標準電極電勢表

標準電極電勢是可逆電極在標準狀態及平衡態時的電勢,也就是標準態時的電極電勢.標準電極電勢有很大的實用價值,可用來判斷氧化劑與還原劑的相對強弱,判斷氧化還原反應的進行方向,計算原電池的電動勢、反應自由能、平衡常數,計算其他半反應的標準電極電勢,等等。將半反應按電極電勢由低到高排序,可以得到標準電極電勢表,可十分簡明地判斷氧還反應的方向。

電極電勢的產生—雙電層理論

德國化學家能斯特(H.W.Nernst)提出了雙電層理論(electron double layer theory)解釋電極電勢的產生的原因。當金屬放入溶液中時,一方面金屬晶體中處於熱運動的金屬離子在極性水分子的作用下,離開金屬表面進入溶液。金屬性質越活潑,這種趨勢就越大;另一方面溶液中的金屬離子,由於受到金屬表面電子的吸引,而在金屬表面沉積,溶液中金屬離子的濃度越大,這種趨勢也越大。在一定濃度的溶液中達到平衡後,在金屬和溶液兩相界面上形成了一個帶相反電荷的雙電層(electron double layer),雙電層的厚度雖然很小(一般約為0.2-20納米數量級), 但卻在金屬和溶液之間產生了電勢差。通常人們就把產生在金屬和鹽溶液之間的雙電層間的電勢差稱為金屬的電極電勢(electrode potential),並以此描述電極得失電子能力的相對強弱。電極電勢以符號E Mn+/ Mn表示, 單位為V(伏)。 如鋅的電極電勢以EZn2+/ Zn 表示, 銅的電極電勢以ECu2+/Cu 表示。

電極電勢的大小主要取決於電極的本性,並受溫度、介質和離子濃度等因素的影響。

定義

標準電極電勢是可逆電極在標準狀態及平衡態時的電勢,也就是標準態時的電極電勢.

標準電極電勢有很大的實用價值,可用來判斷氧化劑與還原劑的相對強弱,判斷氧化還原反應的進行方向,計算原電池的電動勢、反應自由能、平衡常數,計算其他半反應的標準電極電勢,等等。將半反應按電極電勢由低到高排序,可以得到標準電極電勢表,可十分簡明地判斷氧還反應的方向.

電極電勢表

1 在酸性溶液中 (298K)

