A Brief History
Richard Ci is a famous American chemist, was the first American Nobel Prize for Chemistry, Richard Ci is a famous American chemist, was the first American Nobel Prize for Chemistry, . he who gained a reputation as an expert to measure atomic weight " he who gained a reputation as an expert to measure atomic weight ".
1868 on Jan. 31, 2008, Richard Ci was born in a Philadelphia art family love to draw, but more enamored by astronomical and chemical 1885 went to Harvard, P. D. Cook (Cooke) under the guidance of learning by working and studying in Germany, Meyer Meyer (V) of measured MW organics, back to Harvard after continued atomic weight measurement job
1888, earning his doctorate, Harvard. Since that time the youngest Dr. He does not make a fetish of authority,The atomic weight of the previous challenge, he improved the test method is an accurate re - approved 60 more of the elements of the atomic weights, and Pb isotope study
he taught at Harvard, Gibbs (concurrently), the director of the Institute, was twice elected president of the American Chemical Society he taught at Harvard, Gibbs (concurrently), the director of the Institute, was twice elected president of the American Chemical Society . 's and a good and famous for the professor, has resulted in a number of famous physical chemist, as L J Henderson, G. N. Lewis et al.
1911 won the Faraday Medal in 1912 1911 won the Faraday Medal in 1912 . .
Gibbs Medal in 1913 and confirmed the presence of the isotope,and further confirm the radioactive decay theory Gibbs Medal in 1913 and confirmed the presence of the isotope,and further confirm the radioactive decay theory . 1914 due to the accurate determination of the chemical element with atomic weights, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1910 by 1914 due to the accurate determination of the chemical element with atomic weights, to be awarded the Nobel Prize in 1910 by .
was awarded the Davy Medal in 1916 he was awarded the Franklin Medal was awarded the Davy Medal in 1916 he was awarded the Franklin Medal . .
1928 - 2 April, the American physical chemist Theodore William Richards, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, died at the age of 60 1928 - 2 April, the American physical chemist Theodore William Richards, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, died at the age of 60 .
Accurate Determination Of Atomic Weights
In Cook under the guidance of Prof. Richards in 1888 and completed (LPRE) and the atomic percentage of oxygen atoms in an amount of the resulting study 15. 869 and 0. 0017 (a hydrogen atom in an amount of 1) an accurate value, on the basis of the predecessors of the
In the study, he has to weigh accurately spherical glass container in a pure hydrogen gas, and then through a hot copper oxide quantitative completion of the reaction, and then weighing the water produced during the entire experiment In the study, he has to weigh accurately spherical glass container in a pure hydrogen gas, and then through a hot copper oxide quantitative completion of the reaction, and then weighing the water produced during the entire experiment . requirements are very strict, 'One of the graduate student is the difficult task of requirements are very strict, 'One of the graduate student is the difficult task of .
the study's success, Richards is on the extraordinary experimental skills initially prove,He's achievements in universities of Europe award year the study's success, Richards is on the extraordinary experimental skills initially prove,He's achievements in universities of Europe award year . doctor's degree in 1888, and in the autumn of the same year in Germany, under the tutelage of Fred Wolf - Meyer (V. Meyer, 1848 - 1897) and If (Nash, P., 1841 - 1912) and the like learning method for the determination of the gas density and quantitative analysis of
1889 during the first half of next year, he visited Germany, Switzerland, France and the UK Research Council Centre of Excellence, exposure to chemical dynamic frontier 1889 during the first half of next year, he visited Germany, Switzerland, France and the UK Research Council Centre of Excellence, exposure to chemical dynamic frontier . autumn 1889 after his return to Harvard University was appointed assistant professor of quantitative analysis,he began his teaching career in 1895 and was appointed a Flight of autumn 1889 after his return to Harvard University was appointed assistant professor of quantitative analysis,he began his teaching career in 1895 and was appointed a Flight of .
"at the university of Leipzig and Ostwald and Nernst laboratory of physical chemistry, namely Harvard lecturer in physical chemistry, and in 1901 promoted to professor "at the university of Leipzig and Ostwald and Nernst laboratory of physical chemistry, namely Harvard lecturer in physical chemistry, and in 1901 promoted to professor . thereafter he held the Chair in Chemistry, chaired the Gibbs Laboratory, honorary posts, such as thereafter he held the Chair in Chemistry, chaired the Gibbs Laboratory, honorary posts, such as .
