedrich Engels'" dialectics of nature "in London in 1931, the Second Congress of the Soviet Union earlier scholars in the study of Science and Technology of China, prehistoric,He got off the ground in the study of method of Marxist He also enjoy reading Friedrich Engels'" dialectics of nature "in London in 1931, the Second Congress of the Soviet Union earlier scholars in the study of Science and Technology of China, prehistoric,He got off the ground in the study of method of Marxist .
London in 1931, the Second Congress of Soviet scholars on the scientific development theory of Marxism to London in 1931, the Second Congress of Soviet scholars on the scientific development theory of Marxism to . Needham for the first time I heard about the science and practice, the socio - economic background and other ideological argument Needham for the first time I heard about the science and practice, the socio - economic background and other ideological argument .
relationship he started publishing articles on the topic of science, and their specialties, and in 1932 published "A History of embryology" (History of), become the subject of history, which lays the groundwork for relationship he started publishing articles on the topic of science, and their specialties, and in 1932 published "A History of embryology" (History of), become the subject of history, which lays the groundwork for . writing in Chinese History of Science "in the process,He put forward several basic questions: 1, and why the system of natural and experimental hypothesis of the mathematics associated with modern science, and thus, the first industrial revolution in the rapid rise of the West?2, why in the 15th century the course of many years, China's development in science and technology and by far more effective than the West?3, why Chinese traditional science has been in the original stage of empiricism, he wasn't able to spontaneously arise in modern science and the subsequent Industrial Revolution?To answer these questions, as a whole; Needham studied Western History of Science and Technology, as well as the development, finds out the advantages, disadvantages and similarities; the sociology of science from the perspective of Chinese and Western social system, economic structure, traditional history, ideology etc all kinds of factors that affect the Western businessmen, scientists and engineers of social status, including writing in Chinese History of Science "in the process,He put forward several basic questions: 1, and why the system of natural and experimental hypothesis of the mathematics associated with modern science, and thus, the first industrial revolution in the rapid rise of the West?2, why in the 15th century the course of many years, China's development in science and technology and by far more effective than the West?3, why Chinese traditional science has been in the original stage of empiricism, he wasn't able to spontaneously arise in modern science and the subsequent Industrial Revolution?To answer these questions, as a whole; Needham studied Western History of Science and Technology, as well as the development, finds out the advantages, disadvantages and similarities; the sociology of science from the perspective of Chinese and Western social system, economic structure, traditional history, ideology etc all kinds of factors that affect the Western businessmen, scientists and engineers of social status, including .
history and records research, paying attention to the cause of science, emphasizes the social and economic as well as external influences history and records research, paying attention to the cause of science, emphasizes the social and economic as well as external influences . he believes China and the West in science and technology, mainly due to the social and economic aspects. It is one of the reasons why
Western Europe in the feudalism and Chinese,India of feudalism, they are completely different Western Europe in the feudalism and Chinese,India of feudalism, they are completely different . Western experienced was the military and the aristocracy of feudalism, China experienced by bureaucratic feudalism is feudalism Western experienced was the military and the aristocracy of feudalism, China experienced by bureaucratic feudalism is feudalism .
Western military strong - looking, as a matter of fact, China's bureaucratic feudalism but more powerful, more capable of preventing the seizing of power by the bourgeois Western military strong - looking, as a matter of fact, China's bureaucratic feudalism but more powerful, more capable of preventing the seizing of power by the bourgeois . Western modern science is rising and things are linked in the first reform movement, and the second is the rise of the bourgeoisie Western modern science is rising and things are linked in the first reform movement, and the second is the rise of the bourgeoisie .
snatched the leadership, it is at the same time the rise of modern science snatched the leadership, it is at the same time the rise of modern science . bourgeoisie at the end of the sixteenth, century VII is indeed a progressive force,They actually launched a scientific revolution - played a role, bourgeoisie at the end of the sixteenth, century VII is indeed a progressive force,They actually launched a scientific revolution - played a role, .
he said: "We do not accept any ancestors, however we acknowledge: Marx and Engels always insisted that the socio - economic structures and relations of production the importance of this approach is already widespread he said: "We do not accept any ancestors, however we acknowledge: Marx and Engels always insisted that the socio - economic structures and relations of production the importance of this approach is already widespread . western historians accepted by western historians accepted by .
even swearing that they are not Marxists, they also have to admit this point even swearing that they are not Marxists, they also have to admit this point ."".