電對 方程式 Eq/V

Li(I)-(0) Li++e-=Li -3.0401

Cs(I)-(0) Cs++e-=Cs -3.026

Rb(I)-(0) Rb++e-=Rb -2.98

K(I)-(0) K++e-=K -2.931

Ba(II)-(0) Ba2++2e-=Ba -2.912

Sr(II)-(0) Sr2++2e-=Sr -2.89

Ca(II)-(0) Ca2++2e-=Ca -2.868

Na(I)-(0) Na++e-=Na -2.71

La(III)-(0) La3++3e-=La -2.379

Mg(II)-(0) Mg2++2e-=Mg -2.372

Ce(III)-(0) Ce3++3e-=Ce -2.336

H(0)-(-I) H2(g)+2e-=2H- -2.23

Al(III)-(0) AlF63-+3e-=Al+6F- -2.069

Th(IV)-(0) Th4++4e-=Th -1.899

Be(II)-(0) Be2++2e-=Be -1.847

U(III)-(0) U3++3e-=U -1.798

Hf(IV)-(0) HfO2++2H++4e-=Hf+H2O -1.724

Al(III)-(0) Al3++3e-=Al -1.662

Ti(II)-(0) Ti2++2e-=Ti -1.630

Zr(IV)-(0) ZrO2+4H++4e-=Zr+2H2O -1.553

Si(IV)-(0) [SiF6]2-+4e-=Si+6F- -1.24

Mn(II)-(0) Mn2++2e-=Mn -1.185

Cr(II)-(0) Cr2++2e-=Cr -0.913

Ti(III)-(II) Ti3++e-=Ti2+ -0.9

B(III)-(0) H3BO3+3H++3e-=B+3H2O -0.8698

*Ti(IV)-(0) TiO2+4H++4e-=Ti+2H2O -0.86

Te(0)-(-II) Te+2H++2e-=H2Te -0.793

Zn(II)-(0) Zn2++2e-=Zn -0.7618

Ta(V)-(0) Ta2O5+10H++10e-=2Ta+5H2O -0.750

Cr(III)-(0) Cr3++3e-=Cr -0.744

Nb(V)-(0) Nb2O5+l0H++10e-=2NB+5H2O -0.644

As(0)-(-III) As+3H++3e-=AsH3 -0.608

U(IV)-(III) U4++e-=U3+ -0.607

Ga(III)-(0) GA3++3e-=Ga -0.549

P(I)-(0) H3PO2+H++e-=P+2H2O -0.508

P(III)-(I) H3PO3+2H++2e-=H3PO2+H2O -0.499

*C(IV)-(III) 2CO2+2H++2e-=H2C2O4 -0.49

Fe(II)-(0) Fe2++2e-=Fe -0.447

Cr(III)-(II) Cr3++e-=Cr2+ -0.407

Cd(II)-(0) Cd2++2e-=Cd -0.4030

Se(0)-(-II) Se+2H++2e-=H2Se(aq) -0.399

Pb(II)-(0) PbI2+2e-=Pb+2I- -0.365

Eu(III)-(II) Eu3++e-=Eu2+ -0.36

Pb(II)-(0) PbSO4+2e-=Pb+SO42- -0.3588

In(III)-(0) In3++3e-=In -0.3382

Tl(I)-(0) Tl++e-=Tl -0.336

Co(II)-(0) Co2++2e-=Co -0.28

P(V)-(III) H3PO4+2H++2e-=H3PO3+H2O -0.276

Pb(II)-(0) PbCl2+2e-=Pb+2Cl- -0.2675

Ni (II)-(0) Ni2++2e-=Ni -0.257

V(III)-(II) V3++e-=V2+ -0.255

Ge(IV)-(0) H2GeO3+4H++4e-=Ge+3H2O -0.182

Ag(I)-(0) AgI+e-=Ag+I- -0.15224

Sn(II)-(0) Sn2++2e-=Sn -0.1375

Pb(II)-(0) Pb2++2e-=Pb -0.1262

*C(IV)-(II) CO2(g)+2H++2e-=CO+H2O -0.12

P(0)-(-III) P(white)+3H++3e-=PH3(g) -0.063

Hg(I)-(0) Hg2I2+2e-=2HG+2I- -0.0405

Fe(III)-(0) Fe3++3e-=Fe -0.037

H(I)-(0) 2H++2e-=H2 0.0000

