Introduction
FMD is a by - and - mouth disease virus (FMDV) acute, febrile and highly contagious disease that affects mainly hoofed animals, goats, cows, pigs and other animals in the FMD is a by - and - mouth disease virus (FMDV) acute, febrile and highly contagious disease that affects mainly hoofed animals, goats, cows, pigs and other animals in the . spread disease, the animal's lips and hoof and covered in blisters, fever, anorexia, weight descent spread disease, the animal's lips and hoof and covered in blisters, fever, anorexia, weight descent .
diseased animal) is infected by the provisions of the class A infectious disease, easily spread through the air, infectivity is strong, popular rapidly, occasionally infect man diseased animal) is infected by the provisions of the class A infectious disease, easily spread through the air, infectivity is strong, popular rapidly, occasionally infect man . mainly occurs from close contacts of persons, mostly subclinical infection mainly occurs from close contacts of persons, mostly subclinical infection .
itself and not a cause of death, however, in ord to prevent its spread,diseased animal slaughter often adopt a method such as itself and not a cause of death, however, in ord to prevent its spread,diseased animal slaughter often adopt a method such as .
Virus
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is by the Aphthouirus genus of foot - and - mouth disease virus and virus - caused Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is by the Aphthouirus genus of foot - and - mouth disease virus and virus - caused . FMDV. There are seven distinct antigenic FMDV serum type
belongsto a Picornaviridae Rhinovirus, the virus is in the most subtle level belongsto a Picornaviridae Rhinovirus, the virus is in the most subtle level . which is the maximum particle diameter of 23 nm, minimum particle diameter in the range of from 7 to 8 nm which is the maximum particle diameter of 23 nm, minimum particle diameter in the range of from 7 to 8 nm .
has been found to be of foot and mouth disease virus, A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 serotypes and the ASIA1 etc seven types of different antigen has been found to be of foot and mouth disease virus, A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3 serotypes and the ASIA1 etc seven types of different antigen ., , .
cannot confer immunity to the type of each of the plurality of the same subtype,there were 65 cannot confer immunity to the type of each of the plurality of the same subtype,there were 65 . 1 subtype of Chinese epidemic of foot and mouth disease mainly are A, O, and C type and B type Z (Baoshan) 1 subtype of Chinese epidemic of foot and mouth disease mainly are A, O, and C type and B type Z (Baoshan) .
Pathogenesis
Latency
Various animals infected latency is not the same as that of the Various animals infected latency is not the same as that of the . Niu has an incubation period of 2 ~ 4 days, up to 1 week; a pig with a latency of 1 ~ 2 days, and the sheep of the incubation period of 7 days Niu has an incubation period of 2 ~ 4 days, up to 1 week; a pig with a latency of 1 ~ 2 days, and the sheep of the incubation period of 7 days .
person has an incubation period of 2 ~ 6 days, the pathogenesis of human and animals is very similar to the situation showed the oral fever, dry mouth, oral mucosa, person has an incubation period of 2 ~ 6 days, the pathogenesis of human and animals is very similar to the situation showed the oral fever, dry mouth, oral mucosa, . and blisters on the hands and feet and blisters on the skin also and blisters on the hands and feet and blisters on the skin also .
Prodromal Stage
pathologies is not obvious, and often presents with malaise, fatigue, mouth, tongue, pharynx hyperemia and cervical lymph node enlargement (pathologies is not obvious, and often presents with malaise, fatigue, mouth, tongue, pharynx hyperemia and cervical lymph node enlargement (. Chang is a slight headache, malaise and pyrexia Chang is a slight headache, malaise and pyrexia .
