電極電勢的產生—雙電層理論
德國化學家能斯特(H.W.Nernst)提出了雙電層理論(electron double layer theory)解釋電極電勢的產生的原因。當金屬放入溶液中時,一方面金屬晶體中處於熱運動的金屬離子在極性水分子的作用下,離開金屬表面進入溶液。金屬性質越活潑,這種趨勢就越大;另一方面溶液中的金屬離子,由於受到金屬表面電子的吸引,而在金屬表面沉積,溶液中金屬離子的濃度越大,這種趨勢也越大。在一定濃度的溶液中達到平衡後,在金屬和溶液兩相界面上形成了一個帶相反電荷的雙電層(electron double layer),雙電層的厚度雖然很小(一般約為0.2-20納米數量級), 但卻在金屬和溶液之間產生了電勢差。通常人們就把產生在金屬和鹽溶液之間的雙電層間的電勢差稱為金屬的電極電勢(electrode potential),並以此描述電極得失電子能力的相對強弱。電極電勢以符號E Mn+/ Mn表示, 單位為V(伏)。 如鋅的電極電勢以EZn2+/ Zn 表示, 銅的電極電勢以ECu2+/Cu 表示。
電極電勢的大小主要取決於電極的本性,並受溫度、介質和離子濃度等因素的影響。
定義
標準電極電勢是可逆電極在標準狀態及平衡態時的電勢,也就是標準態時的電極電勢.
標準電極電勢有很大的實用價值,可用來判斷氧化劑與還原劑的相對強弱,判斷氧化還原反應的進行方向,計算原電池的電動勢、反應自由能、平衡常數,計算其他半反應的標準電極電勢,等等。將半反應按電極電勢由低到高排序,可以得到標準電極電勢表,可十分簡明地判斷氧還反應的方向.
電極電勢表
1 在酸性溶液中 (298K)
電對 方程式 Eq/V
Li(I)-(0) Li++e-=Li -3.0401
Cs(I)-(0) Cs++e-=Cs -3.026
Rb(I)-(0) Rb++e-=Rb -2.98
K(I)-(0) K++e-=K -2.931
Ba(II)-(0) Ba2++2e-=Ba -2.912
Sr(II)-(0) Sr2++2e-=Sr -2.89
Ca(II)-(0) Ca2++2e-=Ca -2.868
Na(I)-(0) Na++e-=Na -2.71
La(III)-(0) La3++3e-=La -2.379
Mg(II)-(0) Mg2++2e-=Mg -2.372
Ce(III)-(0) Ce3++3e-=Ce -2.336
H(0)-(-I) H2(g)+2e-=2H- -2.23
Al(III)-(0) AlF63-+3e-=Al+6F- -2.069
Th(IV)-(0) Th4++4e-=Th -1.899
Be(II)-(0) Be2++2e-=Be -1.847
U(III)-(0) U3++3e-=U -1.798
Hf(IV)-(0) HfO2++2H++4e-=Hf+H2O -1.724
Al(III)-(0) Al3++3e-=Al -1.662
Ti(II)-(0) Ti2++2e-=Ti -1.630
Zr(IV)-(0) ZrO2+4H++4e-=Zr+2H2O -1.553
Si(IV)-(0) [SiF6]2-+4e-=Si+6F- -1.24
Mn(II)-(0) Mn2++2e-=Mn -1.185
Cr(II)-(0) Cr2++2e-=Cr -0.913
Ti(III)-(II) Ti3++e-=Ti2+ -0.9
B(III)-(0) H3BO3+3H++3e-=B+3H2O -0.8698
*Ti(IV)-(0) TiO2+4H++4e-=Ti+2H2O -0.86
Te(0)-(-II) Te+2H++2e-=H2Te -0.793
Zn(II)-(0) Zn2++2e-=Zn -0.7618
Ta(V)-(0) Ta2O5+10H++10e-=2Ta+5H2O -0.750
Cr(III)-(0) Cr3++3e-=Cr -0.744
Nb(V)-(0) Nb2O5+l0H++10e-=2NB+5H2O -0.644
As(0)-(-III) As+3H++3e-=AsH3 -0.608
U(IV)-(III) U4++e-=U3+ -0.607
Ga(III)-(0) GA3++3e-=Ga -0.549
P(I)-(0) H3PO2+H++e-=P+2H2O -0.508
P(III)-(I) H3PO3+2H++2e-=H3PO2+H2O -0.499
*C(IV)-(III) 2CO2+2H++2e-=H2C2O4 -0.49
Fe(II)-(0) Fe2++2e-=Fe -0.447
Cr(III)-(II) Cr3++e-=Cr2+ -0.407
Cd(II)-(0) Cd2++2e-=Cd -0.4030
Se(0)-(-II) Se+2H++2e-=H2Se(aq) -0.399
Pb(II)-(0) PbI2+2e-=Pb+2I- -0.365
Eu(III)-(II) Eu3++e-=Eu2+ -0.36
Pb(II)-(0) PbSO4+2e-=Pb+SO42- -0.3588
In(III)-(0) In3++3e-=In -0.3382
Tl(I)-(0) Tl++e-=Tl -0.336
Co(II)-(0) Co2++2e-=Co -0.28
P(V)-(III) H3PO4+2H++2e-=H3PO3+H2O -0.276
Pb(II)-(0) PbCl2+2e-=Pb+2Cl- -0.2675
Ni (II)-(0) Ni2++2e-=Ni -0.257
V(III)-(II) V3++e-=V2+ -0.255
Ge(IV)-(0) H2GeO3+4H++4e-=Ge+3H2O -0.182
Ag(I)-(0) AgI+e-=Ag+I- -0.15224
Sn(II)-(0) Sn2++2e-=Sn -0.1375
Pb(II)-(0) Pb2++2e-=Pb -0.1262
*C(IV)-(II) CO2(g)+2H++2e-=CO+H2O -0.12
P(0)-(-III) P(white)+3H++3e-=PH3(g) -0.063