Ag(I)-(0) AgBr+e-=Ag+Br- 0.07133

S(II.V)-(II) S4O62-+2e-=2S2O32- 0.08

*Ti(IV)-(III) TiO2++2H++e-=Ti3++H2O 0.1

S(0)-(-II) S+2H++2e-=H2S(aq) 0.142

Sn(IV)-(II) Sn4++2e-=Sn2+ 0.151

Sb(III)-(0) Sb2O3+6H++6e-=2Sb+3H2O 0.152

Cu(II)-(I) Cu2++e-=Cu+ 0.153

Bi(III)-(0) BiOCl+2H++3e-=Bi+Cl-+H2O 0.1583

S(VI)-(IV) SO42-+4H++2e-=H2SO3+H2O 0.172

Sb(III)-(0) sbo++2H++3e-=Sb+H2O 0.212

Ag(I)-(0) AgCl+e-=Ag+Cl- 0.22233

As(III)-(0) HAsO2+3H++3e-=As+2H2O 0.248

Hg(I)-(0) Hg2Cl2+2e-=2Hg+2Cl-(飽和KCl) 0.26808

Bi(III)-(0) BiO++2H++3e-=Bi+H2O 0.320

U(VI)-(IV) UO22++4H++2e-=U4++2H2O 0.327

C(IV)-(III) 2HCNO+2H++2e-=(CN)2+2H2O 0.330

V(IV)-(III) VO2++2H++e-=V3++H2O 0.337

Cu(II)-(0) Cu2++2e-=Cu 0.3419

Re(VII)-(0) ReO4-+8H++7e-=Re+4H2O 0.368

Ag(I)-(0) Ag2CrO4+2e-=2Ag+CrO42- 0.4470

S(IV)-(0) H2SO3+4H++4e-=S+3H2O 0.449

Cu(I)-(0) Cu++e-=Cu 0.521

I(0)-(-I) I2+2e-=2I- 0.5355

I(0)-(-I) I3-+2e-=3I- 0.536

As(V)-(III) H3AsO4+2H++2e-=HAsO2+2H2O 0.560

Sb(V)-(III) Sb2O5+6H++4e-=2SbO++3H2O 0.581

Te(IV)-(0) TeO2+4H++4e-=Te+2H2O 0.593

U(V)-(IV) UO2++4H++e-=U4++2H2O 0.612

**Hg(II)-(I) 2HgCl2+2e-=Hg2Cl2+2Cl- 0.63

Pt(IV)-(II) [PtCl6]2-+2e-=[PtCl4]2-+2Cl- 0.68

O(0)-(-I) O2+2H++2e-=H2O2 0.695

Pt(II)-(0) [PtCl4]2-+2e-=Pt+4Cl- 0.755

*Se(IV)-(0) H2SeO3+4H++4e-=Se+3H2O 0.74

Fe(III)-(II) Fe3++e-=Fe2+ 0.771

Hg(I)-(0) Hg22++2e-=2Hg 0.7973

Ag(I)-(0) Ag++e-=Ag 0.7996

Os(VIII)-(0) OsO4+8H++8e-=Os+4H2O 0.8

N(V)-(IV) 2NO3-+4H++2e-=N2O4+2H2O 0.803

Hg(II)-(0) Hg2++2e-=Hg 0.851

Si(IV)-(0) (quartz)SiO2+4H++4e-=Si+2H2O 0.857

Cu(II)-(I) Cu2++I-+e-=CuI 0.86

N(III)-(I) 2HNO2+4H++4e-=H2N2O2+2H2O 0.86

Hg(II)-(I) 2Hg2++2e-=Hg22+ 0.920

N(V)-(III) NO3-+3H++2e-=HNO2+H2O 0.934

Pd(II)-(0) Pd2++2e-=Pd 0.951

N(V)-(II) NO3-+4H++3e-=NO+2H2O 0.957

N(III)-(II) HNO2+H++e-=NO+H2O 0.983

I(I)-(-I) HIO+H++2e-=I-+H2O 0.987

V(V)-(IV) VO2++2H++e-=VO2++H2O 0.991

V(V)-(IV) V(OH)4++2H++e-=VO2++3H2O 1.00

Au(III)-(0) [AuCl4]-+3e-=Au+4Cl- 1.002

Te(VI)-(IV) H6TeO6+2H++2e-=TeO2+4H2O 1.02

N(IV)-(II) N2O4+4H++4e-=2NO+2H2O 1.035

N(IV)-(III) N2O4+2H++2e-=2HNO2 1.065

