內容介紹
賈媛編著的《國語焦點的語音實現和音系分析（英文版）》主要考察國語語調結構、韻律結構以及焦點的關係，主要研究國語不同類別以及不同數量焦點的韻律特徵。內容主要涉及三個方面：（1）焦點成分的聲學特徵，如疑問詞引導的（主位和述位）焦點、句法標記的焦點以及兩類焦點的互動作用在韻律上的表現；（2）由不同類別和數量焦點所傳達的重音的層級和音系表征；f3）焦點和重音對應關係的理論解釋。根據研究的目的，本研究採用Pierrehumbert、Ladd、Grice、Gussenhoven等人提出的語調音系學理論，Selkirk，Nespor和Ladd等人提出的韻律層級理論，以及有關語調的優選論分析模式（見Gussenhoven 2005，Yip 2002），來解釋國語的焦點的分布問題、焦點和重音的對應關係問題，以及國語的語調音系表征模式。本研究遵循實驗室音系學研究思路，將實驗數據與理論分析相結合，在實驗數據的基礎上概括國語的音系範疇特徵。本研究所採用的實驗句子均為陳述句，實驗用句根據研究目的的不同，包括單焦點句（疑問詞引導的焦點或者句法標記的焦點，如“連”標記或“是”標記的焦點）、雙焦點句（包括疑問詞引導的主位焦點和述位焦點，雙述位焦點以及句法標記焦點和述位焦點）、多焦點句（多個疑問詞引導的述位焦點），以考察國語中不同數量和不同類別的焦點句，對短語層面突顯，韻律切分以及語調模式影響，為跨語言的焦點句的研究提供有力證據。
《國語焦點的語音實現和音系分析（英文版）》以音高和時長為參數，考察由上述焦點類型所體現的不同類別的重音模式。在分析焦點成分的聲學特徵時，將每個音節的音高目標值H或L特徵作為分析的基本單元。本研究指出：（1）在單焦點情況下，無論焦點成分為疑問焦點或者句法標記焦點（“是”或“連”標記的焦點），重音與焦點是一一對應的關係。以音高為參數，句法標記的焦點與疑問詞引導的焦點的語音特徵類似，其將焦點成分的音高音域顯著抬高而將焦點後成分的音高顯著壓低。焦點成分的聲調組合對重音實現的方式有重要的影響，如重音可將焦點成分的H和L調顯著抬高，而以H調為聲學特徵主要體現位置，但焦點成分的聲調組合不影響重音的分布。以時長為參數，不同類別的焦點都對時長有顯著的拉長作用，但疑問詞引導的焦點的作用比句法標記要顯著；（2）在無句法標記結構中，在雙焦點情況下，由焦點所傳達的重音有層級差異。在無句法標記結構中，主要發現包括以下幾個方面：①不用層級的焦點可以由不同層級的重音來體現，如由疑問詞引導的焦點主位焦點和述位焦點，由於述位焦點的層級高於主位焦點，所傳達的重音層級也以述位焦點為主重音；②相同層級的疑問焦點引導的述位焦點，重音的層級也不相同；③雙焦點對焦點之間成分的音高無壓低作用；④在多個疑問詞引導的焦點，焦點與重音不是一一對應的關係，只有最右位置的焦點可以實現為重音；⑤在本研究中，採用核心重音和核心前重音來解釋重音的層級問題，核心重音是重音成分中主要的、非選擇性成分，而核心前重音則是次要的、選擇性的成分；⑥疑問詞引導的焦點對韻律切分也有影響，可以將國語語調切分為中間短語。（3）在有句法標記的結構中，雙焦點情況下，根據疑問詞和句法標記焦點成分的組合關係主要發現有以下幾點：①疑問焦點和句法標記焦點分布於同一成分時，可以實現為核心重音，對焦點下成分的音高抬高和時長的拉長作用比單焦點更顯著，對後接成分的音高壓低也更顯著；②疑問焦點和句法標記的焦點可以分布於句子的不同成分上，當句法標記焦點（“連”標記焦點）位於疑問焦點之前，句法標記焦點和疑問焦點分別實現為核心前重音和核心重音，前者音高和時長變化比後者幅度小。當句法標記焦點位於疑問焦點之後，句法標記焦點則失去重讀，只有疑問焦點實現為核心重音。
根據實驗結果以及以往語調音系研究，本研究進一步提出了具有語言學意義的國語語調音系表征模式。該語調模式主要描述國語字調層面以上的語調變化模式，主要包括四類音系事件：核心重音，核心前重音，調頭和邊界調。其中核心重音和邊界調是非選擇性成分，而核心前重音和調頭則是選擇性成分。音系事件的語音實現是以H和L調的描述為基礎的，語調的模式是以局部的音系事件為基礎，按照線性的序列組合而成。核心重音和核心前重音的內在特徵不同，核心重音具有唯一性特徵，核心重音實現是無標記的，而核心前重音的出現卻是有標記的，在國語中只出現在雙焦點情況下。在上述焦點語音實現的描述中，多焦點情況下只有一個重音出現，而在有句法標記情況下，也可以失去重音。因此，在國語中，有焦點的位置未必由重音來表征。根據以上分析，本研究提出制約表層核心重音實現的底層原因，即節律上相對的“輕—重”關係，節律上相對“重”的成分獲得核心重音，節律上相對“輕”的成分則根據焦點環境失去重音或者實現為核心前重音，如在單焦點環境下，節律結構為“重—輕”，因此，焦點位置實現為核心重音，而焦點後成分則失去重音；在雙焦點以及多焦點環境下，節律結構為“輕—重”，在雙焦點情況下，實現為核心前重音和核心重音，而在多焦點情況下，只有最右位置焦點實現為核心重音。
在優選論的框架下，採用普遍性的制約條件等級排列，來解釋從焦點到重音的實現過程，共分為三個步驟：表層重音類型的生成包括：H*，L*，LH*或者H*L；重音的連線位置以及韻律切分位置。
作品目錄
Chapter One Introduction/11.1 Introduction/1
1.2 Literature review/1
1.2.1 Intonationalphonology/1
1.2.2 Prosodic phonology/3
1.2.2.1 Syntax-phonology mapping/3
1.2.2.2 Prosodic domains/4
1.2.2.3 Properties of prosodic structure/5
1.2.3 Focus/6
1.2.3.1 Focus from three different angles/7
1.2.3.2 Focus in phonetic approach/8
1.2.3.3 Focus in phonological approach/l0
1.3 Significance oftheresearch/14
1.4 Basic concepts in this study/16
1.4.1 Definition of focus/16
1.4.2 Nuclear accent and pre-nuclear accent/19
1.4.3 Relative prominence/20
1.50utlineofthisresearch/20
Chapter Two Methodology I 23
2.1 Background and claims/23
2.2 Design of acoustic experiment/24
2.2.1 Materials selection/24
2.2.2 Syntactic structure of target sentence/25
2.2.2.1 Unmarked structure/25
2.2.2.2 Lian...dou structure/27
2.2.2.3 Shi...de structure/28
2.2.3 Focus identification/29
