定義
一般是指編譯器提供的可在c源程式中調用的函式。可分為兩類,一類是c語言標準規定的庫函式,一類是編譯器特定的庫函式。
由於著作權原因,庫函式的原始碼一般是不可見的,但在頭檔案中你可以看到它對外的接口。
內容介紹
C語言是一種程式設計的入門語言。由於C語言的語句中沒有提供直接計算sin或cos函式的語句,會造成編寫程式困難;但是函式館提供了sin和cos函式,可以拿來直接調用。顯示一段文字,我們在C語言中找不到顯示語句,只能使用庫函式printf。
C語言的庫函式並不是C語言本身的一部分,它是由編譯程式根據一般用戶的需要,編制並提供用戶使用的一組程式。C的庫函式極大地方便了用戶,同時也補充了C語言本身的不足。在編寫C語言程式時,使用庫函式,既可以提高程式的運行效率,又可以提高編程的質量。
相關概念
函式館
函式館是由系統建立的具有一定功能的函式的集合。庫中存放函式的名稱和對應的目標代碼,以及連線過程中所需的重定位信息。用戶也可以根據自己的需要建立自己的用戶函式館。
庫函式
存放在函式館中的函式。庫函式具有明確的功能、入口調用參數和返回值。
連線程式
將編譯程式生成的目標檔案連線在一起生成一個執行檔。
頭檔案
有時也稱為包含檔案。C語言庫函式與用戶程式之間進行信息通信時要使用的數據和變數,在使用某一庫函式時,都要在程式中嵌入(用#include)該函式對應的頭檔案,用戶使用時應查閱有關版本的C的庫函式參考手冊。
常用的庫函式
abort
函式名:abort
功 能:異常終止一個進程
函式與形參類型:
void abort(void);
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> int main(void)
{
printf("Calling abort()\n");
abort();
return 0; /* This is never reached */
}
abs
函式名:abs
功 能:計算整數num的值。返回整數num的絕對值
函式與參數類型:
int abs(num)
int num;
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> int main(void)
{
int number = -1234; printf("number: %d absolute value: %d\n", number, abs(number));
return 0;
}
absread,abswirte
函式名: absread, abswirte
功 能:絕對磁碟扇區讀、寫數據
函式與形參類型:
int absread(int drive, int nsects, int sectno, void *buffer);
int abswrite(int drive, int nsects, in tsectno, void *buffer);
程式例:
/* absread example */ #include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <dos.h> int main(void)
{
int i, strt, ch_out, sector;
char buf[512]; printf("Insert a diskette into drive A and press any key\n");
getch();
sector = 0;
if (absread(0, 1, sector, &buf) != 0)
{
perror("Disk problem");
exit(1);
}
printf("Read OK\n");
strt = 3;
for (i=0; i<80; i++)
{
ch_out = buf[strt+i];
putchar(ch_out);
}
printf("\n");
return(0);
}
access
函式名:access
功 能:確定檔案的訪問許可權
函式與形參類型:
int access(const char *filename, int amode);
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h> int file_exists(char *filename); int main(void)
{
printf("Does NOTEXIST.FIL exist: %s\n",
file_exists("NOTEXISTS.FIL") ? "YES" : "NO");
return 0;
} int file_exists(char *filename)
{
return (access(filename, 0) == 0);
}
acos
函式名: acos
功 能:計算並返回arccos(x)值、要求-1<=X<=1
函式與形參類型:
double acos(x)
double x;
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5; result = acos(x);
printf("The arc cosine of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return 0;
}
allocmem
函式名:allocmem
功 能:分配DOS存儲段
函式與形參類型:
int allocmem(unsigned size, unsigned *seg);
程式例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h> int main(void)
{
unsigned int size, segp;
int stat; size = 64; /* (64 x 16) = 1024 bytes */
stat = allocmem(size, &segp);
if (stat == -1)
printf("Allocated memory at segment: %x\n", segp);
else
printf("Failed: maximum number of paragraphs available is %u\n",
stat); return 0;
}
arc
函式名:arc
功 能:畫一弧線
函式與形參類型:
void far arc(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
程式例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 135;
int radius = 100; /* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, ""); /* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult(); /* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch(); exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
} midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor()); /* draw arc */
arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, radius); /* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
asctime
函式名: asctime
功 能:轉換日期和時間為ASCII碼
函式與形參類型:
char *asctime(const struct tm *tblock);
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h> int main(void)
{
struct tm t;