I(V)-(-I) IO3-+6H++6e-=I-+3H2O 1.085

Br(0)-(-I) Br2(aq)+2e-=2Br- 1.0873

Se(VI)-(IV) SeO42-+4H++2e-=H2SeO3+H2O 1.151

Cl(V)-(IV) ClO3-+2H++e-=ClO2+H2O 1.152

Pt(II)-(0) Pt2++2e-=Pt 1.18

Cl(VII)-(V) ClO4-+2H++2e-=ClO3-+H2O 1.189

I(V)-(0) 2IO3-+12H++10e-=I2+6H2O 1.195

Cl(V)-(III) ClO3-+3H++2e-=HClO2+H2O 1.214

Mn(IV)-(II) MnO2+4H++2e-=Mn2++2H2O 1.224

O(0)-(-II) O2+4H++4e-=2H2O 1.229

Tl(III)-(I) T13++2e-=Tl+ 1.252

Cl(IV)-(III) ClO2+H++e-=HClO2 1.277

N(III)-(I) 2HNO2+4H++4e-=N2O+3H2O 1.297

**Cr(VI)-(III) Cr2O72-+14H++6e-=2Cr3++7H2O 1.33

Br(I)-(-I) HBrO+H++2e-=Br-+H2O 1.331

Cr(VI)-(III) HCrO4-+7H++3e-=Cr3++4H2O 1.350

Cl(0)-(-I) Cl2(g)+2e-=2Cl- 1.35827

Cl(VII)-(-I) ClO4-+8H++8e-=Cl-+4H2O 1.389

Cl(VII)-(0) ClO4-+8H++7e-=1/2Cl2+4H2O 1.39

Au(III)-(I) au3++2e-=Au+ 1.401

Br(V)-(-I) BrO3-+6H++6e-=Br-+3H2O 1.423

I(I)-(0) 2HIO+2H++2e-=I2+2H2O 1.439

Cl(V)-(-I) ClO3-+6H++6e-=Cl-+3H2O 1.451

Pb(IV)-(II) PbO2+4H++2e-=Pb2++2H2O 1.455

Cl(V)-(0) ClO3-+6H++5e-=1/2Cl2+3H2O 1.47

Cl(I)-(-I) HClO+H++2e-=Cl-+H2O 1.482

Br(V)-(0) BrO3-+6H++5e-=l/2Br2+3H2O 1.482

Au(III)-(0) Au3++3e-=Au 1.498

Mn(VII)-(II) MnO4-+8H++5e-=Mn2++4H2O 1.507

Mn(III)-(II) Mn3++e-=Mn2+ 1.5415

Cl(III)-(-I) HClO2+3H++4e-=Cl-+2H2O 1.570

Br(I)-(0) HBrO+H++e-=l/2Br2(aq)+H2O 1.574

N(II)-(I) 2NO+2H++2e-=N2O+H2O 1.591

I(VII)-(V) H5IO6+H++2e-=IO3-+3H2O 1.601

Cl(I)-(0) HClO+H++e-=1/2Cl2+H2O 1.611

Cl(III)-(I) HClO2+2H++2e-=HClO+H2O 1.645

Ni(IV)-(II) NiO2+4H++2e-=Ni2++2H2O 1.678

Mn(VII)-(IV) MnO4-+4H++3e-=MnO2+2H2O 1.679

Pb(IV)-(II) PbO2+SO42-+4H++2e-=PbSO4+2H2O 1.6913

Au(I)-(0) Au++e-=Au 1.692

Ce(IV)-(III) Ce4++e-=Ce3+ 1.72

N(I)-(0) N2O+2H++2e-=N2+H2O 1.766

O(-I)-(-II) H2O2+2H++2e-=2H2O 1.776

Co(III)-(II) Co3++e-=Co2+(2mol·L-1 H2SO4) 1.83

Ag(II)-(I) Ag2++e-=Ag+ 1.980

S(VII)-(VI) S2O82-+2e-=2SO42- 2.010

O(0)-(-II) O3+2H++2e-=O2+H2O 2.076

O(II)-(-II) F2O+2H++4e-=H2O+2F- 2.153

Fe(VI)-(III) FeO42-+8H++3e-=Fe3++4H2O 2.20

O(0)-(-II) O(g)+2H++2e-=H2O 2.421

F(0)-(-I) F2+2e-=2F- 2.866

F2+2H++2e-=2HF 3.053

2 在鹼性溶液中 (298K)

