內容簡介
哲學本質上不是一種知識體系，而是系統的反思性批判性思維活動，因此，在研究中就不能搞教條主義，也不能在教學中採取知識灌輸的方法。既然哲學應該是“批判的和革命的”，那么只有通過反思和批判，我們才能不斷超越現實和自我，推動我們的認識不斷達到。新的水準。只有這樣的哲學才能成為社會發展的理論先導。哲學教學應該是論辯式的，而不是布道。教師不是真理的布道師，而是與學生平等的真理追求者。沒有對話和辯論，就等於宣示教條，就不能以哲學的方式進行哲學思維活動，因而就不能讓學生進入哲學思考狀態。把反映西方歷史中各種觀點的文本加以精選，讓教師引導學生對不同文本和觀點加以比較、分析和評判，鍛鍊思維能力，凝練思想觀念。
《現代西方哲學經典著作選讀》是北京師範大學哲學與社會學學院外國哲學與文化研究所的教師們集體工作的成果。李紅、田平、王成兵、和我共同策劃和編選了這部選讀教材，而且他們做出了更多的貢獻。
目錄
PartOneAnalyticPhilosophy&pragmatism
Chapter1SenseandReference
Chapter2OnDenoting
Chapter3TheEliminationofMetaphysicsThroughLogicalAnalysisofLanguage
Chapter4PhilosophicalInvestigations
Chapter5TwoDogmasofEmpiricism
Chapter6WhatIsaTheoryofMeaning?(I)
Chapter7MeaningandReference
Chapter8TruthandMeaning
Chapter9HowtoMakeOurIdeasClear
Chapter10ExperienceandPhilosophicMethod
PartTwoPhenomenology&Hermeneutics
Chapter11PhilosophyandtheCrisisofEuropeanMan
Chapter12TheNecessity,Structure,andPriorityoftheQuestionofBeing
Chapter13PhenomenologyofPerception
Chapter14TheUniversalityoftheHermeneuticalProblem
Chapter15OnInterpretation
PartThreestructuralism&Post-Structuralism
Chapter16TheArchaeologyofKnowledge
Chapter17WhatIsPhilosophy?
Chapter18AnsweringtheQuestion.WhatIsPostmodernism?
Chapter19OfGrammatology
PartFourPoliticalPhilosophy&PhilosophyofHistory
Chapter20TwoConceptsofLiberty
Chapter21JusticeAsFairness
Chapter22Atomism
Chapter23ThesesonthePhilosophyofHistory
Chapter24TheModeofEmplotment
Chapter25Modernity'sConsciousnessofTimeandItsNeedforSelf-Reassurance
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文摘
HilaryPutnam
Unclearasitis,thetraditionaldoctrinethatthenotion"meaning"possessestheextension/intensionambiguityhascertaintypicalconsequences.Thedoctrinethatthemeaningofatermisaconceptcarriedtheimplicationthatmeaningsarementalentities.Frege,however,rebelledagainstthis"psychologism".Feelingthatmeaningsarepublicproperty——thatthesamemeaningcanbe"grasped"bymorethanonepersonandbypersonsatdifferenttimes——heidentifiedconcepts（andhence"intensions"ormeanings）withabstractentitiesratherthanmentalentities._However,"grasping"theseabstractentitieswasstillanindividualpsychologicalact.Noneofthesephilosophersdoubtedthatunderstandingaword（knowingitsintension）wasjustamatterofbeinginacertainpsychologicalstate（somewhatinthewayinwhichknowinghowtofactornumbersinone'sheadisjustamatterofbeinginacertainverycomplexpsychologicalstate）.
secondly,thetimewornexampleofthetwoterms'creaturewithakidney'and'creaturewithaheart'doesshowthattwotermscanhavethesameextensionandyetdifferinintension.Butitwastakentoheobviousthatthereverseisimpossible:twotermscannotdifferinextensionandhavethesameintension.Interestingly,noargumentforthisimpossibilitywaseveroffered.Probablyitreflectsthetraditionoftheancientandmedievalphilosophers,whoassumedthattheconceptcorrespondingtoatermwasjustaconjunctionofpredicates,andhencethattheconceptcorrespondingtoatermmustalwaysprovideanecessaryandsufficientconditionforfallingintotheextensionoftheterm.ForphilosopherslikeCarnap,whoacceptedtheverifiabilitytheoryofmeaning,theconceptcorrespondingtoatermprovided（intheidealcase,wherethetermhad"completemeaning"）acriterionforbelongingtotheextension（notjustinthesenseof"necessaryandsufficientcondition",butinthestrongsenseofwa
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