Hg(I)-(0) Hg2I2+2e-=2HG+2I- -0.0405
Fe(III)-(0) Fe3++3e-=Fe -0.037
H(I)-(0) 2H++2e-=H2 0.0000
Ag(I)-(0) AgBr+e-=Ag+Br- 0.07133
S(II.V)-(II) S4O62-+2e-=2S2O32- 0.08
*Ti(IV)-(III) TiO2++2H++e-=Ti3++H2O 0.1
S(0)-(-II) S+2H++2e-=H2S(aq) 0.142
Sn(IV)-(II) Sn4++2e-=Sn2+ 0.151
Sb(III)-(0) Sb2O3+6H++6e-=2Sb+3H2O 0.152
Cu(II)-(I) Cu2++e-=Cu+ 0.153
Bi(III)-(0) BiOCl+2H++3e-=Bi+Cl-+H2O 0.1583
S(VI)-(IV) SO42-+4H++2e-=H2SO3+H2O 0.172
Sb(III)-(0) sbo++2H++3e-=Sb+H2O 0.212
Ag(I)-(0) AgCl+e-=Ag+Cl- 0.22233
As(III)-(0) HAsO2+3H++3e-=As+2H2O 0.248
Hg(I)-(0) Hg2Cl2+2e-=2Hg+2Cl-(飽和KCl) 0.26808
Bi(III)-(0) BiO++2H++3e-=Bi+H2O 0.320
U(VI)-(IV) UO22++4H++2e-=U4++2H2O 0.327
C(IV)-(III) 2HCNO+2H++2e-=(CN)2+2H2O 0.330
V(IV)-(III) VO2++2H++e-=V3++H2O 0.337
Cu(II)-(0) Cu2++2e-=Cu 0.3419
Re(VII)-(0) ReO4-+8H++7e-=Re+4H2O 0.368
Ag(I)-(0) Ag2CrO4+2e-=2Ag+CrO42- 0.4470
S(IV)-(0) H2SO3+4H++4e-=S+3H2O 0.449
Cu(I)-(0) Cu++e-=Cu 0.521
I(0)-(-I) I2+2e-=2I- 0.5355
I(0)-(-I) I3-+2e-=3I- 0.536
As(V)-(III) H3AsO4+2H++2e-=HAsO2+2H2O 0.560
Sb(V)-(III) Sb2O5+6H++4e-=2SbO++3H2O 0.581
Te(IV)-(0) TeO2+4H++4e-=Te+2H2O 0.593
U(V)-(IV) UO2++4H++e-=U4++2H2O 0.612
**Hg(II)-(I) 2HgCl2+2e-=Hg2Cl2+2Cl- 0.63
Pt(IV)-(II) [PtCl6]2-+2e-=[PtCl4]2-+2Cl- 0.68
O(0)-(-I) O2+2H++2e-=H2O2 0.695
Pt(II)-(0) [PtCl4]2-+2e-=Pt+4Cl- 0.755
*Se(IV)-(0) H2SeO3+4H++4e-=Se+3H2O 0.74
Fe(III)-(II) Fe3++e-=Fe2+ 0.771
Hg(I)-(0) Hg22++2e-=2Hg 0.7973
Ag(I)-(0) Ag++e-=Ag 0.7996
Os(VIII)-(0) OsO4+8H++8e-=Os+4H2O 0.8
N(V)-(IV) 2NO3-+4H++2e-=N2O4+2H2O 0.803
Hg(II)-(0) Hg2++2e-=Hg 0.851
Si(IV)-(0) (quartz)SiO2+4H++4e-=Si+2H2O 0.857
Cu(II)-(I) Cu2++I-+e-=CuI 0.86
N(III)-(I) 2HNO2+4H++4e-=H2N2O2+2H2O 0.86
Hg(II)-(I) 2Hg2++2e-=Hg22+ 0.920
N(V)-(III) NO3-+3H++2e-=HNO2+H2O 0.934
Pd(II)-(0) Pd2++2e-=Pd 0.951
N(V)-(II) NO3-+4H++3e-=NO+2H2O 0.957
N(III)-(II) HNO2+H++e-=NO+H2O 0.983
I(I)-(-I) HIO+H++2e-=I-+H2O 0.987
V(V)-(IV) VO2++2H++e-=VO2++H2O 0.991
V(V)-(IV) V(OH)4++2H++e-=VO2++3H2O 1.00
Au(III)-(0) [AuCl4]-+3e-=Au+4Cl- 1.002
Te(VI)-(IV) H6TeO6+2H++2e-=TeO2+4H2O 1.02
N(IV)-(II) N2O4+4H++4e-=2NO+2H2O 1.035
N(IV)-(III) N2O4+2H++2e-=2HNO2 1.065
I(V)-(-I) IO3-+6H++6e-=I-+3H2O 1.085
Br(0)-(-I) Br2(aq)+2e-=2Br- 1.0873
Se(VI)-(IV) SeO42-+4H++2e-=H2SeO3+H2O 1.151
Cl(V)-(IV) ClO3-+2H++e-=ClO2+H2O 1.152
Pt(II)-(0) Pt2++2e-=Pt 1.18
Cl(VII)-(V) ClO4-+2H++2e-=ClO3-+H2O 1.189
I(V)-(0) 2IO3-+12H++10e-=I2+6H2O 1.195
Cl(V)-(III) ClO3-+3H++2e-=HClO2+H2O 1.214
Mn(IV)-(II) MnO2+4H++2e-=Mn2++2H2O 1.224
O(0)-(-II) O2+4H++4e-=2H2O 1.229
Tl(III)-(I) T13++2e-=Tl+ 1.252
Cl(IV)-(III) ClO2+H++e-=HClO2 1.277
N(III)-(I) 2HNO2+4H++4e-=N2O+3H2O 1.297
**Cr(VI)-(III) Cr2O72-+14H++6e-=2Cr3++7H2O 1.33
Br(I)-(-I) HBrO+H++2e-=Br-+H2O 1.331