VI International Cooperation
Dr. Joseph Needham and the History of Science and Technology of China; a sixth method is: pay attention to the development of cooperation between academic scholars, exert their professional skill and co - authored the history, but also fruitful he reiterates: no single European people or Chinese people have enough broad knowledge in this extraordinary success, no one can single - handedly accomplish this task; if we are to live until the Morse and Sarah (Methuselah - Genesis of the Bible "in the patriarch, lives for 969 years) or Methuselah's age, we should be able to finish all the work done from he reiterates: no single European people or Chinese people have enough broad knowledge in this extraordinary success, no one can single - handedly accomplish this task; if we are to live until the Morse and Sarah (Methuselah - Genesis of the Bible "in the patriarch, lives for 969 years) or Methuselah's age, we should be able to finish all the work done from .
. Vol. 5,Needham is unable to give them to write and to start the other invited experts in China are "guiding ideology and style of study and writing of each of the separate volumes, by his last out the audited 1 1.
Academic Achievements
Joseph Needham devoted his prolific body of published scientific papers (over 300 biochemical science and about 1: 1), academic works about 50 species, except "Chemical Embryology", "Chinese History of Science" and many lectures, speeches and essays, and articles of his important works are: "materialism and religion" (and, in 1929), "De Lao Marxist faction" (", 1932)," Christianity and Social Change "(produced in cooperation,Christianity and the Social Revolution, 1935), "Christianity and Communism and Christianity (1937)" The Levellers and the English Revolution "(and the English Revolution, 1939)," Science China "(Chinese Science, 1945)" scientific outpost:British Museum collection of documents on cooperation in science "Science Outpost: Papers of the Sino - British Science Cooperation Office, 1942 - 1948, 1948)," China Iron and Steel Technology Development, The Development of Iron and Steel Technology in China1958) "Law and Natural Law" (Law and Law of Nature, 1961), "Evolution of the scientific world in Europe and China," The Roles of Europe and China in the Revolution of Science, 1966), "Big titration:East of the Science and Society "(The Grand: Science and Society in East and West, 1969)," Chinese and Western scholars and artisans" and in China and the West, 1970) is an unorthodox Marxism with Chinese History of Compilation "(with Gregory Blue (eds.)feed consumption and feed efficiency of Chinese Science, 1997)
Academic Evaluation
Needham was a notable historian in the international ambassador for the concept that there is a big deviation of Needham was a notable historian in the international ambassador for the concept that there is a big deviation of . Mrs Lu Guizhen in "Joseph Needham's biography" in a bull: Sinologist Joseph Needham and was not a professional, not a historian, he was not indebted to Mrs Lu Guizhen in "Joseph Needham's biography" in a bull: Sinologist Joseph Needham and was not a professional, not a historian, he was not indebted to .
schools of Chinese language and history of formal education, in point of fact he have no formal lectures to learn the history of science, and only countersunk in the experiment is not working the way wit ("Joseph Needham and the Implementation of the Chinese History of Science") in the History of Academic Research on Joseph Needham schools of Chinese language and history of formal education, in point of fact he have no formal lectures to learn the history of science, and only countersunk in the experiment is not working the way wit ("Joseph Needham and the Implementation of the Chinese History of Science") in the History of Academic Research on Joseph Needham . is quite versatile is quite versatile .
however,Perhaps its most important achievements is the hi - tech historians recognize that science and not a single cultural products, but with a variety of comprehensive cultural products, it's a piece of technology developed for historians to study the pros and cons brought by the reform, while Joseph Needham's work not only Chinese ancient science and systematically introduced to the West, some of the scholars in ancient China from the achievement of the basic opinion of Chinese History of Science and Technology has developed and improved in western research of level however,Perhaps its most important achievements is the hi - tech historians recognize that science and not a single cultural products, but with a variety of comprehensive cultural products, it's a piece of technology developed for historians to study the pros and cons brought by the reform, while Joseph Needham's work not only Chinese ancient science and systematically introduced to the West, some of the scholars in ancient China from the achievement of the basic opinion of Chinese History of Science and Technology has developed and improved in western research of level . even disagreed with Joseph Needham on ancient Chinese science assessment of readers, not for now - - and Civilisation in China "in the original data were collected by the value of even disagreed with Joseph Needham on ancient Chinese science assessment of readers, not for now - - and Civilisation in China "in the original data were collected by the value of .
these scientific and technical documentation and literature," appeared in English,university.It is beneficial not only to current readers, but also to Western historians of science and technology for research of ancient Chinese science and technology of information must be Needham of the Western sinology study fill in the blank, and make up the world of science in the lacunarity, Needham of the Western sinology study fill in the blank, and make up the world of science in the lacunarity, .