電對 方程式 Eq/V

Ca(II)-(0) Ca(OH)2+2e-=Ca+2OH- -3.02

Ba(II)-(0) Ba(OH)2+2e-=Ba+2OH- -2.99

La(III)-(0) La(OH)3+3e-=La+3OH- -2.90

Sr(II)-(0) Sr(OH)2·8H2O+2e-=Sr+2OH-+8H2O -2.88

Mg(II)-(0) Mg(OH)2+2e-=Mg+2OH- -2.690

Be(II)-(0) Be2O32-+3H2O+4e-=2Be+6OH- -2.63

Hf(IV)-(0) HfO(OH)2+H2O+4e-=Hf+4OH- -2.50

Zr(IV)-(0) H2ZrO3+H2O+4e-=Zr+4OH- -2.36

Al(III)-(0) H2AlO3-+H2O+3e-=Al+OH- -2.33

P(I)-(0) H2PO2-+e-=P+2OH- -1.82

B(III)-(0) H2BO3-+H2O+3e-=B+4OH- -1.79

P(III)-(0) HPO32-+2H2O+3e-=P+5OH- -1.71

Si(IV)-(0) SiO32-+3H2O+4e-=Si+6OH- -1.697

P(III)-(I) HPO32-+2H2O+2e-=H2PO2-+3OH- -1.65

Mn(II)-(0) Mn(OH)2+2e-=Mn+2OH- -1.56

Cr(III)-(0) Cr(OH)3+3e-=Cr+3OH- -1.48

*Zn(II)-(0) [Zn(CN)4]2-+2e-=Zn+4CN- -1.26

Zn(II)-(0) Zn(OH)2+2e-=Zn+2OH- -1.249

Ga(III)-(0) H2GaO3-+H2O+2e-=Ga+4OH- -1.219

Zn(II)-(0) ZnO22-+2H2O+2e-=Zn+4OH- -1.215

Cr(III)-(0) CrO2-+2H2O+3e-=Cr+4OH- -1.2

Te(0)-(-I) Te+2e-=Te2- -1.143

P(V)-(III) PO43-+2H2O+2e-=HPO32-+3OH- -1.05

*Zn(II)-(0) [Zn(NH3)4]2++2e-=Zn+4NH3 -1.04

*W(VI)-(0) WO42-+4H2O+6e-=W+8OH- -1.01

*Ge(IV)-(0) HGeO3-+2H2O+4e-=Ge+5OH- -1.0

Sn(IV)-(II) [Sn(OH)6]2-+2e-=HSnO2-+H2O+3OH- -0.93

S(VI)-(IV) SO42-+H2O+2e-=SO32-+2OH- -0.93

Se(0)-(-II) Se+2e-=Se2- -0.924

Sn(II)-(0) HSnO2-+H2O+2e-=Sn+3OH- -0.909

P(0)-(-III) P+3H2O+3e-=PH3(g)+3OH- -0.87

N(V)-(IV) 2NO3-+2H2O+2e-=N2O4+4OH- -0.85

H(I)-(0) 2H2O+2e-=H2+2OH- -0.8277

Cd(II)-(0) Cd(OH)2+2e-=Cd(Hg)+2OH- -0.809

Co(II)-(0) Co(OH)2+2e-=Co+2OH- -0.73

Ni(II)-(0) Ni(OH)2+2e-=Ni+2OH- -0.72

As(V)-(III) AsO43-+2H2O+2e-=AsO2-+4OH- -0.71

Ag(I)-(0) Ag2S+2e-=2Ag+S2- -0.691

As(III)-(0) AsO2-+2H2O+3e-=As+4OH- -0.68

Sb(III)-(0) SbO2-+2H2O+3e-=Sb+4OH- -0.66

*Re(VII)-(IV) ReO4-+2H2O+3e-=ReO2+4OH- -0.59

*Sb(V)-(III) SbO3-+H2O+2e-=SbO2-+2OH- -0.59

Re(VII)-(0) ReO4-+4H2O+7e-=Re+8OH- -0.584

*S(IV)-(II) 2SO32-+3H2O+4e-=S2O32-+6OH- -0.58

Te(IV)-(0) TeO32-+3H2O+4e-=Te+6OH- -0.57

Fe(III)-(II) Fe(OH)3+e-=Fe(OH)2+OH- -0.56

S(0)-(-II) S+2e-=S2- -0.47627

Bi(III)-(0) Bi2O3+3H2O+6e-=2Bi+6OH- -0.46

N(III)-(II) NO2-+H2O+e-=NO+2OH- -0.46

*Co(II)-C(0) [Co(NH3)6]2++2e-=Co+6NH3 -0.422

Se(IV)-(0) SeO32-+3H2O+4e-=Se+6OH- -0.366

Cu(I)-(0) Cu2O+H2O+2e-=2Cu+2OH- -0.360

Tl(I)-(0) Tl(OH)+e-=Tl+OH- -0.34

*Ag(I)-(0) [Ag(CN)2]-+e-=Ag+2CN- -0.31

Cu(II)-(0) Cu(OH)2+2e-=Cu+2OH- -0.222

Cr(VI)-(III) CrO42-+4H2O+3e-=Cr(OH)3+5OH- -0.13

*Cu(I)-(0) [Cu(NH3)2]++e-=Cu+2NH3 -0.12

O(0)-(-I) O2+H2O+2e-=HO2-+OH- -0.076

Ag(I)-(0) AgCN+e-=Ag+CN- -0.017

N(V)-(III) NO3-+H2O+2e-=NO2-+2OH- 0.01

Se(VI)-(IV) SeO42-+H2O+2e-=SeO32-+2OH- 0.05

Pd(II)-(0) Pd(OH)2+2e-=Pd+2OH- 0.07

S(II,V)-(II) S4O62-+2e-=2S2O32- 0.08

Hg(II)-(0) HgO+H2O+2e-=Hg+2OH- 0.0977

Co(III)-(II) [Co(NH3)6]3++e-=[Co(NH3)6]2+ 0.108

Pt(II)-(0) Pt(OH)2+2e-=Pt+2OH- 0.14

Co(III)-(II) Co(OH)3+e-=Co(OH)2+OH- 0.17

Pb(IV)-(II) PbO2+H2O+2e-=PbO+2OH- 0.247

I(V)-(-I) IO3-+3H2O+6e-=I-+6OH- 0.26

Cl(V)-(III) ClO3-+H2O+2e-=ClO2-+2OH- 0.33

Ag(I)-(0) Ag2O+H2O+2e-=2Ag+2OH- 0.342

Fe(III)-(II) [Fe(CN)6]3-+e-=[Fe(CN)6]4- 0.358

Cl(VII)-(V) ClO4-+H2O+2e-=ClO3-+2OH- 0.36

*Ag(I)-(0) [Ag(NH3)2]++e-=Ag+2NH3 0.373

O(0)-(-II) O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH- 0.401

I(I)-(-I) IO-+H2O+2e-=I-+2OH- 0.485

*Ni(IV)-(II) NiO2+2H2O+2e-=Ni(OH)2+2OH- 0.490

Mn(VII)-(VI) MnO4-+e-=MnO42- 0.558