Eruptive Period
herpes virus intrusion which occurs at a temperature of up to 39 DEG C with a headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, minority can enter place to hypotension, myocarditis, etc herpes virus intrusion which occurs at a temperature of up to 39 DEG C with a headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, minority can enter place to hypotension, myocarditis, etc . the fingertip and the finger - palm surface stinging and burning sensation, occurrence of blisters is a harbinger of the finger - palm portion the fingertip and the finger - palm surface stinging and burning sensation, occurrence of blisters is a harbinger of the finger - palm portion .
sometimes oral mucosa can also occur due to blisters, the blister formed in the oral cavity is convex to full - bodied, with surrounding hyperemia, retransmissions and the number of vesicular fluid clarification but yellow in color, with primary extinction of blister after 5 days) or secondary ( sometimes oral mucosa can also occur due to blisters, the blister formed in the oral cavity is convex to full - bodied, with surrounding hyperemia, retransmissions and the number of vesicular fluid clarification but yellow in color, with primary extinction of blister after 5 days) or secondary (. blisters on the feet, the palms and soles, because the skin is thick, the occurrence of blisters blisters on flat blisters on the feet, the palms and soles, because the skin is thick, the occurrence of blisters blisters on flat .
. swallowing oral diet swallowing oral diet.
Convalescence
high fever for several days after entering this stage most patients where timely symptomatic treatment, as is seen in 2 weeks fully recovered without sequelae in infants and children and to frail elderly patients, can have serious vomiting, diarrhoea, myocarditis, circulatory disorders and infections high fever for several days after entering this stage most patients where timely symptomatic treatment, as is seen in 2 weeks fully recovered without sequelae in infants and children and to frail elderly patients, can have serious vomiting, diarrhoea, myocarditis, circulatory disorders and infections . if not promptly treated can lead to serious consequences if not promptly treated can lead to serious consequences .
Classification
Benign FMD
The grasses will spontaneously; if the hoof with a lesion portion can be extended to 2 - 3 weeks, or more; 1 per cent of mortality - - The grasses will spontaneously; if the hoof with a lesion portion can be extended to 2 - 3 weeks, or more; 1 per cent of mortality - - . 2% 2%.
Malignant Mouth
the blisters in the healing process, is of sudden, the whole body, muscle shivering, tachycardia, arrhythmia, appetite waste away, rumination ceases, walking, standing instability, often owing to a heart attack and sudden death, the mortality is 25% ~ 50% the blisters in the healing process, is of sudden, the whole body, muscle shivering, tachycardia, arrhythmia, appetite waste away, rumination ceases, walking, standing instability, often owing to a heart attack and sudden death, the mortality is 25% ~ 50% .
Symptoms
Brutish
For animals, foot and mouth is two to three days after the fever; the mouth of the blisters resulting in viscous or foamy saliva and to secrete excessive flowing out the outlet; the foot of the blisters is likely to crack and For animals, foot and mouth is two to three days after the fever; the mouth of the blisters resulting in viscous or foamy saliva and to secrete excessive flowing out the outlet; the foot of the blisters is likely to crack and . disability, in addition to the oral cavity and foot part) on the inferiortrunk of brachial plexus, also can see the esophagus and the rumen mucosa blisters and rotten spot; gastrointestinal hemorrhagic inflammation; lung slurry infiltration; pericardium has a significant number of turbid viscous liquid disability, in addition to the oral cavity and foot part) on the inferiortrunk of brachial plexus, also can see the esophagus and the rumen mucosa blisters and rotten spot; gastrointestinal hemorrhagic inflammation; lung slurry infiltration; pericardium has a significant number of turbid viscous liquid .
malignant FMD may be seen in the myocardium on an off - white or yellowish stripes of normal myocardium and went along as tiger markings, "tiger spot heart" malignant FMD may be seen in the myocardium on an off - white or yellowish stripes of normal myocardium and went along as tiger markings, "tiger spot heart" . adult animals, the infection may lead to a recovery of weight loss with for months,adult male animals and swollen, as for the cows, milk yield was significantly reduced when the adult animals, the infection may lead to a recovery of weight loss with for months,adult male animals and swollen, as for the cows, milk yield was significantly reduced when the .
