MD Anderson介紹
University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center英文網址： www.mdanderson.org
中文網址： www.mdanderson.cn
www.mdanderson.com.cn
MD Anderson 癌症中心在USnews最佳癌症研究醫療機構中排名第一。該院成立於1944年，位於美國德克薩斯州休斯敦市。在癌症的臨床、研究、教學及預防方面處於世界領先水平。採用了多學科交叉的治療方法運用於癌症治療。在婦科學，泌尿學，耳鼻喉科等領域該院也有很高的水準。進修教育信息可查看：http://www.mdanderson.org/education/profeducation/
Research is the driving force that has propelled The University of Texas
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center to its international reputation for scientific excellence and outstanding cancer care.
Today, people everywhere benefit from research-based discoveries made at
M. D. Anderson over the past 60 years.
But the best is yet to come.
As a new century unfolds, scientists and clinicians at M. D. Anderson are accelerating the diverse translational research that is unmatched in its productivity.
Through their exceptional efforts, more effective methods to diagnose and treat cancer are being developed - and many others are on the horizon.
At the same time, M. D. Anderson faculty are at the forefront in exploring novel approaches to make cancer prevention possible — and practical — for anyone.
The outlook for curing cancer is increasingly optimistic, in large part because of ongoing advances reported or inspired by researchers at M. D. Anderson, where making cancer history is their aspiration every day.
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Profile
Celebrating more than six decades of Making Cancer History®, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center is located in central Houston on the sprawling campus of the Texas Medical Center. It is one of the world’s most respected centers devoted exclusively to cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.
M. D. Anderson Cancer Center was created in 1941 as a component of The University of Texas System. The institution is one of the nation’s original three comprehensive cancer centers designated by the National Cancer Act of 1971 and is one of 40 National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer centers today.
In 2009, U.S. News & World Report’s “America’s Best Hospitals” survey ranked
M. D. Anderson as the top hospital in the nation for cancer care. M. D. Anderson has achieved the top ranking six times in the past eight years and has ranked as one of the top two hospitals for cancer care for 20 years, since the magazine began its annual survey in 1990.
MD Anderson歷史資料
MD Anderson History
The importance of research was illustrated in 1941 when the Texas Legislature approved the institution's original name: the Texas State Cancer Hospital and the Division of Cancer Research. The next year, it became the M. D. Anderson Hospital for Cancer Research of The University of Texas to recognize the philanthropy of Monroe Dunaway Anderson, a successful Houston cotton broker.
Trustees of the foundation Mr. Anderson had set up before his death provided an interim site on a former family estate. Shortly before Christmas 1942, the first four research scientists arrived. Biochemistry and biology departments started in the old estate's stable and carriage house, which had been converted to research laboratories. Dr. Fritz Schlenk wrote the first scientific paper, "Nicotinamide Riboside," published in 1943 in the Archives of Biochemistry.
Cancer care services commenced on March 1, 1944, when the first M. D. Anderson patient was registered in a small building designated as an outpatient clinic. Early efforts to test anti-cancer drugs were made in 1946 by Dr. C. P. Coogle, a microbiologist, who evaluated the effects of endotoxins on animal cancer cells. Two years later, Dr. C. L. Spurr, the first chief of clinics, began using chemotherapy by administering nitrogen mustard to leukemia patients.
The first scientific symposium on fundamental cancer research was hosted in 1946. That year, Dr. R. Lee Clark arrived to become the first full-time director and surgeon-in-chief. He introduced the concept of multidisciplinary teamwork that would integrate patient care, research, education and, eventually, cancer prevention.
During 1948, Dr. Gilbert H. Fletcher, a French-born physician recruited to develop a radiotherapy program, persuaded Dr. Leonard G. Grimmett, a noted English physicist, to move to Houston. Dr. Grimmett set up a physics workshop above Dr. Fletcher's basement clinic, and the two men soon designed a model cobalt unit. When the proposed cobalt-60 machine was presented in 1950, it was chosen over 11 other models to develop by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
The M. D. Anderson Foundation had donated a permanent location for the cancer hospital in the new Texas Medical Center. One-third of the initial building's space was devoted to research, including laboratories for biochemistry, biology and physics; experimental animal rooms and a physics workshop to support radiation research projects. Both basic and clinical research expanded after the original 234-bed hospital facility opened in 1954.
A grant from the National Institutes of Health in 1961 created a clinical cancer research program. Federal funds given to evaluate a 22-million electron-volt betatron helped show the cobalt-60 and betatron were complementary and led to the first formal grant for radiation research. During the 1960s and 1970s, substantial progress was made in developing anti-cancer drugs, especially for children, and combining chemotherapy with better surgical procedures and/or improving radiation oncology techniques.
Through the National Cancer Act of 1971, M. D. Anderson became one of the first three comprehensive cancer centers. During the 1970s, a center for studying environmental causes of cancer was opened at the institution's new Science Park-Research Division in central Texas, while a Department of Veterinary Sciences was formed several miles away to breed and raise animals for scientific research.