Richards academic contribution, should first be mentioned that he and his students in terms of precise determination of the atomic weights of the achievements recorded by the Richards academic contribution, should first be mentioned that he and his students in terms of precise determination of the atomic weights of the achievements recorded by the . atomic physics and chemistry is important foundation data, from the Dalton 1803 published the first atomic chart as of (1) a hydrogen atom,For almost two centuries, generations of chemists. In order to be able to measure atomic weight value, for their untiring efforts, Berzelius (1811 - 1826, to the oxygen atom in an amount of 100) and Starkey (1860 - 1865, to the oxygen atom amount of 1 / 16) of the work of the most representative
they chemically analyzed various pure salts of the chemical composition was measured and found to have a certain element of the combining weight, so as to calculate that the elements of the atomic weight of they chemically analyzed various pure salts of the chemical composition was measured and found to have a certain element of the combining weight, so as to calculate that the elements of the atomic weight of . their work respectively on behalf of the respective time of the accurate horizontal their work respectively on behalf of the respective time of the accurate horizontal .
Richards started academic activities of the era,The atomic weight is widely seen as important elements of nature, and should not change its value, but also from non - compliance with the time space, it is the beginning of the universe of the original silent, even the law also follows the atomic number as the value of the incremented while the choreography of Richards started academic activities of the era,The atomic weight is widely seen as important elements of nature, and should not change its value, but also from non - compliance with the time space, it is the beginning of the universe of the original silent, even the law also follows the atomic number as the value of the incremented while the choreography of . Richards believes" an element of many properties, is the most precise atomic weights, the most sophisticated Richards believes" an element of many properties, is the most precise atomic weights, the most sophisticated .
so people try to meet the relevant basic knowledge of the nature more of a desire, it's quite natural to the atomic weight of prioritized so people try to meet the relevant basic knowledge of the nature more of a desire, it's quite natural to the atomic weight of prioritized . "To that end, he adopts a more pure than the predecessors of the reagent and sample, in order to minimize experimental error.and in a more precise method to perform the atomic weight of elements of the study, the test accuracy raise to new levels of
in 1913, the British chemist Frederick Soddy (1877 - 1956) proposed the hypothesis that Lei isotope in 1913, the British chemist Frederick Soddy (1877 - 1956) proposed the hypothesis that Lei isotope . Chaz system was studied in the common lead and generated by the uranium decay of uranium, 206Pb (lead) and compounds of many physical and chemical properties, are collected from uranium, thorium and other radioactive sources generating different disintegration of lead (206Pb, 208Pb), respectively, for the determination of their atomic weights,get the same chemical properties as the product of atomic radiation, respectively, 206 and 207. 94
This is Aston invented mass spectrometer (1919) before the doctrine of the isotope experiments prove the best This is Aston invented mass spectrometer (1919) before the doctrine of the isotope experiments prove the best . in this is purely a matter of precise chemical analysis of the work, Richards has been more frequently adopted in the precipitation of silver halide of the element of its method of obtaining an optimum combining weight in this is purely a matter of precise chemical analysis of the work, Richards has been more frequently adopted in the precipitation of silver halide of the element of its method of obtaining an optimum combining weight .
, if his students Baxter (G. P. Baxter (1876 - 1953) and Dr. Honig (Schmidt, O., 1878 - 1945) and later work also included,Richards and Harvard school were precisely determined the atomic weights of 55 elements from Earth in different regions of the copper, barium, sodium and chlorine and the like of the elements with atomic weights accurately, and compares the different meteorites on Earth and include iron, nickel and cobalt, the atomic weight of inspiring people to get a further understanding of the matter in the universe and the oneness of from Earth in different regions of the copper, barium, sodium and chlorine and the like of the elements with atomic weights accurately, and compares the different meteorites on Earth and include iron, nickel and cobalt, the atomic weight of inspiring people to get a further understanding of the matter in the universe and the oneness of .
due to precise determination of the atomic weights of the major achievements, Ray Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914, became the first American to win the award due to precise determination of the atomic weights of the major achievements, Ray Richards were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1914, became the first American to win the award . chemist regarding atomic research of this topic, Lei Chazz Nobel prize while Bush said in a speech in "is completed and ends the miles and miles,its future exhibits further exploration of the prospect of endless we hope more perfect and more profound study of the means of chemical knowledge, to make further improvements possible
" ".