Cr(VI)-(III) HCrO4-+7H++3e-=Cr3++4H2O 1.350
Cl(0)-(-I) Cl2(g)+2e-=2Cl- 1.35827
Cl(VII)-(-I) ClO4-+8H++8e-=Cl-+4H2O 1.389
Cl(VII)-(0) ClO4-+8H++7e-=1/2Cl2+4H2O 1.39
Au(III)-(I) au3++2e-=Au+ 1.401
Br(V)-(-I) BrO3-+6H++6e-=Br-+3H2O 1.423
I(I)-(0) 2HIO+2H++2e-=I2+2H2O 1.439
Cl(V)-(-I) ClO3-+6H++6e-=Cl-+3H2O 1.451
Pb(IV)-(II) PbO2+4H++2e-=Pb2++2H2O 1.455
Cl(V)-(0) ClO3-+6H++5e-=1/2Cl2+3H2O 1.47
Cl(I)-(-I) HClO+H++2e-=Cl-+H2O 1.482
Br(V)-(0) BrO3-+6H++5e-=l/2Br2+3H2O 1.482
Au(III)-(0) Au3++3e-=Au 1.498
Mn(VII)-(II) MnO4-+8H++5e-=Mn2++4H2O 1.507
Mn(III)-(II) Mn3++e-=Mn2+ 1.5415
Cl(III)-(-I) HClO2+3H++4e-=Cl-+2H2O 1.570
Br(I)-(0) HBrO+H++e-=l/2Br2(aq)+H2O 1.574
N(II)-(I) 2NO+2H++2e-=N2O+H2O 1.591
I(VII)-(V) H5IO6+H++2e-=IO3-+3H2O 1.601
Cl(I)-(0) HClO+H++e-=1/2Cl2+H2O 1.611
Cl(III)-(I) HClO2+2H++2e-=HClO+H2O 1.645
Ni(IV)-(II) NiO2+4H++2e-=Ni2++2H2O 1.678
Mn(VII)-(IV) MnO4-+4H++3e-=MnO2+2H2O 1.679
Pb(IV)-(II) PbO2+SO42-+4H++2e-=PbSO4+2H2O 1.6913
Au(I)-(0) Au++e-=Au 1.692
Ce(IV)-(III) Ce4++e-=Ce3+ 1.72
N(I)-(0) N2O+2H++2e-=N2+H2O 1.766
O(-I)-(-II) H2O2+2H++2e-=2H2O 1.776
Co(III)-(II) Co3++e-=Co2+(2mol·L-1 H2SO4) 1.83
Ag(II)-(I) Ag2++e-=Ag+ 1.980
S(VII)-(VI) S2O82-+2e-=2SO42- 2.010
O(0)-(-II) O3+2H++2e-=O2+H2O 2.076
O(II)-(-II) F2O+2H++4e-=H2O+2F- 2.153
Fe(VI)-(III) FeO42-+8H++3e-=Fe3++4H2O 2.20
O(0)-(-II) O(g)+2H++2e-=H2O 2.421
F(0)-(-I) F2+2e-=2F- 2.866
F2+2H++2e-=2HF 3.053
2 在鹼性溶液中 (298K)
電對 方程式 Eq/V
Ca(II)-(0) Ca(OH)2+2e-=Ca+2OH- -3.02
Ba(II)-(0) Ba(OH)2+2e-=Ba+2OH- -2.99
La(III)-(0) La(OH)3+3e-=La+3OH- -2.90
Sr(II)-(0) Sr(OH)2·8H2O+2e-=Sr+2OH-+8H2O -2.88
Mg(II)-(0) Mg(OH)2+2e-=Mg+2OH- -2.690
Be(II)-(0) Be2O32-+3H2O+4e-=2Be+6OH- -2.63
Hf(IV)-(0) HfO(OH)2+H2O+4e-=Hf+4OH- -2.50
Zr(IV)-(0) H2ZrO3+H2O+4e-=Zr+4OH- -2.36
Al(III)-(0) H2AlO3-+H2O+3e-=Al+OH- -2.33
P(I)-(0) H2PO2-+e-=P+2OH- -1.82
B(III)-(0) H2BO3-+H2O+3e-=B+4OH- -1.79
P(III)-(0) HPO32-+2H2O+3e-=P+5OH- -1.71
Si(IV)-(0) SiO32-+3H2O+4e-=Si+6OH- -1.697
P(III)-(I) HPO32-+2H2O+2e-=H2PO2-+3OH- -1.65
Mn(II)-(0) Mn(OH)2+2e-=Mn+2OH- -1.56
Cr(III)-(0) Cr(OH)3+3e-=Cr+3OH- -1.48
*Zn(II)-(0) [Zn(CN)4]2-+2e-=Zn+4CN- -1.26
Zn(II)-(0) Zn(OH)2+2e-=Zn+2OH- -1.249
Ga(III)-(0) H2GaO3-+H2O+2e-=Ga+4OH- -1.219
Zn(II)-(0) ZnO22-+2H2O+2e-=Zn+4OH- -1.215
Cr(III)-(0) CrO2-+2H2O+3e-=Cr+4OH- -1.2
Te(0)-(-I) Te+2e-=Te2- -1.143
P(V)-(III) PO43-+2H2O+2e-=HPO32-+3OH- -1.05
*Zn(II)-(0) [Zn(NH3)4]2++2e-=Zn+4NH3 -1.04
*W(VI)-(0) WO42-+4H2O+6e-=W+8OH- -1.01
*Ge(IV)-(0) HGeO3-+2H2O+4e-=Ge+5OH- -1.0
Sn(IV)-(II) [Sn(OH)6]2-+2e-=HSnO2-+H2O+3OH- -0.93
S(VI)-(IV) SO42-+H2O+2e-=SO32-+2OH- -0.93
Se(0)-(-II) Se+2e-=Se2- -0.924
