A Basic Overview
International Space Station was conceived in 1983 by President Ronald Reagan first proposed, i.e. on the basis of international cooperation, to build the biggest - ever manned space station to The United States, the Russian - led, including Canada, Japan, Brazil and ESA (11 countries), a total of 16 countries participating in the development of its The United States, the Russian - led, including Canada, Japan, Brazil and ESA (11 countries), a total of 16 countries participating in the development of its .
design life is 10 ~ 15 years, the total mass of approximately 423 tons and a length of 108 m, a width (span) containing 88 meters, a height of 397 kilometer orbit, manned the cabin atmosphere and ground that is identical to that of the six people design life is 10 ~ 15 years, the total mass of approximately 423 tons and a length of 108 m, a width (span) containing 88 meters, a height of 397 kilometer orbit, manned the cabin atmosphere and ground that is identical to that of the six people . International Space Station complex, large scale, by the astronaut habitation module, Kibo's galleys,transition cabin butt joint, truss, a solar cell which consists of the completion of the total mass will reach to 438 tons International Space Station complex, large scale, by the astronaut habitation module, Kibo's galleys,transition cabin butt joint, truss, a solar cell which consists of the completion of the total mass will reach to 438 tons .
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Basic Information
Working State
daily on the number of turns: 15.79 height loss: about 65 meters manned days: 3186 July 2009 this data revolution: 3897 July 2009 data today run distance: about 2, 000, 000, 000 km fuel quality: 3951 kg about "the current volume: 425 m3 in" O2: about 4 mm Hg (kPa) 22 CO2: about 4.8 mmHg (640) Pa Temperature: ~ 26. 9 C
Main Member
members: date of launch of mass: (kg) Dawn functional cargo: 20 November 1998, 1, No. 1 space station node Unity 9323: 4 December 1998, 1, 1612 Zvezda "(DOS - 8): July 12, 2000 1, 9050Z1 truss: On October 11 8755P6 truss and solar panels: on 30 November 2000 1, 5900 Destiny Laboratory Module in 2001 and 7 February 1, 4515 arm Canada 2: 19 April 2001 4899 seek airlock:On July 12, 2001 6064 docking bays: on 14 August 2001 3900S0 truss: 8 April 2002 1 3,970 - Canada rail arm 2: June 5, 2002 1450S1 truss: 7 October 2002 1, 2598P1 truss: 23 November 2002 1, 2598
Construction Background
International Space Station - - the predecessor of the National Aeronautics and Space Station Freedom program (1980 in the United States in the Strategic Defense Initiative, an integral part of International Space Station - - the predecessor of the National Aeronautics and Space Station Freedom program (1980 in the United States in the Strategic Defense Initiative, an integral part of . in 1987 Dec. 1, NASA announced that Boeing, GE, McDonnell Douglas and Rockwell, Dean propulsive power company for the participation in the station (
orders during the Bush years, the Star Wars program was shelved, Space Station Freedom also ground to a halt in 1993, then US president Bill Clinton formally ended the Space Station Freedom Program orders during the Bush years, the Star Wars program was shelved, Space Station Freedom also ground to a halt in 1993, then US president Bill Clinton formally ended the Space Station Freedom Program . in the United States Vice President Al Gore, Space Station Freedom reborn,NASA and Roscosmos, finding out about the idea of establishing a space station in the United States Vice President Al Gore, Space Station Freedom reborn,NASA and Roscosmos, finding out about the idea of establishing a space station .
November 1998 on the International Space Station first established Dawn functional cargo into orbit in December the same year, the U.S. - made space station node Unity No liftoff and Dawn is connected, in July 2000 Zvezda Service Module and the Space Station connection 2000 Nov. 2, the first batch of astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS), the various components of the
mostly by NASA for a shuttle transportation, mostly due to the various components in the ground are already completed the construction task,in space will only need a few of which the operations of the components can be connected to the second stage on a Space Station mostly by NASA for a shuttle transportation, mostly due to the various components in the ground are already completed the construction task,in space will only need a few of which the operations of the components can be connected to the second stage on a Space Station . body until the international space station for completing the assembly of the half, capable of supporting a crew of 3, to the International Space Station after the fully completed, according to its design can be provided a total of seven astronauts work and live at the same time body until the international space station for completing the assembly of the half, capable of supporting a crew of 3, to the International Space Station after the fully completed, according to its design can be provided a total of seven astronauts work and live at the same time .
