定義
系動詞亦稱聯繫動詞(Link Verb),作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,後邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特徵等情況。
說明
有些系動詞又是實義動詞,該動詞表達實義時,有詞義,可單獨作謂語,例如:
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系動詞,後跟補足語,說明主語情況。)
He fell off the ladder.
他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實義動詞,單獨作謂語。
分類
1)狀態系動詞
用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。)
2)持續系動詞
用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。
3)表像系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4)感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
5)變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什麼樣,變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之後,他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時間就富了。
6)終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, turn out, 表達"證實","變成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計畫終於成功了。(turn out表終止性結果)
注意事項
系動詞本身有一定的詞義,不能單獨作謂語,後面必須與表語連用。複習系動詞時,必須注意以下幾個問題:
1. be是最重要的系動詞,主語不同,be的形式也不同,且有時態的變化。
通常表示主語的特徵、狀態和身份等,後面接形容詞、副詞、名詞、介詞短語、不定式、v-ing、過去分詞及表語從句作表語。
特別要注意“由be+過去分詞”所構成的系表結構與“由be+過去分詞”所構成的被動語態的區別。
前者側重於表示主語的特徵或所處的狀態,通常沒有由by引導的介詞短語。
如:The door was closed.
後者側重於強調主語是謂語動詞所示動作的承受者,表示動作;句中可以用由by引導的介詞短語。如:The door was closed by me.
還要注意“由be+ V-ing所構成的系表結構與“由be+ V-ing”所構成的進行時態的區別。
前者側重於說明主語具有的特徵或存在的狀態,也可說明主語是什麼。如:My job is teaching English.
後者側重於強調主語正在做某事。如:Mr Wang is reading an evening paper now.
2. 要注意由行為動詞轉化成的系動詞。
表示人體感官的系動詞有sound,taste,look,feel,smell等,後面接形容詞;
表示主語從一種狀態轉變到另一種狀態的系動詞有become,get,go,turn,run,grow,come,fall,prove等,後面接形容詞、名詞或 to be+形容詞,become後面接單數名詞時,名詞前要用不定冠詞,turn後面接單數名詞時,名詞前不用不定冠詞;
表示主語繼續或保持某種身份、特徵或狀態的系動詞有continue,keep,remain,stay,stand lie,rest,stay等,後面接表示狀態的形容詞;
表示判斷的系動詞有seem和appear,後面接形容詞、to be+名詞或形容詞、that-clause、不定式等。
3. 要注意系動詞的固定搭配。常見的有come true, fall asleep, fall ill, go bad, come right, run wild, wear thin, turn nasty等。
4. 要特別注意某些動詞既可以做系動詞,又可以做實意動詞的用法。
系動詞部分主要注意:其後要求接形容詞,而不是副詞做表語。遇到這種情況,只能先根據其意思判斷清楚到底是前者還是後者,然後再對後面的詞性和詞義做出正確判斷和選擇。以taste一詞為例:
The newly-invented soft drinking tastes quite unique.(這種新研製的軟飲料嘗起來挺獨特的。注意:在這句話里,taste做系動詞,不能使用進行時,後面接形容詞。)
The chef is tasting the fish carefully.(廚師長正在品嘗這道魚。注意:在這句話中,taste做實意動詞,可以使用進行時,並且後面接副詞做狀語。)
專項訓練
1. —What is Mr Wang like?
—____.
A. He is a teacher B. He is old and kind C. He looks like a balloon D. He likes English
2. What Mr White said sounds____.
A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely
3. The poor boy ____ blind at the age of three.
A. turned B. goes C. became D. went
4. When he was a child he____ .
A. grew patience B. was alive C. ran wild D. came true
5. His voice____ as if he has a cold.
A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems
6. This shirt___ as if it is made of cotton.
A. is B. looks C. feels D. seems
7. He looks ___ he hadn’t had a good meal for a month
A. that B. as if C. when D. so far
8. It ____that he was late for the train.
A. looks B. turns C. gets D. seems
9. These apples taste_____.
A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good
10. —Do you like the shirt?
—Yes, it ____ very soft.
A. feels B. felt C. is feeling D. is felt
11. The moment Mr Zhang went to bed, he____ asleep
A. kept B. got C. fell D. fall
12. When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark.
A. going B. getting C. running D. coming
13. Their plan ____ to be a perfect one.
A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving
14. The flowers in the garden ____ sweet.
A. sound B. taste C. become D. smell
15. She____ like her mother in character.
A. looks B. seems C. is D. feels
16. It____ another fine day tomorrow.
A. seems B. promises C. appears D. looks
17. He ____ much younger than he really is.
A. appears B. grows C. becomes D. turns
18. You____ very pale. Do you feel sick?
A. looked B. are looking C. looking D. are looked
19. His wish to become a driver has ____true.
A. turned B. realized C. come D. grown
20. Her father ____a writer.
A. turned B. grew C. has turned D. has become
答案與分析
1. B What’s...like?是詢問人或事物的性質特徵情況的交際用語,答語中常含有說明性質特徵情況的形容詞。
2. A sound表示“聽起來”,後面接形容詞作表語,答案B、C、D均為副詞。
3. D若人或事物的情況變化是永久性的或難以扭轉的壞變化時,用系動詞go表示。
4. C run wild是固定搭配,表示“放蕩不羈”。
5. A sound表示“聽起來”,後面接as if 引導的表語從句,表示對主語所表示的特徵、狀態或性質作出的反應及判斷。
6. C feel作系動詞用時,表示“(東西)摸上去令人有某種感覺”。
7. B as if引導表語從句時,從句謂語動作發生在主句謂語動作之前,從句謂語用過去完成式。
8. D “ It seems that…” 表示“看起來……”。是固定句型,強調根據一定的事實所得出的一種接近於實際情況的判斷。
9. D taste表示“嘗起來”時,是系動詞,後面接形容詞作表語。
10. A feel表示“(某物)摸上去(令人)有某種感覺”時,是系動詞,用於一般現在時。
11. C fall asleep表示“入睡”,是固定搭配,根據題意,套用過去時。
12. B get表示“逐漸……起來”、“開始……起來”時,是系動詞,多用於進行時。
13. A prove表示“證明是”時,是系動詞。
14. D smell表示“有……的氣味”、“散發氣味”時,是系動詞,後面接形容詞。
15. C belike表示“看起來像”時,既可指外貌,又可指品質和特徵,側重於特徵。
16. B promise表示“有……的可能”、“給人以……的指望”時,是系動詞,後面接名詞作表語。
17. A appear表示“看起來”時,是系動詞。側重於在外表給人某種印象,常為“假象”。
18. B look表示“顯得”、“看起來”時,是系動詞,後面接形容詞作表語,用進行時態,常帶有感情色彩。
19. C come true是固定搭配,表示“實現”,其中come是系動詞,表示“成為”、“變得”。
20. D become表示“變成”,作系動詞用,在後面作表語的名詞前要加a或an。turn後跟可數名詞單數要去掉a(n)。