Sn(II)-(0) HSnO2-+H2O+2e-=Sn+3OH- -0.909
P(0)-(-III) P+3H2O+3e-=PH3(g)+3OH- -0.87
N(V)-(IV) 2NO3-+2H2O+2e-=N2O4+4OH- -0.85
H(I)-(0) 2H2O+2e-=H2+2OH- -0.8277
Cd(II)-(0) Cd(OH)2+2e-=Cd(Hg)+2OH- -0.809
Co(II)-(0) Co(OH)2+2e-=Co+2OH- -0.73
Ni(II)-(0) Ni(OH)2+2e-=Ni+2OH- -0.72
As(V)-(III) AsO43-+2H2O+2e-=AsO2-+4OH- -0.71
Ag(I)-(0) Ag2S+2e-=2Ag+S2- -0.691
As(III)-(0) AsO2-+2H2O+3e-=As+4OH- -0.68
Sb(III)-(0) SbO2-+2H2O+3e-=Sb+4OH- -0.66
*Re(VII)-(IV) ReO4-+2H2O+3e-=ReO2+4OH- -0.59
*Sb(V)-(III) SbO3-+H2O+2e-=SbO2-+2OH- -0.59
Re(VII)-(0) ReO4-+4H2O+7e-=Re+8OH- -0.584
*S(IV)-(II) 2SO32-+3H2O+4e-=S2O32-+6OH- -0.58
Te(IV)-(0) TeO32-+3H2O+4e-=Te+6OH- -0.57
Fe(III)-(II) Fe(OH)3+e-=Fe(OH)2+OH- -0.56
S(0)-(-II) S+2e-=S2- -0.47627
Bi(III)-(0) Bi2O3+3H2O+6e-=2Bi+6OH- -0.46
N(III)-(II) NO2-+H2O+e-=NO+2OH- -0.46
*Co(II)-C(0) [Co(NH3)6]2++2e-=Co+6NH3 -0.422
Se(IV)-(0) SeO32-+3H2O+4e-=Se+6OH- -0.366
Cu(I)-(0) Cu2O+H2O+2e-=2Cu+2OH- -0.360
Tl(I)-(0) Tl(OH)+e-=Tl+OH- -0.34
*Ag(I)-(0) [Ag(CN)2]-+e-=Ag+2CN- -0.31
Cu(II)-(0) Cu(OH)2+2e-=Cu+2OH- -0.222
Cr(VI)-(III) CrO42-+4H2O+3e-=Cr(OH)3+5OH- -0.13
*Cu(I)-(0) [Cu(NH3)2]++e-=Cu+2NH3 -0.12
O(0)-(-I) O2+H2O+2e-=HO2-+OH- -0.076
Ag(I)-(0) AgCN+e-=Ag+CN- -0.017
N(V)-(III) NO3-+H2O+2e-=NO2-+2OH- 0.01
Se(VI)-(IV) SeO42-+H2O+2e-=SeO32-+2OH- 0.05
Pd(II)-(0) Pd(OH)2+2e-=Pd+2OH- 0.07
S(II,V)-(II) S4O62-+2e-=2S2O32- 0.08
Hg(II)-(0) HgO+H2O+2e-=Hg+2OH- 0.0977
Co(III)-(II) [Co(NH3)6]3++e-=[Co(NH3)6]2+ 0.108
Pt(II)-(0) Pt(OH)2+2e-=Pt+2OH- 0.14
Co(III)-(II) Co(OH)3+e-=Co(OH)2+OH- 0.17
Pb(IV)-(II) PbO2+H2O+2e-=PbO+2OH- 0.247
I(V)-(-I) IO3-+3H2O+6e-=I-+6OH- 0.26
Cl(V)-(III) ClO3-+H2O+2e-=ClO2-+2OH- 0.33
Ag(I)-(0) Ag2O+H2O+2e-=2Ag+2OH- 0.342
Fe(III)-(II) [Fe(CN)6]3-+e-=[Fe(CN)6]4- 0.358
Cl(VII)-(V) ClO4-+H2O+2e-=ClO3-+2OH- 0.36
*Ag(I)-(0) [Ag(NH3)2]++e-=Ag+2NH3 0.373
O(0)-(-II) O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH- 0.401
I(I)-(-I) IO-+H2O+2e-=I-+2OH- 0.485
*Ni(IV)-(II) NiO2+2H2O+2e-=Ni(OH)2+2OH- 0.490
Mn(VII)-(VI) MnO4-+e-=MnO42- 0.558
Mn(VII)-(IV) MnO4-+2H2O+3e-=MnO2+4OH- 0.595
Mn(VI)-(IV) MnO42-+2H2O+2e-=MnO2+4OH- 0.60
Ag(II)-(I) 2AgO+H2O+2e-=Ag2O+2OH- 0.607
Br(V)-(-I) BrO3-+3H2O+6e-=Br-+6OH- 0.61
Cl(V)-(-I) ClO3-+3H2O+6e-=Cl-+6OH- 0.62
Cl(III)-(I) ClO2-+H2O+2e-=ClO-+2OH- 0.66
I(VII)-(V) H3IO62-+2e-=IO3-+3OH- 0.7
Cl(III)-(-I) ClO2-+2H2O+4e-=Cl-+4OH- 0.76
Br(I)-(-I) BrO-+H2O+2e-=Br-+2OH- 0.761
Cl(I)-(-I) ClO-+H2O+2e-=Cl-+2OH- 0.841
*Cl(IV)-(III) ClO2(g)+e-=ClO2- 0.95
O(0)-(-II) O3+H2O+2e-=O2+2OH- 1.24
標準電極電勢表
半反應E° (V) 來源
& -9
Zz 9
N N2(g) + H+ + e− HN3(aq) -3.09
Li+ + e− Li(s) -3.0401
N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH− -3.04
Cs+ + e− Cs(s) -3.026