char str[80]; /* sample loading of tm structure */ t. tm_sec = 1; /* Seconds */
t. tm_min = 30; /* Minutes */
t. tm_hour = 9; /* Hour */
t. tm_mday = 22; /* Day of the Month */
t. tm_mon = 11; /* Month */
t. tm_year = 56; /* Year - does not include century */
t. tm_wday = 4; /* Day of the week */
t. tm_yday = 0; /* Does not show in asctime */
t. tm_isdst = 0; /* Is Daylight SavTime; does not show in asctime */ /* converts structure to null terminated
string */ strcpy(str, asctime(&t));
printf("%s\n", str); return 0;
}
asin
函式名::asin
功 能::計算並返回arcsin(x)值、要求-1<=X<=1
函式與 形參 類型:
double asin(x)
double x;
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5; result = asin(x);
printf("The arc sin of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return(0);
}
assert
函式名: assert
功 能:測試一個條件並可能使程式終止
函式與形參類型:
void assert(int test);
程式例:
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> struct ITEM {
int key;
int value;
}; /* add item to list, make sure list is not null */
void additem(struct ITEM *itemptr) {
assert(itemptr != NULL);
/* add item to list */
} int main(void)
{
additem(NULL);
return 0;
}
atan
函式名:atan
功 能:計算並返回arctan(x)的值
函式與形參類型:
double atan(double x);
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5; result = atan(x);
printf("The arc tangent of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return(0);
}
atan2
函式名: atan2
功 能:計算並返回arctan(y / x)值
函式與形參類型:
double atan2(double y, double x);
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h> int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 90.0, y = 45.0; result = atan2(y, x);
printf("The arc tangent ratio of %lf is %lf\n", (y / x), result);
return 0;
}
atexit
函式名: atexit
功 能:註冊終止函式
函式與形參類型:
int atexit(atexit_t func);
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> void exit_fn1(void)
{
printf("Exit function #1 called\n");
} void exit_fn2(void)
{
printf("Exit function #2 called\n");
} int main(void)
{
/* post exit function #1 */
atexit(exit_fn1);
/* post exit function #2 */
atexit(exit_fn2);
return 0;
}
atof
函式名: atof
功 能:把str指向的ASCⅡ字元串轉換成一個double型整數返回雙精度的結果
函式與形參類型:
double atof(str)
char*str;
程式例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h> int main(void)
{
float f;
char *str = "12345.67"; f = atof(str);
printf("string = %s float = %f\n", str, f);
return 0;
}
atoi
函式名:atoi
功 能:
把str指向的ASCⅡz字元串轉換成一個整數。返回整數結果
函式與參數類型 :
double atoi(str )
char *str;
程式例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h> int main(void)
{
int n;
char *str = "12345.67"; n = atoi(str);
printf("string = %s integer = %d\n", str, n);
return 0;
}
atol
函式名:atol
功 能:
把字元串轉換成長整型數 。返回長整數結果
函式與參數類型:
long atol(str )
char *str;
程式例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h> int main(void)
{
long l;
char *str = "98765432"; l = atol(lstr);
printf("string = %s integer = %ld\n", str, l);
return(0);
}
mkdir
函式名:mkdir
功 能:建立一個目錄
用 法:
int mkdir(char *pathname);
程式例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <dir.h>
int main(void)
{
int status;
clrscr();
status = mkdir("asdfjklm");
(!status) ? (printf("Directory created\n")) :
(printf("Unable to create directory\n"));
getch();
system("dir");
getch();
status = rmdir("asdfjklm");
(!status) ? (printf("Directory deleted\n")) :
(perror("Unable to delete directory"));
return 0;
}
mktemp
函式名: mktemp
功 能:建立唯一的檔案名稱
用 法:
char *mktemp(char *template);
程式例:
#include <dir.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* fname defines the template for the
temporary file. */
char *fname = "TXXXXXX", *ptr;
ptr = mktemp(fname);
printf("%s\n",ptr);