Precision Calorimetering
He is the precision of the calorimetric leading scholars, reacting to the thermochemical papers published about 60 articles He is the precision of the calorimetric leading scholars, reacting to the thermochemical papers published about 60 articles . He successively studied the Topic of: different concentration of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid and lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium nitrate, chlorides, hydroxides, such as electrolyte solution and the specific heat of the heat of dilution;lithium, sodium, of potassium hydroxide is a strong acid in the above - mentioned different dilution conditions in and when the heat of neutralization (1907 - 1922);zinc, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron and other metals in acid solution (1922);water and heat of vaporization, the heat of dilution of the amalgam, the mercury metal in the solution or the like via He successively studied the Topic of: different concentration of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid and lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium nitrate, chlorides, hydroxides, such as electrolyte solution and the specific heat of the heat of dilution;lithium, sodium, of potassium hydroxide is a strong acid in the above - mentioned different dilution conditions in and when the heat of neutralization (1907 - 1922);zinc, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron and other metals in acid solution (1922);water and heat of vaporization, the heat of dilution of the amalgam, the mercury metal in the solution or the like via .
30 years of fighting and, as the thermochemical provides a large amount of accurate data 30 years of fighting and, as the thermochemical provides a large amount of accurate data . 1902 - 1904, at low temperatures on the assembled battery 10 and the enthalpy (delta H) and Gibbs free energy change (delta G) versus temperature of the study, when the temperature is decreased by. DELTA. G and H is the sum of the value is closer to
him again from the reactant and product of heat capacity difference between the address this problem, at a temperature of 18 deg.c for these batteries are carried out, the following formula: = - dA / dT / dT, which is represented by the formula:A is the Helmholtz free energy;U is the internal energy;T is the absolute temperature;M mean value in the study, the corollary is that as the temperature lowers, dA and dU is a value close to each other, towards absolute zero, both the rate of temperature change is also zero in the study, the corollary is that as the temperature lowers, dA and dU is a value close to each other, towards absolute zero, both the rate of temperature change is also zero .
G. N. Lewis said: "to make the curve is very close to that of the later is embodied as the third law of thermodynamics summarized by content" content".
Electrochemistry Field
Richards in the field of electrochemistry and his most commendable work is Faraday's law of electrolysis (1833) put forward a precise verification Richards in the field of electrochemistry and his most commendable work is Faraday's law of electrolysis (1833) put forward a precise verification . He respectively in different solution (an aqueous solution of silver nitrate, silver nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate are mixed in the molten salt solution), to a large temperature difference range interval (25. degree. C. to 250. degree. C.) by electrolytic silver nitrate have been measured precisely with the silver deposition amount and the charge -
The results showed that the principle of Faraday's law is indeed the most accurate, most of the universal law of nature one The results showed that the principle of Faraday's law is indeed the most accurate, most of the universal law of nature one . Richards from Leipzig in 1895 to investigate when it attaches great importance to study the amalgam of Richards from Leipzig in 1895 to investigate when it attaches great importance to study the amalgam of .
think he never occur dissociation of the electrolyte solution of the mercury in the study,may be obtained from other sources not related to the solution of new knowledge on his think he never occur dissociation of the electrolyte solution of the mercury in the study,may be obtained from other sources not related to the solution of new knowledge on his . amalgam of the EMF is measured to an accuracy of 10 - 6 volts, and have studied that the zinc, cadmium, thallium, indium, tin, copper, sodium amalgam, the electromotive force (EMF) of the excellence of the scientific spirit amalgam of the EMF is measured to an accuracy of 10 - 6 volts, and have studied that the zinc, cadmium, thallium, indium, tin, copper, sodium amalgam, the electromotive force (EMF) of the excellence of the scientific spirit .