2.2.3.1 Focus in unmarked structure/29
2.2.3.2 Focus conditions in the lian...dou structure/34
2.2.3.3 Focus conditions in the shi...de structure/38
2.3 Recording procedure/40
2.4 Data processing/41
2.4.1 Data annotation/41
2.4.2 Data extraction/42
2.5 Measurement of parameters/42
2.5.1 Measurement of Fo/42
2.5.2 Measurement of Duration/43
2.6 Perceptual experiment/43
2.6.1 Aim of the perceptual experiment/43
2.6.2 Stimuli selection/44
2.6.3 Procedure/46
Chapter Three Phonetic Realization of Accent Patterns in Unmarked Structure/48
3.1 Introduction/48
3.2 Phonetic realization of constituents in four information categories in unmarked structure/51
3.2.1 F0 contour oftonel utterances in four information categories/52
3.2.1.1 Overall Fo contour/53
3.2.1.2 Statistical analysis/56
3.2.2 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in four information categories/58
3.2.2.1 Overall Fo contour/59
3.2.2.2 Statistical analysis/61
3.2.3 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in four information categories/63
3.2.3.1 Overall Fo contour/64
3.2.3.2 Statistical analysis/65
3.2.4 Durational patterns of constituents in four information categories/66
3.2.4.1 Duration of subject constituents/68
3.2.4.2 Duration of object constituents/70
3.2.5 Summary/72
3.3 Phonetic realization of double rheme focuses/73
3.3.1 F0 contour of tone2 utterances in double rheme focuses/73
3.3.2 F0 contour of tone4 utterances in double rheme focuses/77
3.3.3 Duration patterns of wordsin double rheme focuses/79
3.3.3.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/79
3.3.3.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/81
3.3.4 Summary/83
3.4 Phonetic realization of multiple rheme focuses/84
3.4.1 F0 patterns ofrheme focus on "S+Ad+O" and "S+V+O"/86
3.4.2 F0 pattems ofrheme focus on "Ad+V+O"and"S+Ad+V"/88
3.4.3 Summary/90
3.5 Accent andphrasing/90
3.5.1 Duration of pauses/90
3.5.2 Lengthening/93
3.5.3 Prosodic labeling/94
3.6 Discussion / 95
Chapter Four Accent Patterns in 'lian...dou' and 'shi...de'Constructions/97
4.1 Introduction / 97
4.2 Co-existences and conflicts of syntax-marked focus
and information induced focus in 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le'and 'Shi+S+V+O+De' constructions I 103
4.2.1 Phonetic realization of syntax-marked focus/104
4.2.1.1 Overall F0 contour of syntax-marked focus/105
4.2.1.2 Durational lengthening of syntax-marked focus/111
4.2.1.3 Summary/113
4.2.2 Addition of the syntax-marked focus with the theme focus on the same constituent/114
4.2.2.1 Overall F0 contour of additive focus/116
4.2.2.2 Durational lengthening induced by additive focus/120
4.2.2.3 Summary/121
4.2.3 Co-existence of two different kinds of focuses on different constituents/122
4.2.3.1 Overall F0 contour of two different kinds of focuses/123
4.2.3.2 Durational lengthening of two different kinds of focuses/127
4.2.3.3 Summary/131
4.2.4 Interaction of addition of syntax-marked focus and rheme focus with rheme focus/131
4.2.4.1 Overall Fo patterns/133
4.2.4.2 Duration patterns/136
4.2.4.3 Summary/139