Human
The disease affects humans of symptoms including discomfort, fever, vomiting, oral tissues and ulcer and decay can be corrosive to the surface of the red (blisters), occasionally small skin blisters The disease affects humans of symptoms including discomfort, fever, vomiting, oral tissues and ulcer and decay can be corrosive to the surface of the red (blisters), occasionally small skin blisters . for humans, it is worth noting that the symptoms of a viral disease with similar symptoms, the disease is often referred to as" hand, foot and mouth disease ", as compared with the FMD, the disease more frequently occur in humans, especially children for humans, it is worth noting that the symptoms of a viral disease with similar symptoms, the disease is often referred to as" hand, foot and mouth disease ", as compared with the FMD, the disease more frequently occur in humans, especially children .
because of foot and mouth disease is rarely transmitted from one animal to human but at a very fast speed of infection, so its livestock farming industry, the hazard ratio for the risk to human health and more because of foot and mouth disease is rarely transmitted from one animal to human but at a very fast speed of infection, so its livestock farming industry, the hazard ratio for the risk to human health and more .
Epidemiology
cattle - particularly calves - and - mouth virus were the most susceptible, camels, sheep, goats, and pigs are also infected with the disease cattle - particularly calves - and - mouth virus were the most susceptible, camels, sheep, goats, and pigs are also infected with the disease . instant popularity, wide spreading by acute onset, serious epidemiological characteristics of epidemic, the incidence may be up to 50% - 100%, calf mortality is high, then the other lower instant popularity, wide spreading by acute onset, serious epidemiological characteristics of epidemic, the incidence may be up to 50% - 100%, calf mortality is high, then the other lower .
Ma won't re - infect, but will become the passive support of the foot and mouth disease Ma won't re - infect, but will become the passive support of the foot and mouth disease . 1 University Veterinary and Animal latency is the most dangerous source of infection disease of livestock - 1 University Veterinary and Animal latency is the most dangerous source of infection disease of livestock - .
of the vesicular fluid, milk, urine, saliva, tears, and feces that contain a virus of the vesicular fluid, milk, urine, saliva, tears, and feces that contain a virus . humans may become infected from contact with animals suffering from foot and mouth disease,But that's a rarity humans may become infected from contact with animals suffering from foot and mouth disease,But that's a rarity .
because of foot - and - mouth disease virus of the gastric acid - sensitive, so did not normally infected by eating meat - and - mouth disease virus (FMDV) because of foot - and - mouth disease virus of the gastric acid - sensitive, so did not normally infected by eating meat - and - mouth disease virus (FMDV) . in the UK, the last confirmed illness in humans, FMD is a 1967 in the UK, the last confirmed illness in humans, FMD is a 1967 .
in continental Europe, Africa and South America only a few infections in continental Europe, Africa and South America only a few infections .
Route Of Transmission
FMDV infection routes, faster onset or FMDV infection routes, faster onset or . - infected animals is a major source of contagion - infected animals is a major source of contagion .
virus can be passed through the air, dust, animal disease, blisters, saliva, milk, faeces, urine, semen, mucous secretions and feces, and contaminated feed, litter, and exposed to disease of the personnel of clothing virus can be passed through the air, dust, animal disease, blisters, saliva, milk, faeces, urine, semen, mucous secretions and feces, and contaminated feed, litter, and exposed to disease of the personnel of clothing . spread foot and mouth disease is spread through the air, the virus can spread to the wind and 50 - 100 km away spread foot and mouth disease is spread through the air, the virus can spread to the wind and 50 - 100 km away .
Diagnosis
foot and mouth disease and typical lesions and is therefore binding on clinical epidemiology is not difficult to make a primary diagnoses and its foot and mouth disease and typical lesions and is therefore binding on clinical epidemiology is not difficult to make a primary diagnoses and its . diagnosis: acute onset, instant popularity, wide spreading high morbidity, but low mortality, and with benign process; 2 Profuse salivation, cited a wispy; foot and mouth sores (oral mucosa with a clear, hoof and skin on the teats), specific for vesicular lesions (erosion), and malignant mouth when visible tiger spot heart; and finally the further diagnosis can be used for animal inoculation test Jun, serological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the diagnosis: acute onset, instant popularity, wide spreading high morbidity, but low mortality, and with benign process; 2 Profuse salivation, cited a wispy; foot and mouth sores (oral mucosa with a clear, hoof and skin on the teats), specific for vesicular lesions (erosion), and malignant mouth when visible tiger spot heart; and finally the further diagnosis can be used for animal inoculation test Jun, serological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the .