Name
International Space Station's original proposal for the name is" Space Station Alpha (Alpha) ", but met opposition from Russia, the Russians have such nomenclature implied the international space station is the history of mankind's first space station, but the fact that the Soviet Union and later Russia's International Space Station has successfully run International Space Station's original proposal for the name is" Space Station Alpha (Alpha) ", but met opposition from Russia, the Russians have such nomenclature implied the international space station is the history of mankind's first space station, but the fact that the Soviet Union and later Russia's International Space Station has successfully run . 8 at the stations to a Russian proposal to the space station named Atlanta (English: Atlanta), but this bill had been opposed by the United States, which Washington believes Atlanta pronunciation and spelling too close to the legendary sunken continents" Atlantis", which seems to be implying an ominous,And Atlanta also name easily with the US space shuttle Atlantis Space Shuttle confused 8 at the stations to a Russian proposal to the space station named Atlanta (English: Atlanta), but this bill had been opposed by the United States, which Washington believes Atlanta pronunciation and spelling too close to the legendary sunken continents" Atlantis", which seems to be implying an ominous,And Atlanta also name easily with the US space shuttle Atlantis Space Shuttle confused .
ISS does not use the name originally proposed for the Space Station Alpha, but the station's radio callsign is Alpha (Alpha), the call letters the station's first passenger boarding station when determining, at the very time when the international space station's name remains uncertain, NASA's then - chairman Daniel Gordon, Daniel S. Goldin, went to the station by fetching a temporary callsign alpha, this last call letters were retained and became the station's official radio call sign
Construction Plan
1, of the first phase of the 1, of the first phase of the . 1994 - 1998 as a preparation stage 1994 - 1998 as a preparation stage .
major was the U.S. shuttle - Russian Space Station MIR rendezvous and docking with the 2, second stage 2, second stage .
20 November 1998, the first part of the space station cargo Dawn function (US - funded Russian - made) by the successful launch to the International Space Station formally enters the initial assembly stage 20 November 1998, the first part of the space station cargo Dawn function (US - funded Russian - made) by the successful launch to the International Space Station formally enters the initial assembly stage . thereafter, to the International Space Station (ISS) of a second assembly station node to unite America's No. 4 December 1998, by the Endeavour space shuttle into orbit,and 7 December, with the successful docking
Dawn 'Phase 2' s main aim was to make a carrier 1 having a 3 person ability of the early Space Station 3 Dawn 'Phase 2' s main aim was to make a carrier 1 having a 3 person ability of the early Space Station 3 ., , .
- - - - - - the third in 2000 ~ 2005 is a final assembly stage of application and - - - - - - the third in 2000 ~ 2005 is a final assembly stage of application and . after the completion of the ISS, six people, life is of 15 ~ 20 years after the completion of the ISS, six people, life is of 15 ~ 20 years .
Overall Structure
1, 1, . truss foundation for every component, solar panels, mobile service system and medical exposure test facilities 2 truss foundation for every component, solar panels, mobile service system and medical exposure test facilities 2 .
, , . which is primarily used for astronaut habitation of living, including the corridors, toilets, shower, sleep stations and medical facilities, borne by the United States developed and launched to the space 3 which is primarily used for astronaut habitation of living, including the corridors, toilets, shower, sleep stations and medical facilities, borne by the United States developed and launched to the space 3 .
, ", ". it contains science equipment and other facilities, also containing a part of the residential function, developed and launched by Russia 4 it contains science equipment and other facilities, also containing a part of the residential function, developed and launched by Russia 4 .
, , . it is internally provided with a functional cargo space astronaut health support facilities and a portion of the living functions (such as toilets, sanitation, etc.), and a power source, fuel staging to the cabin which is provided outside the multi - directional interface,Russia developed and launched by
5, wherein the plurality of Kibo's 5, wherein the plurality of Kibo's . US 1, ESA - 1, Japan 1, Russia 3 US 1, ESA - 1, Japan 1, Russia 3 .