Rb+ + e− Rb(s) -2.98
K+ + e− K(s) -2.931
Ba2+ + 2 e− Ba(s) -2.912
La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− La(s) + 3OH− -2.90
Sr2+ + 2 e− Sr(s) -2.899
Ca2+ + 2 e− Ca(s) -2.868
Eu2+ + 2 e− Eu(s) -2.812
Ra2+ + 2 e− Ra(s) -2.8
Na+ + e− Na(s) -2.71
La3+ + 3 e− La(s) -2.379
Y3+ + 3 e− Y(s) -2.372
Mg2+ + 2 e− Mg(s) -2.372
ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e− Zr(s) + 4OH− -2.36
Al(OH)4− + 3 e− Al(s) + 4 OH− -2.33
Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− Al(s) + 3OH− -2.31
H2(g) + 2 e− 2 H− -2.25
Ac3+ + 3 e− Ac(s) -2.20
Be2+ + 2 e− Be(s) -1.85
U3+ + 3 e− U(s) -1.66
Al3+ + 3 e− Al(s) -1.66
Ti2+ + 2 e− Ti(s) -1.63
ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Zr(s) + 2 H2O -1.553
Zr4+ + 4 e− Zr(s) -1.45
TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti(s) + H2O -1.31
Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 TiO(s) + H2O -1.23
Ti3+ + 3 e− Ti(s) -1.21
Te(s) + 2 e− Te2− -1.143
V2+ + 2 e− V(s) -1.13
Nb3+ + 3 e− Nb(s) -1.099
Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SnH4(g) -1.07
Mn2+ + 2 e− Mn(s) -1.029
SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Si(s) + 2 H2O -0.91
B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− B(s) + 3 H2O -0.89
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− Ti(s) + H2O -0.86
Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− BiH3 -0.8
H2 H2O + 2 e− H2(g) + 2 OH− -0.8277
Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(Hg) -0.7628
Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(s) -0.7618
Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O -0.75
Cr3+ + 3 e− Cr(s) -0.74
Au[Au(CN)2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 CN− -0.60
Ta3+ + 3 e− Ta(s) -0.6
PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Pb(s) + 2 OH− -0.58
Ti2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti2O3(s) + H2O -0.56
Ga3+ + 3 e− Ga(s) -0.53
U4+ + e− U3+ -0.52
P H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e− P(白磷) + 2 H2O -0.508
P H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO2(aq) + H2O -0.499
P H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− P(紅磷) + 3H2O -0.454
Fe2+ + 2 e− Fe(s) -0.44
C2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43
Cr3+ + e− Cr2+ -0.42
Cd2+ + 2 e− Cd(s) -0.40
GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− GeO(s) + H2O -0.37
Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH− -0.360
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(s) + SO42− -0.3588
PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(Hg) + SO42− -0.3505
Eu3+ + e− Eu2+ -0.35
In3+ + 3 e− In(s) 0.34