Identification
FMD and rinderpest distinction: rinderpest epidemic is violent, the higher mortality rate we re observed in the tumors of Cudrania tricuspidata film but no visible erosion developed a hoof disease; severe gastroenteritis; abomasum and small intestine mucous membrane ulcer FMD and rinderpest distinction: rinderpest epidemic is violent, the higher mortality rate we re observed in the tumors of Cudrania tricuspidata film but no visible erosion developed a hoof disease; severe gastroenteritis; abomasum and small intestine mucous membrane ulcer . foot and mouth disease and bovine malignant catarrhal fever can be distinguished from the latter is usually sporadic; oral and nasal mucosa has the erosion, but does not form a blister; a common corneal opacity foot and mouth disease and bovine malignant catarrhal fever can be distinguished from the latter is usually sporadic; oral and nasal mucosa has the erosion, but does not form a blister; a common corneal opacity .
cure foot - and - fat (A) would be well advised to adopt comprehensive measures to prevent cure foot - and - fat (A) would be well advised to adopt comprehensive measures to prevent . actively, get infected, and often the area regularly.
Prevention And Control
The disease affects animal disease causative, reduced milk production, slaughter and destruction of carcasses for processing, in the livestock industry caused a severe The disease affects animal disease causative, reduced milk production, slaughter and destruction of carcasses for processing, in the livestock industry caused a severe . can be infected by foot - and - mouth disease is listed as" A list "in the first can be infected by foot - and - mouth disease is listed as" A list "in the first .
Many countries in the world of the foot and mouth disease among the most important animal quarantine object, China listed it as" a class of infectious diseases and quarantine of entry animals" Many countries in the world of the foot and mouth disease among the most important animal quarantine object, China listed it as" a class of infectious diseases and quarantine of entry animals" . foot and mouth disease virus from the dry, but the acid - base, 80 to 100.d egree. C. temperature also can kill it
typically with caustic soda, peracetic acid, Trane and so on are printed on the contaminated instruments, or site in the animal house typically with caustic soda, peracetic acid, Trane and so on are printed on the contaminated instruments, or site in the animal house . disinfection isolation, blockade,Vaccination and prevention of foot and mouth the disinfection isolation, blockade,Vaccination and prevention of foot and mouth the .
with iodine glycerin was applied, such as oral disinfectant washing is effective in the treatment of, but there is currently no cure with iodine glycerin was applied, such as oral disinfectant washing is effective in the treatment of, but there is currently no cure .
Vaccine
. FMD vaccine injection commonly used vaccine of FMD vaccine, foot and mouth disease subunit vaccine and genetically - engineered vaccine, bovine at 14 days after receiving the vaccine to produce immunity, the immunity can last for 4 - 6 months FMD vaccine injection commonly used vaccine of FMD vaccine, foot and mouth disease subunit vaccine and genetically - engineered vaccine, bovine at 14 days after receiving the vaccine to produce immunity, the immunity can last for 4 - 6 months .
Once occurred, should be timely reporting of outbreaks, while in the affected areas to strictly enforce the blockade, isolation, disinfection, emergency vaccination and treatment measures as well as in the case of emergency, application of FMDV serum and used animal sera for passive immunization or rehabilitation, per kg of body weight) were 0. 5 - 1 ml subcutaneous injection and the duration of immunity about two weeks in a blockade of epidemic - stricken areas must be last in 1 head animal cannot heal, the death or emergency slaughter after 14 days,The complete disinfection could solve that 1 head animal cannot heal, the death or emergency slaughter after 14 days,The complete disinfection could solve that .