American, Japanese, and ESA's three lab will provide a total of 33 international standard payload of cabinet;The lab in Russia also has 20 experimental cabinet American, Japanese, and ESA's three lab will provide a total of 33 international standard payload of cabinet;The lab in Russia also has 20 experimental cabinet . The Japanese science module is connected to a discharge station outside of the platform exposed, for the space environment are in direct contact with experimental The Japanese science module is connected to a discharge station outside of the platform exposed, for the space environment are in direct contact with experimental .
6, the three space station node 6, the three space station node . them by the United States and ESA research, is the connection of every component of the channel and the astronauts extravehicular activity of outlet them by the United States and ESA research, is the connection of every component of the channel and the astronauts extravehicular activity of outlet .
In addition, the node 1 bay can also be used as a warehouse for storage;Node 2 hatch no cabinet adjustment circuit, for converting electrical power for international partners use;Node 3 bay to the space station's space for its expansion In addition, the node 1 bay can also be used as a warehouse for storage;Node 2 hatch no cabinet adjustment circuit, for converting electrical power for international partners use;Node 3 bay to the space station's space for its expansion . 7, energy systems and solar cell paddles 7, energy systems and solar cell paddles .
them by the United States and Russia two countries provide them by the United States and Russia two countries provide . 8, mobile service system and, in particular, is the remote manipulation mechanical arm) developed by Canada it 8, mobile service system and, in particular, is the remote manipulation mechanical arm) developed by Canada it .
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Functional Study
1, after successful assembly of ISS as a scientific research and exploitation of space resources, is to provide a long - term human space in orbit about Earth observation and astronomical observations of 1, after successful assembly of ISS as a scientific research and exploitation of space resources, is to provide a long - term human space in orbit about Earth observation and astronomical observations of . opportunity in terms of earth observation, international space station than remote sensing satellite is superior over the other, when Earth was devastated by an earthquake, tsunami or volcanic eruption and other events, the station astronauts could use the timely adjustment of various parameters, to obtain the best observed effect opportunity in terms of earth observation, international space station than remote sensing satellite is superior over the other, when Earth was devastated by an earthquake, tsunami or volcanic eruption and other events, the station astronauts could use the timely adjustment of various parameters, to obtain the best observed effect .
2, International Space Station in the astronomical observations would be far superior to other spacecraft, is to understand the universe astronomical position, distribution, structure, physical state,Chemical composition and evolution of the important means 2, International Space Station in the astronomical observations would be far superior to other spacecraft, is to understand the universe astronomical position, distribution, structure, physical state,Chemical composition and evolution of the important means . through the International Space Station, astronomers can not only obtain cosmic rays, subatomic particles and other important information, understanding the mysteries of the universe, but also affect the global environment - in - a - lifetime astronomical event, such as solar flares, burst, etc.) to respond in a timely manner to protect the earth, the protection in space of the spacecraft and the members of the
3, International Space Station on the Life Sciences Research object can directly promote the development of aerospace medicine, through a variety of parameters for determining the influence of gravity on the astronauts body) can be improved in the human brain,nerve and muscle and research level 3, International Space Station on the Life Sciences Research object can directly promote the development of aerospace medicine, through a variety of parameters for determining the influence of gravity on the astronauts body) can be improved in the human brain,nerve and muscle and research level . gravitational biology and materials science research and the application prospect of the ISS microgravity conditions than the Space Shuttle and the Mir space station is much more effective, especially material play an important role in the development of a revolutionary progress gravitational biology and materials science research and the application prospect of the ISS microgravity conditions than the Space Shuttle and the Mir space station is much more effective, especially material play an important role in the development of a revolutionary progress .
4, International Space Station to study the life sciences, biotechnology, aerospace, medical, materials science, fluid physics and combustion science on Earth provide much better, even in Earth cannot provide superior conditions for directly promoting these scientific advancements 4, International Space Station to study the life sciences, biotechnology, aerospace, medical, materials science, fluid physics and combustion science on Earth provide much better, even in Earth cannot provide superior conditions for directly promoting these scientific advancements . at the same time, the international space station construction and application, is building the plant,space stations, space tourism, and establish a permanent settlement in space (castle), launched and other immigrants such as manned spaceflight and long - term goal of closer to at the same time, the international space station construction and application, is building the plant,space stations, space tourism, and establish a permanent settlement in space (castle), launched and other immigrants such as manned spaceflight and long - term goal of closer to .
