圖書介紹
碳材料由於其結構多樣性，導致其性能多樣化，因而套用領域廣闊，碳材料研究已受到全球材料科學界、物理學界、化學界的廣泛關注。本書系統介紹了碳材料表征技術及套用，包括X射線粉末衍射、小角X射線散射、透射電鏡、掃描電子顯微鏡、圖像分析、拉曼光譜、X射線光電子能譜、磁電阻、電化學性能、氣體吸附/解吸等溫線、熱分析、表面官能團滴定測定、程式升溫脫附技術。本書讀者對象為材料領域的科技人員、研究生和高校教師。本書以英文著述，並與Elsevier出版集團合作已在海外出版。
作者簡介
MichioInagaki教授，日本北海道大學榮休教授。擔任過日本碳素學會主席，JSPS117委員會主席，Carbon雜誌副主編。獲得過美國和中國碳素學會、日本陶瓷學會學術貢獻獎。出版8本書，發表700多篇學術論文。FeiyuKang（康飛宇），教授，清華大學深圳研究生院院長。現任SCI刊物《Carbon》顧問編委，SCI刊物《新型炭材料》副主編，層間化合物系列國際會議（ISIC）國際顧問委員會委員。曾獲國家發明獎等多項獎勵。出版中英文專著5部，在國內外發表論文200多篇。
目錄
ListofContributors.................................................................................
Preface...............................................................................................
Acknowledgments................................................................................
CHAPTER1Introduction............................................................1
MichioInagaki,FeiyuKang
1.1CarbonMaterials...............................................................1
1.2CharacterizationofCarbonMaterials....................................3
1.3StructureofthePresentBook..............................................5
References..............................................................................6
CHAPTER2X-rayPowderDiffraction.........................................7
NorioIwashita
2.1Introduction......................................................................7
2.2X-rayDiffractionPatternofCarbonMaterials........................8
2.3ParametersDeterminedbyX-rayDiffraction.........................10
2.4Instrumentation................................................................11
2.5SpecificationsforMeasurement..........................................14
2.5.1PreparationofSampleforX-rayMeasurements............14
2.5.2MeasurementandIntensityCorrectionofDiffraction
Profiles..................................................................14
2.5.3CorrectionofDiffractionAngleWithInternal
Standard................................................................16
2.5.4DeterminationofFullWidthatHalfMaximum
Intensity................................................................17
2.5.5AccuracyoftheValuesDetermined............................18
2.6DegreeofGraphitization...................................................18
2.7KeyIssuesforMeasurement...............................................21
2.7.1DiffractionPattern...................................................21
2.7.2UseofInternalStandard...........................................21
2.7.3UseofThinSampleHolder.......................................22
2.7.4IndexingtheDiffractionLine....................................23
2.7.5SeparationintoComponentProfiles............................23
2.8ConcludingRemarks.........................................................24
References.............................................................................24
CHAPTER3Small-AngleX-rayScattering..................................27
KatsuyaFukuyama,YoshikiyoHatakeyama
3.1Introduction.....................................................................27
3.2Fundamentals..................................................................28
3.3KeyIssuesfortheMeasurements........................................33
3.4ApplicationsforCarbonMaterials.......................................35
3.4.1PorousCarbonFibers...............................................35
3.4.2Glass-LikeCarbons.................................................36
3.4.3MesocellularFoamCarbons(Silica-Templated
Carbons)................................................................38
3.4.4OpenPoresFormedbyAirOxidation.........................40
3.5ConcludingRemarks.........................................................42
References.............................................................................42
CHAPTER4TransmissionElectronMicroscopy..........................45
SylvieBonnamy,Agne`sOberlin
4.1Introduction.....................................................................45
4.2ModesofTransmissionElectronMicroscopy........................46
4.2.1DiffractingMode.....................................................47
4.2.2ImagingModes.......................................................47
4.3KeyIssuesforObservation................................................48
4.3.1ObjectThickness(WeakPhaseObject).......................48
4.3.2ContrastTransferFunctionoftheTransmission
ElectronMicroscope................................................49
4.3.3DiffusionContrasts..................................................54
4.3.4FresnelFringes,ie,EdgeFringes...............................54
4.5ApplicationsforCarbonMaterials.......................................56
4.5.1TransmissionElectronMicroscopyModestoStudy
CrystallinityofCarbonMaterials...............................56
4.5.2TransmissionElectronMicroscopyModesin
theStudyofCarbonizationandGraphitization.............62
4.6Conclusions.....................................................................69
References.............................................................................69
FurtherReading......................................................................70
CHAPTER5ScanningElectronMicroscopy...............................71
AkiraYoshida,YutakaKaburagi,YoshihiroHishiyama
5.1Introduction.....................................................................71
5.2InstrumentationandResolvingPower..................................72
5.2.1Instrumentation.......................................................73
5.2.2MagnificationandResolvingPowerofthe
ScanningElectronMicroscope...................................75
5.2.3EdgeEffectsAppearinginSEModeImages................76
5.3SpecimenPreparation........................................................77
5.4ObservationWiththeOut-LensObjectiveLensSystem..........79
5.5ObservationWiththeSnorkelObjectiveLensSystem.............81