. Richards was a clever experimental techniques for superb experimental chemists Richards was a clever experimental techniques for superb experimental chemists .
his entire academic career in an effort to more accurately test such as atomic weight, surface tension, energy change, thermochemical and electrochemical data of the basic constants and validating certain laws of nature, to throw light on the secrets of nature or deeper understanding of the nature of a performance his entire academic career in an effort to more accurately test such as atomic weight, surface tension, energy change, thermochemical and electrochemical data of the basic constants and validating certain laws of nature, to throw light on the secrets of nature or deeper understanding of the nature of a performance . he believes that certain non - uniform,non - regularity of anomalies, like a crack, from here on, it is easy to treat his subject matter was the he believes that certain non - uniform,non - regularity of anomalies, like a crack, from here on, it is easy to treat his subject matter was the .
close to perfection, he published about 300 papers, often repeatedly re - check the previous (also including your own results, show the importance of his relentless pursuit of the spirit of Lei close to perfection, he published about 300 papers, often repeatedly re - check the previous (also including your own results, show the importance of his relentless pursuit of the spirit of Lei . Chaz at work have always held to a very rigorous manner, each carrying out a study of his well - planned, Chaz at work have always held to a very rigorous manner, each carrying out a study of his well - planned, .
pursues its pure reagents on the sample, as well as to complete the reaction,The test of every detail to give careful scrutiny to the pursues its pure reagents on the sample, as well as to complete the reaction,The test of every detail to give careful scrutiny to the . so his research activities have often been able to perform good so his research activities have often been able to perform good .
in his work he made a number of targeted interventions, such as: To ensure that the burnt - to - be - referred to the weight of the dried designed bottlers and a small amount of silver halide content is determined by the design of the turbidimeter (1895);Determination of liquid so that the compression ratio is calculated (1904);Design a simple and precise the silver voltameter, calibration weights method, recrystallization method or the like of the mother liquor centrifuged in his work he made a number of targeted interventions, such as: To ensure that the burnt - to - be - referred to the weight of the dried designed bottlers and a small amount of silver halide content is determined by the design of the turbidimeter (1895);Determination of liquid so that the compression ratio is calculated (1904);Design a simple and precise the silver voltameter, calibration weights method, recrystallization method or the like of the mother liquor centrifuged . he designed to be both accurate and simple method usually can conveniently solve practical problems he designed to be both accurate and simple method usually can conveniently solve practical problems .
Ray Richards himself engaged in chemical research in the experience of the "precision chemistry research method" (1910) Ray Richards himself engaged in chemical research in the experience of the "precision chemistry research method" (1910) . in his book "explicitly pointed out that the precision of the people should follow the study method and points for attention, to emphasize a respect to the actual of extreme importance, don't think people should meet the test of scientific theory and method;The experiment of each step, there should be a question mark, each of the resulting error;and should patience again patience, Only through unremitting efforts to obtain the final outcome of the in his book "explicitly pointed out that the precision of the people should follow the study method and points for attention, to emphasize a respect to the actual of extreme importance, don't think people should meet the test of scientific theory and method;The experiment of each step, there should be a question mark, each of the resulting error;and should patience again patience, Only through unremitting efforts to obtain the final outcome of the .
Harvard School
from the assistant to the Professor to Chair in Chemistry from the quantitative to the physico - chemical, Lei Chaz has lived his entire life and has taught at Harvard, was a strict and conscientious teacher from the assistant to the Professor to Chair in Chemistry from the quantitative to the physico - chemical, Lei Chaz has lived his entire life and has taught at Harvard, was a strict and conscientious teacher . he asks his students, both experimental work and my ideas and activities need to be as accurate as possible.
He sounded clear, concise and logically attract the lectures to students, they come in have a thorough grasp of the principle of chemical into the chemical, his care and full understanding of each students' learning and progress of the study, generally in the lab again visited can be very clear, the students are very t his eye,He's concerned and disappointed eyes trumps were heavily criticized for He sounded clear, concise and logically attract the lectures to students, they come in have a thorough grasp of the principle of chemical into the chemical, his care and full understanding of each students' learning and progress of the study, generally in the lab again visited can be very clear, the students are very t his eye,He's concerned and disappointed eyes trumps were heavily criticized for . when students of the experimental results are also different as I wasn't, "he said," spared no effort to help identify the reasons for the when students of the experimental results are also different as I wasn't, "he said," spared no effort to help identify the reasons for the .
under his leadership, his laboratory was the United States at the most active research centers, scientific research achievements have emerged with under his leadership, his laboratory was the United States at the most active research centers, scientific research achievements have emerged with . Richards think a teacher can to talented students teaching a chemistry major, get inspired Richards think a teacher can to talented students teaching a chemistry major, get inspired .
his grasp of the principles and main chemical compounds found in history, in order to obtain knowledge and master the thinking method of his grasp of the principles and main chemical compounds found in history, in order to obtain knowledge and master the thinking method of . he was genial and solicitude, the stringent requirements, guide and encourage,had the respect and trust he was genial and solicitude, the stringent requirements, guide and encourage,had the respect and trust .
