斯諾[約翰·斯諾]

John Snow約翰·斯諾（1813-1858），英國麻醉學家、流行病學家，被認為是麻醉醫學和公共衛生醫學的開拓者。首次提出預防霍亂的措施，對1854年倫敦西部西敏市蘇活區霍亂爆發的研究被認為是流行病學研究的先驅。

人物簡介

斯諾1813年3月15日生於英國約克，1858年6月16日卒於倫敦。1827年當外科醫生的學徒。1836年起，在倫敦威斯敏斯特醫院學習。1843年獲倫敦大學學士學位，次年獲博士學位。 曾為維多利亞女王的私人醫生。

1846年，乙醚作為一種麻醉劑引入時，他立刻進行實驗並基於生理原理為這種藥物的臨床使用發明了相應的裝置，臨床演示成功後得到推廣套用。他成為英國最早的麻醉師。1847年J.Y.辛普森建議套用氯仿作為麻醉藥後，斯諾為其使用研製了新設備。

斯諾從1831年從事醫學活動起就注意對霍亂的調查研究。1854年，倫敦霍亂流行。當時,許多醫生相信霍亂和天花是由“瘴氣”或從污水及其他不衛生的東西中產生的有害物所引起的。而斯諾通過調查證明霍亂由被糞便污染的水傳播，他認為霍亂是由一種能繁殖的由水傳播的活細胞所致。他提供了一份流行病學檔案，證明了霍亂的流行來源於百老大街（Broad Street）的水泵。他推薦幾種實用的預防措施，如清洗骯髒的衣被，洗手和將水燒開飲用等，效果良好。

人物著作

約翰·斯諾的代表著作有:《論乙醚》、《論氯仿》、《論霍亂的傳染方式》等。

人物成就

1844年斯諾獲倫敦大學博士學位。1846年後，他積極推進了麻醉劑乙醚和氯仿的臨床使用。1854年，倫敦霍亂流行，斯諾通過研究霍亂死者的日常生活情況，尋找到他們的共同行為模式，發現了霍亂與飲用不潔水的關係。在他的呼籲下，政府及時關閉了不潔水源，有效制止了霍亂的流行。他還推薦了幾種實用的預防措施，如清洗骯髒的衣被，洗手和將水燒開飲用等，效果良好。雖然約翰·斯諾沒有發現導致霍亂的病原體，但他創造性地使用空間統計學查找到傳染源，並以此證明了這種方法的價值。今天，繪製地圖已成為醫學地理學及傳染學中一項基本的研究方法。”斯諾的霍亂地圖“成為一個經典案例。

課文

高中教材人教版必修5 unit1（第一單元）教材　 原文

John snow defeats “king cholera”

John Snow was a famous doctor in London-so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.

He became interested in two theories that possibly explained

how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.

John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854,he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods,he began to gather information.In two particular streets,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.

First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38and40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this,so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.

Next,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.

In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.

To prevent this from happening again,John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally "King Cholera"was defeated.

翻譯

約翰·斯洛擊敗“霍亂王”
約翰·斯洛是倫敦一位著名的醫生——他的確醫術精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女王的私人醫生。但他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通百姓時，他就感到很振奮。霍亂在當時是最致命的疾病，人們既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治療方法。每次霍亂暴發時，就有大批驚恐的老百姓死去。約翰·斯洛想面對這個挑戰，解決這個問題。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍亂疫情是無法控制的。
斯洛對霍亂致人死地的兩種推測都很感興趣。一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖著，像一股危險的氣體到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者為止。第二種看法是人們在吃飯的時候把這種病毒引入體內的。病從胃裡發作而迅速殃及全身，患者就會很快地死去。
斯洛推測第二種說法是正確的，但他需要證據。因此，在1854年倫敦再次暴發霍亂的時候，約翰·斯洛著手準備對此進行調研。當霍亂在貧民區迅速蔓延的時候，約翰·斯洛就開始收集資料。他發現特別在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很嚴重，在10天之內就死去了500多人。他決心要查明其原因。
首先，他在一張地圖上標明了所有死者住過的地方。這提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價值的線索。許多死者是住在寬街的水泵附近（特別是這條街上16、37、38、40號）。他發現有些住宅（如寬街上20號和21號以及劍橋街上的8號和9號）卻無人死亡。他以前沒預料到這種情況，所以他決定深入調查。他發現，這些人都在劍橋街7號的酒館裡打工，而酒館為他們免費提供啤酒喝，因此他們沒有喝從寬街水泵抽上來的水。看來水是罪魁禍首。
接下來，約翰·斯洛調查了這兩條街的水源情況。他發現，水是從河裡來的，而河水被倫敦排出的髒水污染了。他馬上叫寬街上驚慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。這樣，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就開始得到緩解。他證明了霍亂是由病菌而不是由氣團傳播的。
在倫敦的另一個地區，他從兩個與寬街暴發的霍亂有關聯的死亡病例中發現了有力的證據。有一位婦女是從寬街搬過來的，她特別喜歡那裡的水，每天都要派人從水泵打水運到家裡來。她和她的女兒喝了這種水，都得了霍亂而死去。有了這個特別的證據，約翰·斯洛就能夠肯定地宣布，這種被污染了的水攜帶著病菌。
為了防止這種情況的再度發生，約翰·斯洛建議所有水源都要經過檢測。自來水公司也接到指令，不能再讓人們接觸被污染的水了。最終，“霍亂王”被擊敗了。