return 0;
}
MK_FP
函式名: MK_FP
功 能:設定一個遠指針
用 法:
void far *MK_FP(unsigned seg, unsigned off);
程式例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <graphics.h>
int main(void)
{
int gd, gm, i;
unsigned int far *screen;
detectgraph(&gd, &gm);
if (gd == HERCMONO)
screen = MK_FP(0xB000, 0);
else
screen = MK_FP(0xB800, 0);
for (i=0; i<26; i++)
screen[i] = 0x0700 + ('a' + i);
return 0;
}
modf
函式名: modf
功 能:把數分為整數和尾數
用 法:
double modf(double value, double *iptr);
程式例:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
double fraction, integer;
double number = 100000.567;
fraction = modf(number, ∫eger);
printf("The whole and fractional parts of %lf are %lf and %lf\n",
number, integer, fraction);
return 0;
}
movedata
函式名: movedata
功 能:拷貝位元組
用 法:
void movedata(int segsrc, int offsrc, int segdest,
int offdest, unsigned numbytes);
程式例:
#include <mem.h>
#define MONO_BASE 0xB000
/* saves the contents of the monochrome screen in buffer */
void save_mono_screen(char near *buffer)
{
movedata(MONO_BASE, 0, _DS, (unsigned)buffer, 80*25*2);
}
int main(void)
{
char buf[80*25*2];
save_mono_screen(buf);
}
moverel
函式名: moverel
功 能:將當前位置(CP)移動一相對距離
用 法:
void far moverel(int dx, int dy);
程式例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
moveto(20, 30);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtextxy(20, 30, msg);
/* move to a point a relative distance */
/* away from the current value of C.P. */
moverel(100, 100);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtext(msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
movetext
函式名: movetext
功 能:將螢幕文本從一個矩形區域拷貝到另一個矩形區域
用 法:
int movetext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
int newleft, int newtop);
程式例:
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *str = "This is a test string";
clrscr();
cputs(str);
getch();
movetext(1, 1, strlen(str), 2, 10, 10);
getch();
return 0;
}
moveto
函式名: moveto
功 能:將CP移到(x, y)
用 法:
void far moveto(int x, int y);
程式例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];
/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}
/* move the C.P. to location (20, 30) */
moveto(20, 30);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at (20, 30) */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtextxy(20, 30, msg);
/* move to (100, 100) */
moveto(100, 100);
/* plot a pixel at the C.P. */
putpixel(getx(), gety(), getmaxcolor());
/* create and output a message at C.P. */
sprintf(msg, " (%d, %d)", getx(), gety());
outtext(msg);
/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
movemem
函式名: movemem
功 能:移動一塊位元組
用 法:
void movemem(void *source, void *destin, unsigned len);
程式例:
#include <mem.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(void)
{
char *source = "Borland International";
char *destination;
int length;
length = strlen(source);
destination = malloc(length + 1);
movmem(source,destination,length);
printf("%s\n",destination);
return 0;
}
normvideo
函式名: normvideo
功 能:選擇正常亮度字元
用 法:
void normvideo(void);
程式例:
#include <conio.h>
int main(void)
{
normvideo();
cprintf("NORMAL Intensity Text\r\n");
return 0;
}
nosound
函式名: nosound
功 能:關閉PC揚聲器
用 法:
void nosound(void);
程式例:
/* Emits a 7-Hz tone for 10 seconds.
True story: 7 Hz is the resonant frequency of a chicken's skull cavity.
This was determined empirically in Australia, where a new factory
generating 7-Hz tones was located too close to a chicken ranch:
When the factory started up, all the chickens died.
Your PC may not be able to emit a 7-Hz tone.
*/
int main(void)
{
sound(7);
delay(10000);
nosound();
}