He gathered a large number of talented youths from all over the country, many of whom later became distinguished chemist He gathered a large number of talented youths from all over the country, many of whom later became distinguished chemist . in addition to the already mentioned of Baxter and Dr. Honig. Schmidt, D. C., Adams (R. Adams, 1889 - 1971, the University of Illinois professor of Organic Chemistry), Mr. Conant (J. B. Conant, 1893 - 1978), Daniels (F. Daniels, 1889 - 1972, university professors, chemical kinetics), Han (L. J. Henderson, 1878 - 1942),Harvard University professor, biochemistry), Louis (G. N. Lewis, 1875 - 1946), Willard (H. H. Willard, 1881 - 1974, the University of Michigan professor of Analytical Chemistry) et al. also comes from his side, who are all from the United States in the field of chemical backbone
Some guidance a breeding ground for Qian Siliang, Yuan Hanqing, 1Xing, Q. - Y. Liang et al. Many Chinese chemist, and also some of the writings were used as college textbooks, and promoted the modern development of Lei Chaz on the chemistry of the effects of a profound and far - reaching,Many academics would have him as an honorary member;Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Prague and the University awarded him an honorary degree;in addition to the Nobel Prize, he also won the Davy Medal (England, 1910), British (Faraday Medal, 1911), Gibbs Medal (in the United States, 1912), Franklin Medal (US, 1916), Le Blanc's Lavoisier Medal (, 1922) and in recognition of Professor Lei Cha Chaz on the chemistry of the effects of a profound and far - reaching,Many academics would have him as an honorary member;Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Prague and the University awarded him an honorary degree;in addition to the Nobel Prize, he also won the Davy Medal (England, 1910), British (Faraday Medal, 1911), Gibbs Medal (in the United States, 1912), Franklin Medal (US, 1916), Le Blanc's Lavoisier Medal (, 1922) and in recognition of Professor Lei Cha .
visited Europe, and Rayleigh (J. W. Rayleigh, 1842 - 1919),Ostwald and many other contemporaries of the famous chemist maintained a deep friendship with academic from 1907 he served as professor at the Fisher (E. Fischer, 1852 - 1919) of guests visiting lecturer at the University of Berlin in work for a period of six months, "the precise physical and chemical tests of the theory and practice", give a broad view, knowledgeable, and highly instructive impression of the science of
as a prominent organizer and leader, he was elected as the president of the French Academy of Sciences and a member of the American Academy of Sciences, the International atomic weight members of the Committee, the Chairman of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (1917),and was twice elected as president of the American Chemical Society in 1925 as a prominent organizer and leader, he was elected as the president of the French Academy of Sciences and a member of the American Academy of Sciences, the International atomic weight members of the Committee, the Chairman of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) (1917),and was twice elected as president of the American Chemical Society in 1925 . Harvard was established as a corporation in the state of the position of professor Harvard was established as a corporation in the state of the position of professor .
Happy Family
Richards has a happy family, in 1896 and he, the harvard professor who married the daughter of Mrs. he fully understand and fully support his career, his family life, the calm and cozy he fully understand and fully support his career, his family life, the calm and cozy .
his three children, the eldest daughter is the wife of Prof. Conant, a son to continue his career in college teaching, learning, one of the smallest building Richards was a child loved art and music in the Richards was a child loved art and music in the .
in outdoor sports in his pack in a yachting activities, has yet to be gung - ho tennis, and golf enthusiast, lifelong delight - in outdoor sports in his pack in a yachting activities, has yet to be gung - ho tennis, and golf enthusiast, lifelong delight - . Richards has modest unadorned, well - mannered, unselfish,humorous is amiable and popular character, he is of the great strength of character and deeply beloved, multi - faceted his interest led to a large circle of acquaintances, friends of his achievements is the greatest joy, friends often recalls his time to help someone and he has the energy In people in difficulty at the height of the courage to give people a special ability to Richards has modest unadorned, well - mannered, unselfish,humorous is amiable and popular character, he is of the great strength of character and deeply beloved, multi - faceted his interest led to a large circle of acquaintances, friends of his achievements is the greatest joy, friends often recalls his time to help someone and he has the energy In people in difficulty at the height of the courage to give people a special ability to .
