黏著語素

定義

Bound morphemes 黏著語素
Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
黏著語素是那些不能單獨使用，而必須和其它語素－自由語素free morphemes或黏著語素－結合在一起以形成一個單詞的語素。

Types of bound morphemes 黏著語素的分類

Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes 詞根和詞綴。
A root is often seen as part of word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
詞根被看作是詞的一部分，它有清楚、明確的意思，但不能單獨存在，它必須和另一個詞根或詞綴組合構成單詞。
Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational 屈折詞綴和派生詞綴
Inflectional affixes or inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. The English inflectional affixes include:
屈折詞綴或屈折語素表明各種不同的語法關係或語法範疇，如：數、時態、形容詞和副詞的級和格。現在英語中的屈折詞綴包括：
-(e)s, indicating plurality of nouns 表示名詞複數
-(e)s, indicating third person singular, present tense 表示現在時的第三人稱單數
-(e)d, indicating past tense for all three persons 表示過去時
-ing, indicating progressive aspect 表示進行時
-er, indicating comparative degree of adj. and adverbs表示形容詞和副詞比較級
-est, indicating superlative degree of adj. and adverbs 表示形容詞和副詞最高級
-‘s, indicating the possessive case of nouns 表示名詞的所有格
Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word. This is a very common way to create new words in English. Such a way of word-formation is called derivation and the new word formed by derivation is called a derivative. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem. A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
派生詞綴加在一個原有的單詞上以構成一個新詞。這是英語中的一個很常見的構成新詞的方式，這樣的方式叫派生法，用派生法構成的新詞叫派生詞。能夠加上一個派生詞綴的原有語素叫做詞幹。詞幹可以是一個黏著詞根、自由語素或者本身就是一個派生詞。

實例：

Tolerate 詞根toler- ＋ 詞綴-ate
Quickly 自由語素quick ＋ 詞綴-ly
Carelessness 自由語素care ＋詞綴-less 形成的派生詞careless ＋詞綴-ness
Affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes 前綴和後綴
Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. Exception are the prefixes “be-” and “en (m)-”.
前綴改變詞幹的意思，但通常不改變原詞的詞性。“be-” 和“en (m)-”是例外。
Suffixes are added to the end of the stem, they modify=y the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.
後綴加在詞幹的末尾，改變原詞的意思，並且在多數情況下，改變原詞的詞性。