Tl+ + e− Tl(s) -0.34
Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− GeH4(g) -0.29
Co2+ + 2 e− Co(s) -0.28
P H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO3(aq) + H2O -0.276
V3+ + e− V2+ 0.26
Ni2+ + 2 e− Ni(s) -0.25
As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− AsH3(g) -0.23
MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Mo(s) + 2 H2O -0.15
Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SiH4(g) -0.14
Sn2+ + 2 e− Sn(s) -0.13
O2(g) + H+ + e− HO2·(aq) -0.13
Pb2+ + 2 e− Pb(s) -0.13
WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− W(s) + 2 H2O -0.12
P(紅磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.111
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCOOH(aq) -0.11
Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2Se(g) -0.11
C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CO(g) + H2O -0.11
SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Sn(s) + H2O -0.10
SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− SnO(s) + H2O -0.09
WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− W(s) + 3 H2O -0.09
P(白磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.063
C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.03
H 2 H+ + 2 e− H2(g) ≡ 0
S4O62− + 2 e− 2 S2O32− +0.08
Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O +0.085
N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6H+ + 6 e− 2 nh4oh(aq) +0.092
HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Hg(l) + 2 OH− +0.0977
Cu(NH3)42+ + e− Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3 +0.10
Ru(NH3)63+ + e− Ru(NH3)62+ +0.10
N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH4+ + 4 OH− +0.11
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− Mo(s) + 4 H2O +0.11
Ge4+ + 4 e− Ge(s) +0.12
C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− CH4(g) +0.13
C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH3OH(aq) +0.13
S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2S(g) +0.14
Sn4+ + 2 e− Sn2+ +0.15
Cu2+ + e− Cu+ +0.159
S HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.16
UO22+ + e− UO2+ +0.163
S SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.17
TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e− Ti3+ + H2O +0.19
Bi3+ + 2e− Bi+ +0.2
SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− Sb(s) + H2O +0.20
As H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− As(s) + 3 H2O +0.24
GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ge(s) + H2O +0.26
UO2+ + 4 H+ + e− U4+ + 2 H2O +0.273
RE3+ + 3 e− Re(s) +0.300
Bi3+ + 3 e− Bi(s) +0.32
VO2+ + 2 H+ + e− V3+ + H2O +0.34
Cu2+ + 2 e− Cu(s) +0.340