Mn(VII)-(IV) MnO4-+2H2O+3e-=MnO2+4OH- 0.595

Mn(VI)-(IV) MnO42-+2H2O+2e-=MnO2+4OH- 0.60

Ag(II)-(I) 2AgO+H2O+2e-=Ag2O+2OH- 0.607

Br(V)-(-I) BrO3-+3H2O+6e-=Br-+6OH- 0.61

Cl(V)-(-I) ClO3-+3H2O+6e-=Cl-+6OH- 0.62

Cl(III)-(I) ClO2-+H2O+2e-=ClO-+2OH- 0.66

I(VII)-(V) H3IO62-+2e-=IO3-+3OH- 0.7

Cl(III)-(-I) ClO2-+2H2O+4e-=Cl-+4OH- 0.76

Br(I)-(-I) BrO-+H2O+2e-=Br-+2OH- 0.761

Cl(I)-(-I) ClO-+H2O+2e-=Cl-+2OH- 0.841

*Cl(IV)-(III) ClO2(g)+e-=ClO2- 0.95

O(0)-(-II) O3+H2O+2e-=O2+2OH- 1.24

標準電極電勢表

半反應E° (V) 來源

& -9

Zz 9

N  N2(g) + H+ + e− HN3(aq) -3.09

Li+ + e− Li(s) -3.0401

N2(g) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH2OH(aq) + 2 OH− -3.04

Cs+ + e− Cs(s) -3.026

Rb+ + e− Rb(s) -2.98

K+ + e− K(s) -2.931

Ba2+ + 2 e− Ba(s) -2.912

La(OH)3(s) + 3 e− La(s) + 3OH− -2.90

Sr2+ + 2 e− Sr(s) -2.899

Ca2+ + 2 e− Ca(s) -2.868

Eu2+ + 2 e− Eu(s) -2.812

Ra2+ + 2 e− Ra(s) -2.8

Na+ + e− Na(s) -2.71

La3+ + 3 e− La(s) -2.379

Y3+ + 3 e− Y(s) -2.372

Mg2+ + 2 e− Mg(s) -2.372

ZrO(OH)2(s) + H2O + 4 e− Zr(s) + 4OH− -2.36

Al(OH)4− + 3 e− Al(s) + 4 OH− -2.33

Al(OH)3(s) + 3 e− Al(s) + 3OH− -2.31

H2(g) + 2 e− 2 H− -2.25

Ac3+ + 3 e− Ac(s) -2.20

Be2+ + 2 e− Be(s) -1.85

U3+ + 3 e− U(s) -1.66

Al3+ + 3 e− Al(s) -1.66

Ti2+ + 2 e− Ti(s) -1.63

ZrO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Zr(s) + 2 H2O -1.553

Zr4+ + 4 e− Zr(s) -1.45

TiO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti(s) + H2O -1.31

Ti2O3(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 TiO(s) + H2O -1.23

Ti3+ + 3 e− Ti(s) -1.21

Te(s) + 2 e− Te2− -1.143

V2+ + 2 e− V(s) -1.13

Nb3+ + 3 e− Nb(s) -1.099

Sn(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SnH4(g) -1.07

Mn2+ + 2 e− Mn(s) -1.029

SiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Si(s) + 2 H2O -0.91

B(OH)3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− B(s) + 3 H2O -0.89

TiO2+ + 2 H+ + 4 e− Ti(s) + H2O -0.86

Bi(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− BiH3 -0.8

H2 H2O + 2 e− H2(g) + 2 OH− -0.8277

Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(Hg) -0.7628

Zn2+ + 2 e− Zn(s) -0.7618

Ta2O5(s) + 10 H+ + 10 e− 2 Ta(s) + 5 H2O -0.75

Cr3+ + 3 e− Cr(s) -0.74

Au[Au(CN)2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 CN− -0.60

Ta3+ + 3 e− Ta(s) -0.6

PbO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Pb(s) + 2 OH− -0.58

Ti2 TiO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ti2O3(s) + H2O -0.56

Ga3+ + 3 e− Ga(s) -0.53

U4+ + e− U3+ -0.52

P H3PO2(aq) + H+ + e− P(白磷) + 2 H2O -0.508

P H3PO3(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO2(aq) + H2O -0.499

P H3PO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− P(紅磷) + 3H2O -0.454

Fe2+ + 2 e− Fe(s) -0.44

C2 CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HOOCCOOH(aq) -0.43

Cr3+ + e− Cr2+ -0.42

Cd2+ + 2 e− Cd(s) -0.40

GeO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− GeO(s) + H2O -0.37

Cu2O(s) + H2O + 2 e− 2 Cu(s) + 2 OH− -0.360

PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(s) + SO42− -0.3588

PbSO4(s) + 2 e− Pb(Hg) + SO42− -0.3505

Eu3+ + e− Eu2+ -0.35

In3+ + 3 e− In(s) 0.34

Tl+ + e− Tl(s) -0.34

Ge(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− GeH4(g) -0.29

