俄國的發展
俄國古稱羅斯，國家的形成較晚，公元8世紀末才出現以基輔為中心的基輔羅斯國，至15世紀下半葉（1480年以後）逐漸形成以莫斯科為核心的中央集權國家——俄羅斯。
文學發展歷程
俄國文化發展也較晚，9世紀開始有文字，10世紀末產生筆錄文學。從此時起俄國文學的發展經歷了三個時期：古代（10—17世紀）、18世紀和19世紀。
俄國古代文學
古代文學在漫長的歲月中，除了12世紀末出現過俄國古典文學的明珠《伊戈爾遠征記》外，再無其他足以稱譽世界的名著。這與外族的入侵也有關係.蒙古人統治羅斯長達兩個半世紀之久（1240—1480年），對其經濟和文化造成了巨大的破壞，自然也不能留下什麼重要的作品.
俄國文學的過渡發展期
18世紀的文學具有過渡的性質，一方面是出現了俄國歷史上第一批知名的作家，如羅蒙諾索夫、傑爾查文、馮維辛、卡拉姆津、拉季舍夫等，以及18世紀末19世紀初的格里鮑耶陀夫、克雷洛夫，另一方面是文學還有待於形成民族的獨特性，趕上西歐近代文學的水平.因而它加速探索，努力建立一種擺脫模仿、力圖具有民族性的文學.其發展過程是把西歐文學流派的諸種武器統統拿來使用，一旦發展某種流派不適合俄國需要，就迅速拋棄，再找新的，直至找到最適於發展俄國文學的武器，把它掌握起來，加以運用和發展.西歐17世紀以來幾百年間先後出現的古典主義、啟蒙主義、感傷主義、浪漫主義諸流派，俄國在不到一個世紀的時間裡都先後試過了.最後在19世紀30—40年代才選中批判現實主義，讓它成為發展俄國文學的有力武器.
俄國文學的鼎盛期
19世紀是俄國古典文學成就最高的時期.自從18世紀彼得大帝實行改革以後，俄國的經濟、政治和文化有了全面的發展，文學也在探索民族獨特性的道路上突飛猛進，到19世紀大發異彩，猶如由“侏儒”一下子變成“巨人”。其間可以分成三個階段：19世紀30—40年代是俄國批判現實主義文學的形成階段.由俄羅斯民族文學的奠基人普希金所寫的詩歌，尤其是詩體小說《葉甫蓋尼.奧涅金》成了俄國文學的典範，被稱為“俄羅斯生活的百科全書”，主人公奧涅金在俄國文學史上開了“多餘的人”形象的先河，後起的作家萊蒙托夫在《當代英雄》、赫爾岑在《誰之罪？》等小說中相繼仿效.果戈理則在劇作《欽差大臣》和小說《死魂靈》中加強了俄國文學的批判傾向，被認為是俄國寫實派的開山祖師.普希金和果戈理的創作還首創了寫“小人物”的傳統.別林斯基從理論上闡明前兩人的文學成就及其創新意義，奠定了現實主義文學理論的基礎，促成“自然派”的出現，從而使俄國批判現實主義文學最終形成.50—60年代俄國文學迅速繁榮起來，在小說、詩歌、劇作和理論領域成果紛呈，人才輩出.屠格涅夫在文學的各種體裁上都有突出成就，成了文學繁榮的標誌，特別是長篇小說，既有寫“多餘的人”形象的《羅亭》和《貴族之家》，又有塑造“新人”的《前夜》和《父與子》，為俄國文學最先贏得了世界聲譽.車爾尼雪夫斯基的《怎么辦？》、岡察洛夫的《奧勃洛摩夫》、托爾斯泰的《戰爭與和平》、陀思妥耶夫斯基的《罪與罰》等小說都為當時繁榮的文壇添光彩，同時，還有奧斯特洛夫斯基在劇作的成就《大雷雨》等，涅克拉索夫在詩歌上的貢獻《誰在俄羅斯能過好日子？》，車爾尼雪夫斯基的美學理論和杜勃羅留波夫的文學批評.在70—90年代，俄國文學開始走向高峰，托爾斯泰繼《戰爭與和平》之後，又寫出《安娜.卡列尼娜》和《復活》等小說，達到了“最清醒的現實主義”，陀思妥耶夫斯基以長篇小說《卡拉馬佐夫兄弟》等一系列作品表現了他的“虛幻的現實主義”特色，契訶夫則以大量的短篇小說體現了“日常生活的現實主義”。至此，俄國文學已呈現出批判現實主義的各種形態，發展到了極致.直到20世紀初文學的進程才發生轉折.