Treatment
benign bovine foot and mouth disease, for about a week, generally over a multiple of self healing benign bovine foot and mouth disease, for about a week, generally over a multiple of self healing . is shorten, and preventing secondary infection, can treat to disease: The oral lesions may be water, saline, or 0. 1% potassium permanganate solution for cleaning, and post - coated with 1% - 2% alum solutions or glycerin, may also be applied with Bing Shan San (borneol (15 g, 150 g of borax, mirabilite and 150 grams, and grinding into fine powder) included in the oral lesions; hoof disease may be the first to use 3% Lysol, salt and a few washing, coloring and wiping the gentian violet solution, iodine glycerin, penicillin ointment or the like, with a bandage; the breast lesion soap water or 2% ~ 3 3 a of the borated water in the cleaning,After Tu penicillin ointment
with a bad foot and mouth disease of cattle, in addition to the above - mentioned local measures, the available cardiotonics (e.g. sodium) and tonic (such as glucose - saline)
Throughout The Epidemic
2001 outbreak of FMD in Britain resulted in the country of a large number of livestock slaughtering 2001 outbreak of FMD in Britain resulted in the country of a large number of livestock slaughtering . during this period, such as Ten Module u "and a series of sports and recreational sports have also been cancelled during this period, such as Ten Module u "and a series of sports and recreational sports have also been cancelled .
on March 11, 2012, the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture officials by Yusuf Ibrahim Ma Hirsch says to 9 March, the country's existing 7400 animals infected by FMDV, 482 of them head on March 11, 2012, the Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture officials by Yusuf Ibrahim Ma Hirsch says to 9 March, the country's existing 7400 animals infected by FMDV, 482 of them head . died in September 2012, media reports, because most mooncakes is present to carry the avian flu, foot and mouth disease quarantine and other possible bacteria,2012 areas, 34 countries posting mooncakes died in September 2012, media reports, because most mooncakes is present to carry the avian flu, foot and mouth disease quarantine and other possible bacteria,2012 areas, 34 countries posting mooncakes .
prohibited countries including Germany, France, Denmark, Spain, Belgium, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, Colombia, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Qatar, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Saudi Arabia, the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Burundi, Gabon, Ethiopia, Sudan, Libya prohibited countries including Germany, France, Denmark, Spain, Belgium, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, Colombia, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Philippines, Qatar, India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Saudi Arabia, the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, Burundi, Gabon, Ethiopia, Sudan, Libya . In addition, in some countries of mail mooncakes to take restrictive measures, such as Australia are required to be indicated for holiday gifts,stuffing and cannot contain egg yolk, meat, nuts and other ingredients; Britain, Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand and other countries. It is prohibited to contain egg yolk and meat mooncakes inbound mail
3 oct. 28, 2012 Taiwan "COA", publish, notify a hogpen in i - lan county; in two cases of foot and mouth disease, which once had a pig farm in virus activity; one detect the viral nucleic acid Yilan County Government says it has culled pigs 381, other pigs has also been strengthening vaccine injection and prevent the disease from spreading, Yilan County Government says it has culled pigs 381, other pigs has also been strengthening vaccine injection and prevent the disease from spreading, .
3 December 2014, CCTV reporter in Gaoan, Jiangxi Province followed for a year,found quite a few local pigs is pigs dealers will purchase, and some pigs even carrying a Category A infectious FMD 3 December 2014, CCTV reporter in Gaoan, Jiangxi Province followed for a year,found quite a few local pigs is pigs dealers will purchase, and some pigs even carrying a Category A infectious FMD . a slaughterhouse owner, their diseased meat sold in Guangdong, Hunan, Chongqing, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and other provinces and cities in July, annual sales 2000 million a slaughterhouse owner, their diseased meat sold in Guangdong, Hunan, Chongqing, Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and other provinces and cities in July, annual sales 2000 million .