Co2+ + 2 e− Co(s) -0.28

P H3PO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3PO3(aq) + H2O -0.276

V3+ + e− V2+ 0.26

Ni2+ + 2 e− Ni(s) -0.25

As(s) + 3 H+ + 3 e− AsH3(g) -0.23

MoO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Mo(s) + 2 H2O -0.15

Si(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− SiH4(g) -0.14

Sn2+ + 2 e− Sn(s) -0.13

O2(g) + H+ + e− HO2·(aq) -0.13

Pb2+ + 2 e− Pb(s) -0.13

WO2(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− W(s) + 2 H2O -0.12

P(紅磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.111

C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCOOH(aq) -0.11

Se(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2Se(g) -0.11

C CO2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CO(g) + H2O -0.11

SnO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Sn(s) + H2O -0.10

SnO2(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− SnO(s) + H2O -0.09

WO3(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− W(s) + 3 H2O -0.09

P(白磷) + 3 H+ + 3 e− PH3(g) -0.063

C HCOOH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HCHO(aq) + H2O -0.03

H 2 H+ + 2 e− H2(g) ≡ 0

S4O62− + 2 e− 2 S2O32− +0.08

Fe3O4(s) + 8 H+ + 8 e− 3 Fe(s) + 4 H2O +0.085

N2(g) + 2 H2O + 6H+ + 6 e− 2 nh4oh(aq) +0.092

HgO(s) + H2O + 2 e− Hg(l) + 2 OH− +0.0977

Cu(NH3)42+ + e− Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3 +0.10

Ru(NH3)63+ + e− Ru(NH3)62+ +0.10

N2H4(aq) + 4 H2O + 2 e− 2 NH4+ + 4 OH− +0.11

Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 6 H+ + 6 e− Mo(s) + 4 H2O +0.11

Ge4+ + 4 e− Ge(s) +0.12

C(s) + 4 H+ + 4 e− CH4(g) +0.13

C HCHO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH3OH(aq) +0.13

S(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2S(g) +0.14

Sn4+ + 2 e− Sn2+ +0.15

Cu2+ + e− Cu+ +0.159

S HSO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.16

UO22+ + e− UO2+ +0.163

S SO42− + 4 H+ + 2 e− SO2(aq) + 2 H2O +0.17

TiO2+ + 2 H+ + e− Ti3+ + H2O +0.19

Bi3+ + 2e− Bi+ +0.2

SbO+ + 2 H+ + 3 e− Sb(s) + H2O +0.20

As H3AsO3(aq) + 3 H+ + 3 e− As(s) + 3 H2O +0.24

GeO(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Ge(s) + H2O +0.26

UO2+ + 4 H+ + e− U4+ + 2 H2O +0.273

RE3+ + 3 e− Re(s) +0.300

Bi3+ + 3 e− Bi(s) +0.32

VO2+ + 2 H+ + e− V3+ + H2O +0.34

Cu2+ + 2 e− Cu(s) +0.340

Fe [Fe(CN)6]3− + e− [Fe(CN)6]4− +0.36

O2(g) + 2 H2O + 4 e− 4 OH−(aq) +0.40

Mo H2MoO4 + 6 H+ + 3 e− Mo3+ + 2 H2O +0.43

Bi+ + e− Bi(s) +0.50

C CH3OH(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− CH4(g) + H2O +0.50

S SO2(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− S(s) + 2 H2O +0.50

Cu+ + e− Cu(s) +0.520

C CO(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− C(s) + H2O +0.52

I2(s) + 2 e− 2 I− +0.54

I3− + 2 e− 3 I− +0.53

Au [AuI4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 I− +0.56

As H3AsO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H3AsO3(aq) + H2O +0.56

Au [AuI2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 I− +0.58

MnO4− + 2 H2O + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 4 OH− +0.59

S2O32 − + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 S(s) + 3 H2O +0.60

Mo H2MoO4(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− MoO2(s) + 2 H2O +0.65