he is China's scientific research system and of the greatestfigures in the history of the founder, he is also the main scientific achievements of Joseph Needham's he is China's scientific research system and of the greatestfigures in the history of the founder, he is also the main scientific achievements of Joseph Needham's . not only his lifelong devotion to the cause of Chinese science, also led a team of scholars engaged in this field, such as Lu Gwei - djen, Wang Ling, Ho Peng Yoke, Tsien, Huang Zong, Robinson, Xi Wen, Francesca Bray, Lu Bu, Ye Shan, Kuhn, Beth Lang, Luo Rongbang,Qu Zhiren, Liu Guangding, Lu Weiyi, Fu Guo, et al., this group of people from different aspects to assist Li completed the Old Chinese History of Science and Technology "to shape the world and its rare horse is an academic project of great 
Contribution
Needham has changed the international community will only agriculture and artistic impressions of his Needham has changed the international community will only agriculture and artistic impressions of his . to informal education of foreign sinology scholar, prominent Chinese traditional science and culture. The rich culvert and gave full affirmation of the
he guested in the history of Chinese science and very original he guested in the history of Chinese science and very original . his work also opened the international community in the history of Chinese science research and emphasis, so as to become an important international academic, as well as a scholar on China's own science to do a more thorough and broad study his work also opened the international community in the history of Chinese science research and emphasis, so as to become an important international academic, as well as a scholar on China's own science to do a more thorough and broad study .
but due to its own did not receive formal education of science history, the history of science is the study of Chinese interests and talents - and this can be from his wife's words that can be attested by:"Lu Gwei - djen has admitted it: Sinologist Joseph Needham and was not a professional, not a historian, he was not indebted to but due to its own did not receive formal education of science history, the history of science is the study of Chinese interests and talents - and this can be from his wife's words that can be attested by:"Lu Gwei - djen has admitted it: Sinologist Joseph Needham and was not a professional, not a historian, he was not indebted to . schools of Chinese language and history of formal education actually schools of Chinese language and history of formal education actually .
He never formally learned the history of science, but was buried in the experiment is not working the way it browses He never formally learned the history of science, but was buried in the experiment is not working the way it browses ."), the results of his research and conclusions of later generations, we must adopt a scientific attitude so that we can treat the "), the results of his research and conclusions of later generations, we must adopt a scientific attitude so that we can treat the .
Needham and because this is a scientist, the concept is scientific perspective, the Chinese began to stall his Needham and because this is a scientist, the concept is scientific perspective, the Chinese began to stall his . Needham proves this point Needham proves this point .
some scholars of different dynasties, assimilation and centralisation, and clarifies the view that the "Chinese" culture on the height of the unification,lack of diversification and competition, so that the technological stagnation some scholars of different dynasties, assimilation and centralisation, and clarifies the view that the "Chinese" culture on the height of the unification,lack of diversification and competition, so that the technological stagnation . is to be noted that these scholars described the "China" means the "Han" living quarters, while excluding from Qing Dynasty included Mongolia,, Manchu, Hui, Tibetan, Miao and other minority ethnic neighborhoods - - is to be noted that these scholars described the "China" means the "Han" living quarters, while excluding from Qing Dynasty included Mongolia,, Manchu, Hui, Tibetan, Miao and other minority ethnic neighborhoods - - .
Honor
In 1968 in Paris at the twelfth session of the International Federation of History and Philosophy of Science on Science and Technology was awarded the highest honor of the historians George Sutton Medal (1980), is the expression of the Chinese people on the Joseph Needham and the friendliness of his promotion of British scientists in exchange for their contribution to the Institute for a subvention to the Institute awarded the Joseph Needham Professor Emeritus In 1968 in Paris at the twelfth session of the International Federation of History and Philosophy of Science on Science and Technology was awarded the highest honor of the historians George Sutton Medal (1980), is the expression of the Chinese people on the Joseph Needham and the friendliness of his promotion of British scientists in exchange for their contribution to the Institute for a subvention to the Institute awarded the Joseph Needham Professor Emeritus . 1983 11 months, China's State Science and Technology awarded the first prize of Natural Science Joseph Needham China 1983 11 months, China's State Science and Technology awarded the first prize of Natural Science Joseph Needham China .
17 May 1990, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Purple Mountain Observatory in China. Its astronomers discovered four new asteroids one,international number 2790, confirmed by an international organization with the approval of the asteroid, named "Star" on 22 October 1992, Queen Elizabeth II in recognition of Joseph Needham's decades in promoting UK - China makes a large contribution, he granted the "Royal and a former adviser to the" Medal in 1993, Needham was elected at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the Medal in 1993, Needham was elected at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and foreign member of the .