4.2.5 Prosodic phrasing of the 'lian+S+dou+V+O+Le' construction/140
4.2.5.1 Durational distribution of pauses/141
4.2.5.2 Lengthening/141
4.2.5.3 Prosodic boundary labeling/143
4.2.5.4 Summary/144
4.3 Co-existence and conflict of syntax-marked focus and induced focus in 'S+l~V+le' constructions/144
4.3.1 Fo contour of rhematic focus constituent after lian-marked focus/146
4.3.2 F0 contour of rhematic focus constituent before lian-marked focus/148
4.3.3 Fo contour of rhematic focus and addition of lian-marked focus and rhematic focus in one sentence/150
4.3.4 Mean duration among the words in various focus conditions/151
4.3.4.1 Duration patterns of subject constituents/151
4.3.4.2 Duration patterns of object constituents/153
4.3.5 Summary/155
4.4 Discussion/155
Chapter Five Phonological Representation of Accent Patterns in SC/158
5.1 Introduction/158
5.2 Phonological structure of intonation/162
5.2.1 The IPO theory of intonational structure/163
5.2.1.1 Basic assumptions of IPO/163
5.2.1.2 Phonetic realization/164
5.2.2 Pierrehumbert's model of tonal structure/164
5.2.2.1 The original model/165
5.2.2.2 Pitch accents/165
5.2.2.3 Phrase accents/166
5.2.2.4 Boundary tones/166
5.2.2.5 Framework/166
5.2.2.6 Modifications to the original framework/167
5.2.3 ToBI labeling system/168
5.2.3.1 Tiers inToBI/168
5.2.3.2 Accent inventory in ToBI/169
5.2.4 IViE labeling system/170
5.2.4.1 Tiers inlViE/170
5.2.4.2 Accent inventory in IViE/171
5.2.5 Ladd's notation of tonal structure/172
5.2.5.1 Types of pitch accents/173
5.2.5.2 Post-nuclear accents/174
5.2.6 Gussenhoven's representation of tonal structure/175
5.2.6.1 Nuclear contours and boundary tones/176
5.2.6.2 Pre-nuclear pitch accents/176
5.2.6.3 Onsets/177
5.2.6.4 Expanding the tonal grammar/178
5.3 Intonation structure of SC/179
5.3.1 Autosegmetal representation of tone/180
5.3.2 Phonological pattern of intonation structure in SC/182
5.3.2.1 Types of phonological events/182
5.3.2.2 Phonological pattern of accents/187
5.3.3 Hierarchical structure of accents/187
5.3.4 Underlying causes for restricting the distribution of accents/189
5.3.4.1 Focus without accents/190
5.3.4.2 Accents without focus/190
5.3.4.3 A metrical account of accent distribution/191
5.4 Discussion/193
Chapter Six OTAnalysis of Tonal Structure/194
6.1 Introduction/194
6.2 Grammatical model of OT/195
6.3 Constraints in the analysis/196
6.3.1 Markedness constraints/196
6.3.2 Faithfulness constraints/197
6.3.3 Association constraints/197
6.3.4 Alignment constraints/198
6.4 OT analysis of accent patterns/198
6.4.1 GenerationofH* tone/199
6.4.2 Generation of L* tone/200
6.4.3 Generation of LH* tone/202
6.4.4 Generation of H*L tone/203
6.5 OT analysis of accent distributions/205
6.5.1 Accent on subject position/205
6.5.2 Accent on object position/207
6.5.3 Accents on subject and object positions/208
6.6 OT analysisofprosodicphrasing/210
6.7 Discussion/211
Chapter Seven Concluding Remarks/213
7.1 Major findings/213
7.2 The cross-linguisticperspective/216
7.3 Suggestions for future research/218
Bibliography/220
Appendix Sample Sentences/233