Dr. Charles A. LeMaistre assumed the M. D. Anderson presidency in 1978, and the following year he added cancer prevention as a major mission with patient care, research and education. The appointment of Dr. Frederick F. Becker as the first vice president for research led to initiation of diverse research programs and recruitment of new basic and clinical research faculty. Research continued to flourish in the 1980s and 1990s as faculty exploited new knowledge about cancer biology and began applying information about molecular genetics for many forms of cancer.
Translational research escalated after Dr. John Mendelsohn, a prominent clinical scientist, arrived in 1996 to become president of M. D. Anderson. New multidisciplinary research initiatives for brain, breast, ovarian, prostate and skin cancers were launched, while the Clinical Research Building opened and other major facilities were planned to provide state-of-the-art laboratories, especially for molecular research that continued accelerating in the new century.
MD Anderson癌症研究機構的成就
Pioneering Research Advances
The following accomplishments are among major contributions by the
M. D. Anderson faculty. These advances span the breadth of cancer medicine and science over more than a half century.
1990s
Designed a rapid chromosome "painting" technique to pinpoint gene abnormalities in chromosomes for use in diagnosis and treatment monitoring of cancer and genetic diseases.
Developed a simplified BCR-ABL diagnostic test that uses a tiny amount of blood to detect and monitor chronic myelogenous leukemia and some acute leukemias, thus reducing the need for multiple bone marrow aspirations.
Found molecular markers that show some children cured of acute lymphoblastic leukemia may retain rare residual leukemic cells many years after treatment.
Identified a defective tumor suppressor gene now known as PTEN (phosphatase on chromosome 10), providing new ways to target therapy for glioblastoma multiforme, a usually fatal form of brain cancer, and several other types of cancer.
Documented a direct molecular link between cigarettes and lung cancer based on research studies that showed a carcinogen in tobacco smoke binds to key mutagenic sites in the p53 gene.
Created molecular probes using the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method to see chromosomal rearrangements in chronic leukemia and other cancer cells, which helped target therapy for residual disease.
Demonstrated that a nitric oxide inhibitor can reverse severe low blood pressure often produced by anti-cancer drugs and prevent septic shock caused by bacterial infections; animal studies led to first clinical trial using the inhibitor for patients with advanced kidney cancer.
Reported first successful correction of a defective p53 tumor suppressor gene in human lung cancer, then pioneered genetic therapy based on replacing abnormal or missing p53 genes and applied the therapy to lung, head and neck, prostate, bladder and other cancers.
Developed chemoprotection method to insert into normal bone marrow cells a multidrug resistance gene that can selectively pump drugs out of cells to reduce toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy.
Published evidence of a critical gene (Lim1) in the head region of developing mouse embryos that is distinct from that of the trunk and tail regions, giving a new genetic tool for molecular analysis of vertebrate formation and differentiation.
Documented that a cancer-causing gene (src) directly regulates the tumorigenic potential of colon cancer cell lines, furnishing the first validation of src activation in a human tumor.
Reported the first separation of human malignant cells from blood cells by using the dielectrophoresis technique that allows cells to be studied through their intrinsic electrical properties without using stains or markers.
Collaborated in demonstrating that p53 tumor suppressor gene changes occur not only as acquired mutations in many patients with cancer but also as inherited mutations in cancer-prone families.
Advanced the use of microvascular tissue transfer to repair defects caused by removal of breast and head and neck cancers and introduced immediate reconstructive surgery following tumor excision.
Identified genetic variants of receptors for a common brain chemical, dopamine, that is being applied to predict nicotine addiction, with the potential for developing targeted chemical interventions for smokers at high risk for addiction.
Discovered an important genetic mechanism associated with two thyroid diseases, opening the way for improved treatments for thyroid stimulating hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas and recognizing pituitary resistance to thyroid hormones caused by hypothyroidism.
Reported animal studies showing the first protein to induce destruction of cells damaged by UV irradiation and provide a natural defense against non-melanoma skin cancer, a finding which may lead to a screening test to identify individuals at risk for sunlight-induced skin cancer.
Coordinated a landmark national study demonstrating that women with locally advanced cervical cancer live much longer when treated simultaneously with radiation and chemotherapy, marking the first fundamental advance in treating the disease in more than 40 years.
Published results of an international study that led to accelerated U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval of the drug temozolomide for patients with recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, an often fatal form of brain tumor.
Developed a gene expression method to predict which tumors will metastasize based on a combination of high levels of the invasive enzyme collagenase IV and low levels of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin expressed by the cancer cells.
Began clinical trials combining chemotherapy or radiation with C225 therapy, an innovative biological treatment that prevents cancer cell proliferation by blocking molecular targets - called EGF receptors - on cell surfaces.
1980s
Demonstrated that vitamin A analogs (retinoids) can reverse pre-cancerous lesions, which may progress to head and neck cancers, providing a foundation for chemoprevention.