5.6ObservationWiththeIn-LensSystem..................................82
5.7ElectronChannelingEffect................................................83
5.7.1ElectronChannelingEffectforKishGraphite..............83
5.7.2ElectronChannelingPatternforKishGraphite
andHOPGSpecimens..............................................86
5.7.3MappingandCrystalGrainSizeEvaluation.................88
5.8ConcludingRemarks.........................................................91
References.............................................................................92
CHAPTER6ImageAnalysis......................................................95
KyoichiOshida
6.1Introduction.....................................................................95
6.2ImageAnalysisMethods...................................................96
6.2.1ProcessofImageAnalysis........................................96
6.2.2AnalysisofSpaceFrequency.....................................97
6.2.3Three-DimensionalTransmissionElectron
Microscopy...........................................................100
6.2.4SoftwarefortheAnalysis........................................100
6.3StructureAnalysisThroughTransmissionElectron
Microscopy...................................................................101
6.3.1Cup-StackedTypeCarbonNanotubes........................101
6.3.2CarbonNanotubesLoadedWithMetalParticles..........104
6.3.3ThinGraphite........................................................108
6.3.4DisorderedCarbon.................................................108
6.4TextureAnalysisThroughScanningElectron
Micrographs..................................................................113
6.5TextureAnalysisThroughOpticalMicrographs...................116
6.6ConcludingRemarks.......................................................120
References...........................................................................121
CHAPTER7RamanSpectroscopy............................................125
YutakaKaburagi,AkiraYoshida,YoshihiroHishiyama
7.1Introduction...................................................................126
7.2Fundamentals................................................................126
7.3KeyIssuesfortheMeasurements......................................129
7.3.1LaserProbeSamplingDepth....................................129
7.3.2PolarizationofLaserLight......................................129
7.3.3SamplingArea.......................................................131
7.3.4Temperature..........................................................132
7.3.5EliminationofBackgroundIntensity.........................132
7.3.6ExcitationEnergyDependenceofDBand..................133
7.3.7CalibrationofRamanFrequency...............................134
7.3.8Equipment............................................................136
7.4AsaMeasureforStructureCharacterization.......................138
7.4.1GBand.................................................................138
7.4.2DandD0Bands.....................................................141
7.5ConcludingRemarks.......................................................149
References...........................................................................150
CHAPTER8X-rayPhotoelectronSpectroscopy........................153
HidetakaKonno
8.1Introduction...................................................................153
8.2PracticalSideofMeasurements........................................154
8.3StateAnalysis................................................................156
8.3.1DeterminationofBindingEnergy..............................156
8.3.2BackgroundSubtraction..........................................158
8.3.3PeakSeparation.....................................................159
8.3.4StateAnalysisUsingChemicalShift.........................164
8.4SemiquantitativeAnalysis................................................166
8.5ConcludingRemarks.......................................................168
References...........................................................................169
CHAPTER9Magnetoresistance...............................................173
YoshihiroHishiyama,YutakaKaburagi,MichioInagaki
9.1Introduction...................................................................174
9.2GeneralSchemeofDr/r0ChangeWithGraphitization.........174
9.3MeasurementofMagnetoresistance...................................178
9.3.1SpecimenShape.....................................................178
9.3.2MagneticFieldOrientationSchemes.........................179
9.3.3Instruments...........................................................182
9.4MagnetoresistanceParametersforCoke.............................185
9.4.1CokeBandGilsoniteCoke......................................185
9.4.2CokePreparedFromHydrogenatedEthylene
TarPitch...............................................................186
9.5MagnetoresistanceParametersforCarbonFibers
andExtrudedCoke.........................................................189
9.5.1Benzene-DerivedVapor-GrownCarbonFiber
andExtrudedCoke.................................................189
9.5.2OtherCarbonFibers...............................................191
9.6MagnetoresistanceParametersforHighlyCrystallized
GraphiteMaterials..........................................................192
9.7ConcludingRemarks.......................................................194
Supplement:BackgroundoftheCharacterizationofCarbon
MaterialsWithDr/r0............................................................195
S-1OriginoftheSignofDr/r0...............................................195
S-2Microtexture..................................................................197
S-3RelationshipBetweenMicrotextureandMagnetoresistance....199
References...........................................................................203