O2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− H2O2(aq) +0.70

Tl3+ + 3 e− Tl(s) +0.72

PtCl62− + 2 e− PtCl42− + 2 Cl− +0.726

Se H2SeO3(aq) + 4 H+ + 4 e− Se(s) + 3 H2O +0.74

PtCl42− + 2 e− Pt(s) + 4 Cl− +0.758

Fe3+ + e− Fe2+ +0.77

Ag+ + e− Ag(s) +0.7996

Hg22+ + 2 e− 2 Hg(l) +0.80

N NO3−(aq) + 2 H+ + e− NO2(g) + H2O +0.80

Au [AuBr4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Br− +0.85

Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg(l) +0.85

MnO4− + H+ + e− HMnO4− +0.90

Hg 2 Hg2+ + 2 e− Hg22+ +0.91

Pd2+ + 2 e− Pd(s) +0.915

Au [AuCl4]− + 3 e− Au(s) + 4 Cl− +0.93

MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Mn3+ + 2 H2O +0.95

Au [AuBr2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Br− +0.96

Br2(l) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.07

Br2(aq) + 2 e− 2 Br− +1.09

I IO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HIO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.13

Au [AuCl2]− + e− Au(s) + 2 Cl− +1.15

Se HSeO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− H2SeO3(aq) + H2O +1.15

Ag2O(s) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 Ag(s) + H2O +1.17

ClO3− + 2 H+ + e− ClO2(g) + H2O +1.18

Pt2+ + 2 e− Pt(s) +1.188

ClO2(g) + H+ + e− HClO2(aq) +1.19

I 2 IO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− I2(s) + 6 H2O +1.20

ClO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− ClO3− + H2O +1.20

O2(g) + 4 H+ + 4 e− 2 H2O +1.23

MnO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Mn2+ + 2H2O +1.23

Tl3+ + 2 e− Tl+ +1.25

Cl2(g) + 2 e− 2 Cl− +1.36

Cr2O7− − + 14 H+ + 6 e− 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O +1.33

CoO2(s) + 4 H+ + e− Co3+ + 2 H2O +1.42

N 2 NH3OH+ + H+ + 2 e− N2H5+ + 2 H2O +1.42

I 2 HIO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− I2(s) + 2 H2O +1.44

Ce4+ + e− Ce3+ +1.44

BrO3− + 5 H+ + 4 e− HBrO(aq) + 2 H2O +1.45

PbO β-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.460

PbO α-PbO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Pb2+ + 2 H2O +1.468

Br 2 BrO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Br2(l) + 6 H2O +1.48

Cl 2ClO3− + 12 H+ + 10 e− Cl2(g) + 6 H2O +1.49

MnO4− + 8 H+ + 5 e− Mn2+ + 4 H2O +1.51

O HO2· + H+ + e− H2O2(aq) +1.51

Au3+ + 3 e− Au(s) +1.52

NiO2(s) + 4 H+ + 2 e− Ni2+ + 2 OH− +1.59

Cl 2 HClO(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− Cl2(g) + 2 H2O +1.63

Ag2O3(s) + 6 H+ + 4 e− 2 Ag+ + 3 H2O +1.67

Cl HClO2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− HClO(aq) + H2O +1.67

Pb4+ + 2 e− Pb2+ +1.69

MnO4− + 4 H+ + 3 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +1.70

O H2O2(aq) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 H2O +1.78

AgO(s) + 2 H+ + e− Ag+ + H2O +1.77

Co3+ + e− Co2+ +1.82

Au+ + e− Au(s) +1.83

BrO4− + 2 H+ + 2 e− BrO3− + H2O +1.85

Ag2+ + e− Ag+ +1.98

S2O82− + 2 e− 2 SO42− +2.07

O3(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− O2(g) + H2O +2.075

Mn HMnO4− + 3 H+ + 2 e− MnO2(s) + 2 H2O +2.09

F2(g) + 2 e− 2 F− +2.87

F2(g) + 2 H+ + 2 e− 2 HF(aq) +3.05

來源:

【1】^ Milazzo, G., Caroli, S., and Sharma, V. K. (1978). Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials (Wiley, Chichester).

【2】^ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).

【3】^ Bratsch, S. G. (1989). Journal of Physical Chemistry Reference Data Vol. 18, pp. 1–21.

【4】^ 4.0 4.1 Vanýsek, Petr (2006). "Electrochemical Series," in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 87th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).

【5】^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).

【6】^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.

【7】^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).

【8】^ 8.0 8.1 Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).

【9】`` 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).

【10】^ 10.0 10.1 由−0.454和(2×−0.499 + −0.508) ÷ 3 = −0.502推算出。

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