Maintenance Costs
International Space Station (ISS), the initial design life to 2015 International Space Station (ISS), the initial design life to 2015 . as participating countries have agreed to extend its service life to 2020 as participating countries have agreed to extend its service life to 2020 .
on March 30, 2012, the Russian Federal Space Agency Director Vladimir Popovkin said the space agency is working with foreign partners to discuss the post - 2020 period to continue using the International Space Station, International Space Station and intends to change the mode of operation, thus optimizing the manned spaceflight project funds use on March 30, 2012, the Russian Federal Space Agency Director Vladimir Popovkin said the space agency is working with foreign partners to discuss the post - 2020 period to continue using the International Space Station, International Space Station and intends to change the mode of operation, thus optimizing the manned spaceflight project funds use . Popovkin said the Russian Space Agency will launch to the International Space Station (ISS) of extended lifespan in 2023,But on some of the equipment must be detected via Popovkin said the Russian Space Agency will launch to the International Space Station (ISS) of extended lifespan in 2023,But on some of the equipment must be detected via .
even made a decision to extend the service life of the international space station, will also increase with the change, it will become a technology test and training platform for manned lunar landing mission even made a decision to extend the service life of the international space station, will also increase with the change, it will become a technology test and training platform for manned lunar landing mission ., which "raise" an International Space Station are required every year, and $10 billion by the 16 member states to share in the future, cooperation will remain the global aerospace sector trend , which "raise" an International Space Station are required every year, and $10 billion by the 16 member states to share in the future, cooperation will remain the global aerospace sector trend .
3, according to British media on January 8, 2014, NASA obtained the support of the White House, the International Space Station life extension for another four years to 2024 3, according to British media on January 8, 2014, NASA obtained the support of the White House, the International Space Station life extension for another four years to 2024 . 6 6.
Success Of Drop Rails
Chang 'e - 3 750 seconds of black death on December 10, 2014 Late 21: around 20 minutes, the Chang' e - 3 probe will orbit again, from 100 km by 100 km of the lunar circular orbit, perilune was reduced to 15 km, 100 km elliptical orbit of the lunar far side, next landing were preparing for Chang 'e - 3 750 seconds of black death on December 10, 2014 Late 21: around 20 minutes, the Chang' e - 3 probe will orbit again, from 100 km by 100 km of the lunar circular orbit, perilune was reduced to 15 km, 100 km elliptical orbit of the lunar far side, next landing were preparing for . detector system according to the deputy commander of the Tan Mei, said the Chang 'e - 3 lunar soft - landing in the implementation of the ten - odd minutes since being launched is most "soul - stirring" that the power drop, better known as" black 750 seconds" detector system according to the deputy commander of the Tan Mei, said the Chang 'e - 3 lunar soft - landing in the implementation of the ten - odd minutes since being launched is most "soul - stirring" that the power drop, better known as" black 750 seconds".
18: 00 Beijing Aerospace Control Center to the lunar orbit and attitude control injection parameter 18: 00 Beijing Aerospace Control Center to the lunar orbit and attitude control injection parameter . 20: 37 of the Chang 'e - 3 enters lunar area 20: 37 of the Chang 'e - 3 enters lunar area .
21: 20 the Chang' e - 3 success engine ignition, starts controlling the orbit shift 21: 20 the Chang' e - 3 success engine ignition, starts controlling the orbit shift . 21: 24 of the Chang 'e - 3 moon back to front, according to the main station monitoring data analysis judgment, has been by the Chang' e - 3 Moon Surface average height of about 100 - km lunar orbit, perilune successfully entering the height is about 15 km from the lunar far side has a height of approximately 100 km elliptical orbit for the next four days after landing were prepared to do 21: 24 of the Chang 'e - 3 moon back to front, according to the main station monitoring data analysis judgment, has been by the Chang' e - 3 Moon Surface average height of about 100 - km lunar orbit, perilune successfully entering the height is about 15 km from the lunar far side has a height of approximately 100 km elliptical orbit for the next four days after landing were prepared to do .