Russia ancient times known asRose, the formation of the country late eight century AD, only appeared to Kiev as the center of the Kievan Rus state to the second half of the 15th century (since 1480) gradually formed the core of the centralized state in Moscow - Russia. Russia and cultural development is also a late 9th century, began writing, 10 century literature and generated transcripts. From this point on the development of Russian literature has experienced three periods: ancient (10-17 centuries), the 18th century and 19th century. ancient literature in the long years, in addition to 12 century there have been the pearl of Russian classical literature, "Igor expedition in mind", the no other enough to the world famous reputation. This alien invasion is also a relationship. Mongol rule over two and a half centuries Ross years (1240-1480 years), its economic and cultural damage caused by a huge, naturally could not leave behind important works in the .18-century literature of a transitional nature, on the one hand that there is a well-known in Russian history's first writers, such as the Lomonosov, Agere Chaweng, Feng Visin, Karamzin, Radi Shevchuk, as well as the late 18th and early 19th century Gelibaoye Tuo-fu, Krylov, on the other literature has yet to form the uniqueness of the nation to catch up with Western Europe, the level of modern literature. so it speed up the exploration efforts toestablisha kind of out of imitation, sought to have the national character of literature. its development process is to unite in the Western European literary genre of weapons were all brought to use, once the development of a certain school is not suitable for Russia needs, quickly abandoned, to find a new, until the development of Russian literature to find the most suitable weapons in its possession up to the use and development. Western Europe since the 17th century a few have been a hundred years of classical Marxism, Enlightenment, sentimentalism, romanticism various genres, Russia in less than a century, have tried all the time. Finally, in the 19th century until the age 30-40selectedcritical realism, so that It became a powerful weapon for the development of Russian literature, Russian classical literature .19 century is the most successful period of time. Since the 18th century after the reforms of Peter theGreat, the Russian economy, politics and culture have all-round development, literature is also exploring the unique nature of national on the road by leaps and bounds, to the 19th century this remarkable achievement,as ifby the "dwarf" suddenly become "giants." During this period can be divided into three stages: the 19th century Russian criticism of 30-40 years were the formative stages of realistic literature. By the Russian national literature written by thefounderof Pushkin's poetry, especially the verse novel "EugeneGainey.Onegin "has become a model for Russian literature, known as the" Russian living encyclopedia, "the hero Onegin in Russian literary history, open the" superfluous man "image of the first of its kind,-and-coming writer Lermontov in the" modern heroes "Herzen in" Who's the offense? "And other novels soon follow suit. Gogol in the play" imperial minister "and the novel"DeadSouls "to enhance the tendency of the Russian literary criticism, is considered the Kaishanzushi Russian realism. Pushkin and Gogol creation is also pioneered write "little man" tradition. Belinsky theoretically clarify the literary success of the first two and innovative, laid the foundation for realistic literary theory, contributed to the "natural school" there, so that Russia's criticism of the reality Literature ultimately form .50-60 era of Russian literature boomed, in fiction, poetry, plays and theoretical results in the area scene, talented people. Turgenev a variety of genres in literature all haveoutstandingachievements, has become literary a sign of prosperity, especially in novels, not only to write "superfluous people" image, "Rudin" and "aristocrats", with shaping the "new man" and "Eve" and "FatherandSon", to Russian Literature The first won a world reputation. Chernyshevsky of "how to do? "Goncharov's" Aobo Luo Mo Fu, "Tolstoy's" War andPeace, "Dostoevsky's" Crime and Punishment "and other novels for the then thriving literary Tim luster, At the same time, there is Ostrovsky's achievements in the play "big thunderstorm," and so on, Nekrasov's contribution in poetry, "Who can live a good life in Russia? "Chernyshevsky aesthetic theory and literary criticism Dobrolyubov. In the 70-90 era, Russian literature is beginning topeak, following Tolstoy" War and Peace "After that, it wrote," Anna. Karenina "and" Resurrection "and other novels, has reached" the most clear-headed realism "in order to Dostoevsky novel" The Brothers Karamazov "and other series of works on the performance of his" unreal reality ism "feature of Chekhov short stories with large-scale reflects the" realism of everyday life. " At this point, Russian literature have shown various forms of critical realism, developed to an extreme. Until the 20th century until the beginning of the process of literature took a new turn。