CHAPTER10ElectrochemicalPerformance.............................205
SoshiShiraishi
10.1Introduction.................................................................205
10.2Fundamentals...............................................................206
10.2.1Capacitance.......................................................206
10.2.2ConstructionofMeasurementCell.........................208
10.2.3ElectrochemicallyAnalyticalMode.......................209
10.2.4DifferentialCapacitanceandIntegral
Capacitance.......................................................211
10.2.5DefinitionofSpecificCapacitance.........................212
10.3MeasurementProcedure.................................................214
10.3.1MeasurementCell...............................................214
10.3.2PreparationofCarbonElectrode............................216
10.3.3AqueousAcidElectrolyteSystem
(byThree-ElectrodeCell).....................................218
10.3.4OrganicElectrolyteSystem
(byThree-ElectrodeCell).....................................219
10.3.5OrganicElectrolyteSystem
(byTwo-ElectrodeCell)......................................221
10.4ConcludingRemarks.....................................................224
References...........................................................................224
CHAPTER11GasAdsorption/DesorptionIsotherm
forPoreStructureCharacterization.....................227
YokoNishi,MichioInagaki
11.1Introduction.................................................................228
11.2Fundamentals...............................................................229
11.3KeyIssuesfortheMeasurementsandAnalyses.................232
11.3.1SampleAmountfortheMeasurement....................232
11.3.2PretreatmentofSample........................................232
11.3.3BrunauereEmmetteTellerMethod........................233
11.3.4asPlot..............................................................234
11.3.5BarretteJoynereHalendaMethod..........................235
11.3.6DubinineRadushkevichMethod............................237
11.3.7DensityFunctionalTheoryMethod........................238
11.4ApplicationtoCarbonMaterials.....................................239
11.4.1MicroporousCarbons..........................................239
11.4.2MesoporousCarbons...........................................241
11.4.3MeasurementsUsingVariousGasesasAdsorbate....243
11.4.4GravimetricMeasurementofAdsorption/
DesorptionofCO2..............................................244
11.5ConcludingRemarks.....................................................245
References...........................................................................246
CHAPTER12ThermalAnalysis...............................................249
Ming-mingChen
12.1Introduction.................................................................249
12.2FundamentalsinThermalAnalyses.................................250
12.3KeyIssuesfortheMeasurements....................................252
12.4ApplicationsofTGandDTGforCarbonMaterials............256
12.4.1Biomasses.........................................................256
12.4.2Pitches..............................................................258
12.4.3OrganicPolymers...............................................258
12.4.4MeasurementsinOxygen.....................................263
12.5ApplicationsofDTAandDSCforCarbonMaterials..........265
12.5.1Pitches..............................................................265
12.5.2OrganicPolymers...............................................267
12.5.3IntercalationReactions........................................269
12.6ConcludingRemarks.....................................................269
References...........................................................................270
CHAPTER13TitrationMethodfortheIdentification
ofSurfaceFunctionalGroups..............................273
YernSeungKim,ChongRaePark
13.1Introduction.................................................................273
13.2BasicConceptofTitrationMethod..................................276
13.3Instrumentation............................................................279
13.4SpecificationfortheMethodology...................................279
13.4.1ReactionStep.....................................................280
13.4.2FiltrationStep....................................................281
13.4.3TitrationStep.....................................................281
13.5AnalysisoftheTitrationResults.....................................281
13.6KeyPointsfortheTitrationMeasurements.......................284
13.6.1PreparationoftheReactionMixturefortheReaction
Step..................................................................284
13.6.2AgitationMethodandPeriod................................284
13.6.3TitrationConditionandEndPointDetermination.....285
13.7ConcludingRemarks.....................................................285
References...........................................................................285
CHAPTER14TemperatureProgrammedDesorption..................287
TakafumiIshii,TakashiKyotani
14.1Introduction.................................................................287
14.2TPDExperimentalConditionsandApparatus....................288
14.3AssignmentofTPDPeakstoSurfaceFunctional
Groups........................................................................291
14.4SecondaryReactionsDuringaTPDRun..........................296
14.5EffectofAirExposureonTPDPatterns...........................299
14.6EffectofInorganicMatterinCarbons..............................300
14.7ConcludingRemarks.....................................................302
References...........................................................................302
Index...................................................................................................307