Achievement Honor
Richards began in 1883; atomic weight determination Richards began in 1883; atomic weight determination . he greatly improves the gravimetric method for the determination of atomic weights of the technology, invented the turbidimeter, cited the quartz and the like of the test instrument he greatly improves the gravimetric method for the determination of atomic weights of the technology, invented the turbidimeter, cited the quartz and the like of the test instrument .
He's extremely fine, the initially determined the atomic weight of oxygen, he carefully determined different sources of radioactive minerals in the lead of atomic weight, measured by the decay of the atomic weight is generated by the lead 206. 08, from the thorium decay to lead - 208 is the atomic weight, atomic weight is of general lead - 207. 2 He in addition to the atomic weight, Richards also studied a lot of low tem - perature He in addition to the atomic weight, Richards also studied a lot of low tem - perature .
and then re - determination of copper, barium, strontium, calcium, zinc, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron,silver and carbon and nitrogen has an atomic weight of and then re - determination of copper, barium, strontium, calcium, zinc, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, iron,silver and carbon and nitrogen has an atomic weight of . he first picked up by the same element with different atomic weights of the sources which might result from the difference between he first picked up by the same element with different atomic weights of the sources which might result from the difference between .
he carefully determined different sources of radioactive minerals in the lead of atomic weight, measured by the decay of the atomic weight is generated by the lead 206. 08, from the thorium decay to lead - 208 is the atomic weight, atomic weight is of general lead - 207. 2 thereby between 1913 and confirmed the existence of isotopes, radioactive decay theory thereby between 1913 and confirmed the existence of isotopes, radioactive decay theory .
1902 - 1904,at low temperatures on the assembled battery 10 and the enthalpy (delta H) and Gibbs free energy change (delta G) versus temperature of the study, when the temperature is decreased by. DELTA. G and H is the sum of the value is closer to him again from the reactant and product of heat capacity difference between the address this problem, at a temperature of 18 deg.c for these batteries are carried out, the following formula: = - dA / dT / dT, which is represented by the formula: A is the Helmholtz free energy;U is the internal energy;T is the absolute temperature;
M has an average value of 2 on the principle of Faraday's law (in 1833) made by a precise verification M has an average value of 2 on the principle of Faraday's law (in 1833) made by a precise verification . He respectively in different solution (an aqueous solution of silver nitrate, silver nitrate, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate are mixed in the molten salt solution), to a large temperature difference range interval (25. degree. C. to 250. degree. C.) by electrolytic silver nitrate have been measured precisely with the silver deposition amount and the charge -
The results showed that the principle of Faraday's law is indeed the most accurate, most of the universal law of nature one The results showed that the principle of Faraday's law is indeed the most accurate, most of the universal law of nature one . Richards from Leipzig in 1895 to investigate when it attaches great importance to study the amalgam of Richards from Leipzig in 1895 to investigate when it attaches great importance to study the amalgam of .
think he never occur dissociation of the electrolyte solution of the mercury in the study,may be obtained from other sources not related to the solution of new knowledge on his think he never occur dissociation of the electrolyte solution of the mercury in the study,may be obtained from other sources not related to the solution of new knowledge on his . amalgam of the EMF is measured to an accuracy of 10 - 6 volts, and have studied that the zinc, cadmium, thallium, indium, tin, copper, sodium amalgam cell of electromotive force amalgam of the EMF is measured to an accuracy of 10 - 6 volts, and have studied that the zinc, cadmium, thallium, indium, tin, copper, sodium amalgam cell of electromotive force .
he published about 300 papers, often repeatedly re - check the previous (also including your own results, show the importance of his relentless pursuit of the spirit of Lei he published about 300 papers, often repeatedly re - check the previous (also including your own results, show the importance of his relentless pursuit of the spirit of Lei . Chaz at work have always held to a very rigorous manner, each carrying out a study of his well - planned, Chaz at work have always held to a very rigorous manner, each carrying out a study of his well - planned, .
