獨立主格結構
(一):獨立主格的概念“獨立主格結構”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語,加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。這種結構在形式上與主句沒有關係,通常稱為“獨立主格結構”。
(二):獨立主格的功能
“獨立主格結構”實質就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語,從而依附於主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語,在結構上與主句不發生關係,因此成為獨立主格結構。其實,雖然叫做獨立主格結構,並不是真正的獨立,它還是一種從屬分句,在句中有多種作用。如:表原因、表條件、表方式、表伴隨、表時間等,在句中通常起狀語作用。
獨立主格結構主要用於描繪性文字中,其作用相當於一個狀語從句,常用來表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如:
1) 表示時間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會後我們都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她幹完了活,坐下來喝茶。
2) 表示條件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若條件有利,他或許能成功。
3) 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 沒有計程車,我們只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得嚴嚴實實的。
4) 表示伴隨情況
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 幾乎所有的金屬都是良導體,而銀則是最好的導體。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,
and silver is the best of all.)
(三): 獨立主格結構的構成:
名詞(代詞)+現在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+名詞
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語構成。
(四) 獨立主格結構的特點:
(1)獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與後面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞存在邏輯上的主謂關係,即邏輯主語為動作執行者。
3)獨立主格結構一般有逗號與主句分開。
舉例:(一)
1) 名詞/代詞+形容詞
The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.
It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.
2) 名詞/代詞+現在分詞
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天來了,天氣越來越冷了。
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了,他出去散步。
The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 問題解決之後,我們結束了會議。
3) 名詞/代詞+過去分詞
“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.
4) 名詞/代詞(主格)+不定式
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我們十點四十五分集合,隊伍十一點準時出發。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 這是前兩卷,第三卷將於下月問世。
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我們進行了分工,他擦窗戶,我掃地。
The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 兩個男孩彼此道了別,一個回了家,另一個去了他朋友家。
5) 名詞/代詞+介詞短語
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位獵人手裡提著槍走進了樹林。
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
6) 名詞/代詞+副詞
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
7) 名詞/代詞+名詞
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏鬥著,唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
(二)
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統被謀殺了,舉國上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成後,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會議結束後,每個人都想早點回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子裡,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館
2. With的複合結構作獨立主格
表伴隨時,既可用分詞的獨立結構,也可用with的複合結構。
with +名詞(代詞)+現在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised【raising亦可】.
使用獨立主格四點注意
1.獨立主格與狀語從句的轉換當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時,可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句,但不再保留連詞。如:After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課後,學生很快離開了課室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列兩種情況下,獨立主格結構中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天,我們去了做禮拜。
(2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因為沒有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代詞或冠詞在“名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如: Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走進了課室,手裡拿著一本書。比較with的複合結構。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了,我們開始開會。(比較動名詞複合結構。)
獨立主格結構的用法
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當於一個狀語從句或並列句。
1. 用作時間狀語:The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成後,我們就回家了。
2. 用作條件狀語:Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3. 用作原因狀語:An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發表一個重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴隨狀語:He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上,兩手交叉枕在腦後。
5.表示補充說明:We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力,一個人乾兩個人的活。
*註:獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時,相當於一個狀語從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時還可放在句末;表伴隨狀況或補充說明時,相當於一個並列句,通常放於句末。
[編輯本段]典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時,其主語常常用with來引導。由於本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動關係,因此用過去分詞,選D.
注意:
1) 獨立主格結構使用介詞的問題:
當介詞是in時,其前後的兩個名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用複數。但 with 的複合結構不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 當表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語時,用現在分詞表主動,用過去分詞表被動。
He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他握著拳頭,眼睛直視地躺在那兒。
解析:拳頭被握所以用過去分詞表被動,眼睛直視是主動的所以用現在分詞表示來修飾。
注意:不可斷章取義地根據動詞是否為及物動詞來判斷是否採用過去分詞或現在分詞!
典型例題:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是複合句,也不是並列句。 句中使用了逗號,且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個簡單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨立主格或with的複合結構。據此判斷,本句中使用的是獨立結構, 其結構為:名詞+分詞。 由於permit在這裡翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動,套用現在分詞,故選B。
如果不會判斷獨立結構作狀語的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然後將if 去掉,再將謂語動詞改為非謂語動詞即可。
獨立主格結構妙題賞析
請看下面一道題:
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此題很容易誤選B,許多同學會認為句中逗號後是一個非限制性的定語從句,whose 在定語從句中用作定語修飾其後的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看,似乎天衣無縫,但實質上是錯的,原因是空格後根本不是一個句子,因為沒有謂語。盡管句中有兩個動詞,但它們都是非謂語動詞。也許有的同學認為,其中的 seated 可視為謂語動詞,但是注意,seat 用作動詞時,它總是及物的,其後要么接賓語,要么它就用於被動語態,所以若在 seated 前加上助動詞 is,則可以選擇B(當然若將 seated 改為sitting,也應選擇B)。所以此題最佳答案選A。
請再看一個類似的例子:
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)應選B,而不能選C,是因為句中的 translated 是過去分詞(非謂語動詞),若選C,則該從句無謂語;第(2)應選C,因為句中有謂語 were translatedC。
再請看下面一例:
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此題與上面的第(2)題不同,兩句間多了一個並列連詞and,說明這是一個並列句,故應選B,則不能選C。
請做做以下三題(答案均為B):
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that