Fe [Fe(CN)6]3− + e− [Fe(CN)6]4− +0.36
O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− 4 OH−(aq) +0.40
Mo H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− Mo3+ + 2 H2O +0.43
Bi+ + e− Bi(s) +0.50
C CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH4(g) + H2O +0.50
S SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− S(s) + 2 H2O +0.50
Cu+ + e− Cu(s) +0.520
C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− C(s) + H2O +0.52
I2(s) + 2 e− 2 I− +0.54
I3− + 2 e− 3 I− +0.53
Au [AuI4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 I− +0.56
As H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3AsO3(aq) + H2O +0.56
Au [AuI2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 I− +0.58
MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 4 OH− +0.59
S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 S(s) + 3 H2O +0.60
Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− MoO2(s) + 2 H2O +0.65
O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2O2(aq) +0.70
Tl3+ + 3 e− Tl(s) +0.72
PtCl62− + 2 e− PtCl42− + 2 Cl− +0.726
Se H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Se(s) + 3 H2O +0.74
PtCl42− + 2 e− Pt(s) + 4 Cl− +0.758
Fe3+ + e− Fe2+ +0.77
Ag+ + e− Ag(s) +0.7996
Hg22+ + 2 e− 2 Hg(l) +0.80
N NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ + e− NO2(g) + H2O +0.80
Au [AuBr4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Br− +0.85
Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg(l) +0.85
MnO4− + H+ + e− HMnO4− +0.90
Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg22+ +0.91
Pd2+ + 2 e− Pd(s) +0.915
Au [AuCl4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Cl− +0.93
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Mn3+ + 2 H2O +0.95
Au [AuBr2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Br− +0.96
Br2(l) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.07
Br2(aq) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.09
I IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HIO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.13
Au [AuCl2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Cl− +1.15
Se HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− H2SeO3(aq) + H2O +1.15
Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 Ag(s) + H2O +1.17
ClO3− + 2 H+ + e− ClO2(g) + H2O +1.18
Pt2+ + 2 e− Pt(s) +1.188
ClO2(g) + H+ + e− HClO2(aq) +1.19
I 2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− I2(s) + 6 H2O +1.20
ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ClO3− + H2O +1.20
O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 2 H2O +1.23
MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23
Tl3+ + 2 e− Tl+ +1.25
Cl2(g) + 2 e− 2 Cl− +1.36
Cr2O7− − + 14 H+ + 6 e− 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1.33
CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Co3+ + 2 H2O +1.42
N 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e− N2H5+ + 2 H2O +1.42
I 2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− I2(s) + 2 H2O +1.44
Ce4+ + e− Ce3+ +1.44
BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.45
PbO β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.460
PbO α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.468
Br 2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Br2(l) + 6 H2O +1.48
Cl 2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Cl2(g) + 6 H2O +1.49
MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1.51
O HO2· + H+ + e− H2O2(aq) +1.51
Au3+ + 3 e− Au(s) +1.52
NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Ni2+ + 2 OH− +1.59
Cl 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Cl2(g) + 2 H2O +1.63
Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 Ag+ + 3 H2O +1.67
Cl HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HClO(aq) + H2O +1.67
Pb4+ + 2 e− Pb2+ +1.69
MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +1.70
O H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 H2O +1.78
AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e− Ag+ + H2O +1.77
Co3+ + e− Co2+ +1.82
Au+ + e− Au(s) +1.83
BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− BrO3− + H2O +1.85
Ag2+ + e− Ag+ +1.98
S2O82− + 2 e− 2 SO42− +2.07
O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− O2(g) + H2O +2.075
Mn HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +2.09
F2(g) + 2 e− 2 F− +2.87
F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 HF(aq) +3.05
來源:
【1】^ Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. (1978). Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (Wiley, Chichester).
【2】^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
【3】^ Bratsch, S. G. (1989). Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol. 18, pp. 1–21.
【4】^ 4.0 4.1 Vanýsek, Petr (2006). "Electrochemical Series," in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 87th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
【5】^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
【6】^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
【7】^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
【8】^ 8.0 8.1 Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
【9】`` 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
【10】^ 10.0 10.1 由−0.454和(2×−0.499 + −0.508) ÷ 3 = −0.502推算出。