pursues its pure reagents on the sample, as well as to complete the reaction,The test of every detail to give careful scrutiny to the pursues its pure reagents on the sample, as well as to complete the reaction,The test of every detail to give careful scrutiny to the . so his research activities have often been able to perform good so his research activities have often been able to perform good .
in his work he made a number of targeted interventions, such as: To ensure that the burnt - to - be - referred to the weight of the dried designed bottlers and a small amount of silver halide content is determined by the design of the turbidimeter (1895);Determination of liquid so that the compression ratio is calculated (1904);Design a simple and precise the silver voltameter, calibration weights method, recrystallization method or the like of the mother liquor centrifuged in his work he made a number of targeted interventions, such as: To ensure that the burnt - to - be - referred to the weight of the dried designed bottlers and a small amount of silver halide content is determined by the design of the turbidimeter (1895);Determination of liquid so that the compression ratio is calculated (1904);Design a simple and precise the silver voltameter, calibration weights method, recrystallization method or the like of the mother liquor centrifuged . he designed to be both accurate and simple method usually can conveniently solve practical problems he designed to be both accurate and simple method usually can conveniently solve practical problems .
Ray Richards himself engaged in chemical research in the experience of the "precision chemistry research method" (1910) Ray Richards himself engaged in chemical research in the experience of the "precision chemistry research method" (1910) . in his book "explicitly pointed out that the precision of the people should follow the study method and points for attention, to emphasize a respect to the actual of extreme importance, don't think people should meet the test of scientific theory and method;The experiment of each step, there should be a question mark, each of the resulting error;and should patience again patience, Only through unremitting efforts to obtain the final outcome of the study of the topic too in his book "explicitly pointed out that the precision of the people should follow the study method and points for attention, to emphasize a respect to the actual of extreme importance, don't think people should meet the test of scientific theory and method;The experiment of each step, there should be a question mark, each of the resulting error;and should patience again patience, Only through unremitting efforts to obtain the final outcome of the study of the topic too .
successively: a different concentration of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid and lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium nitrate, chlorides, hydroxides, such as electrolyte solution and the specific heat of the heat of dilution;lithium, sodium, of potassium hydroxide is a strong acid in the above - mentioned different dilution conditions in and when the heat of neutralization (1907 - 1922);zinc, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron and other metals in acid solution (1922);water and heat of vaporization, the heat of dilution of the amalgam, the mercury metal in the solution or the like via successively: a different concentration of hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, nitric acid and lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium nitrate, chlorides, hydroxides, such as electrolyte solution and the specific heat of the heat of dilution;lithium, sodium, of potassium hydroxide is a strong acid in the above - mentioned different dilution conditions in and when the heat of neutralization (1907 - 1922);zinc, aluminum, magnesium, calcium, iron and other metals in acid solution (1922);water and heat of vaporization, the heat of dilution of the amalgam, the mercury metal in the solution or the like via . 30 years of fighting and, as the thermochemical provides a large amount of accurate data 30 years of fighting and, as the thermochemical provides a large amount of accurate data .
Richards also doing a lot of work at a low temperature of the reaction, the temperature is gradually decreased, the Gibbs free energy (i.e. function) of the change in the G and H tend to be equal to chemistry have a profound and far - reaching influence, many learned societies He is honorary member of the absorbent;Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Prague and the University awarded him an honorary degree;in addition to the Nobel Prize, Richards who has shot to assay a large number of chemical elements with atomic weights while the 1910 Nobel Prize for chemistry have a profound and far - reaching influence, many learned societies He is honorary member of the absorbent;Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Prague and the University awarded him an honorary degree;in addition to the Nobel Prize, Richards who has shot to assay a large number of chemical elements with atomic weights while the 1910 Nobel Prize for .
was awarded the Davy Medal, awarded the Faraday Medal in 1911, and 1912 was awarded the Gibbs Medal, awarded the Franklin Medal in 1916 was awarded the Davy Medal, awarded the Faraday Medal in 1911, and 1912 was awarded the Gibbs Medal, awarded the Franklin Medal in 1916 . 1922 in Leblanc's Lavoisier Medal in recognition of titles such as: 1922 in Leblanc's Lavoisier Medal in recognition of titles such as: .
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