Discovered a T-cell receptor which led to understanding the function of cells that mount the body's primary defense against many cancers and some viruses.
Published data defining the specific genetic events associated with the development of Wilms' tumor, a childhood cancer of the kidney.
Established the field of photoimmunology that focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms of how ultraviolet radiation from the sun causes skin cancer and also suppresses the immune system, leaving individuals vulnerable to infectious diseases.
First proposed and confirmed the theory that cancer metastasis is a non-random process and conducted extensive research to develop methods for overcoming the diverse properties of cancer cells.
Reported the first clinical use of liposomes to enclose antibiotics in microscopic fatty carriers and target drugs to specific disease sites, then applied the technique to deliver higher doses of anti-cancer drugs while reducing the toxicity.
Conducted early clinical trials that first demonstrated the efficacy of Taxol in treating advanced breast cancer.
Designed a model ambulatory Treatment Center that now is the nation's largest facility for chemotherapy and vital supportive treatments in a cost-effective outpatient setting.
A clinical study showing how activating natural immune system cells (macrophages) can destroy drug-resistant bone tumors that spread to the lungs of predominantly pediatric patients paved the way for using the novel technique as first-line treatment to prevent metastasis.
Developed premature chromosome condensation test that could find only a few leukemic cells in bone marrow, providing a method to predict relapse.
Identified molecular mechanisms that regulate gene expression during differentiation of muscle cells and illustrated how regulatory factors control muscle cell proliferation.
Demonstrated that combining radiation therapy and chemotherapy for some Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas could preserve fertility and enable patients to have children.
1970s
Initial studies of both natural and synthetic interferon led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approving the biologic substance for treating two types of leukemia.
First proposed the two-hit hypothesis of cancer causation, which required mutations in two paired genes to start the cancer process and explained why inherited cancers have an early onset because one gene is mutated at birth.
Reported the first combination chemotherapy (Velban and bleomycin) that produced complete remission and eventual cure for many patients with germ cell testicular cancer.
Conducted and published early clinical trials that showed a three-drug combination (fluorouracil, Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide) was highly effective for breast cancer.
Developed the so-called C-banding technique that enabled scientists to pinpoint the precise location of genes on various chromosomes.
Published the first of a series of articles that revised theories on how breast cancer is inherited and contributed to understanding the increased risk for families with other cancers.
Designed continuous-flow blood cell separators to divide whole blood into cellular components that combat infections, control hemorrhages and help manage other complications of cancer and its treatment.
Demonstrated the early efficacy of small drug infusion pumps that have allowed patients to take anti-cancer drugs at home, work and while traveling.
M. D. Anderson's initial bone marrow transplant in 1975 evolved into the nation's largest program, in which approximately 600 bone marrow and blood stem cell transplants are performed annually for patients with many forms of cancer.
Initiated voice-conservation therapy involving limited surgery and radiation treatments for patients with laryngeal cancer.
Identified the clinical relevance of chromosomal abnormalities that led to routine tests to detect leukemia sub-types and recommendations for optimal therapy for each.
Documented that lumpectomy combined with radiation therapy was as effective as radical mastectomy and offered breast conservation as an option for some breast cancer patients.
Showed that infusing the drug cisplatin into arteries of arms and legs of patients with bone tumors greatly improved survival when combined with continuous infusion of Adriamycin before and after limb-sparing surgery.
Introduced the now-standard concept of density of tumor cell infiltration to plan subtoxic radiation doses that can destroy previously undetectable tiny tumors.
Documented that combination chemotherapy was effective for children with rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare skeletal muscle cancer, and osteosarcoma, a bone cancer.
1960s
Determined appropriate techniques for mammograms and showed that such X-rays could detect minimal, highly curable breast cancers, leading to recommendations for screening mammography.
Developed and evaluated combination chemotherapy that produced early effective treatments for leukemia and lymphoma.
Reported the first successful chemotherapy (vincristine) for children with inoperable Wilms' tumor, a kidney cancer.
Introduced limb-sparing surgery using donor bones - and later designed metal prostheses - to save arms and legs of patients with bone tumors and other sarcomas.
M. D. Anderson named to direct planning uniform radiation dosimetry standards for hospitals participating in National Cancer Institute radiotherapy studies.
Collaboration among surgeons and radiation oncologists led to improved survival, preserved function and better cosmetic appearance for many head and neck cancer patients.
Developed biometric tests that enhanced the design and evaluation of clinical trials of anti-cancer drugs for patients with leukemia and eventually other cancers.
1950s
Designed and tested the first cobalt-60 unit, paving the way for more effective and less expensive radiation therapy throughout the world.
Adapted a research cryostat for clinical use in diagnosing cancer with "frozen section" pathology SLIDES that could be prepared while patients were in surgery.
Conducted the initial national study to assess radiation therapy with the betatron machine that produced high-energy photons to treat internal tumors.
http://www.mdanderson.org/about-us/facts-and-history/research-milestones/index.html
