Introduction
in the atmosphere of the atmospheric turbulence and scatter, will absorb ultraviolet and ozone, these factors define the telescope on the ground to do further observation in the atmosphere of the atmospheric turbulence and scatter, will absorb ultraviolet and ozone, these factors define the telescope on the ground to do further observation . Space Telescope appear to astronomers managed to shrug off the ground, and get the clearer and more widely as the observation image Space Telescope appear to astronomers managed to shrug off the ground, and get the clearer and more widely as the observation image .
space telescope concept first appeared in the 1940s, but not until the 1990s, the Hubble space telescope has officially launched, and observation date space telescope concept first appeared in the 1940s, but not until the 1990s, the Hubble space telescope has officially launched, and observation date . Hubble space telescope belonging to NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) cooperation projects,Its main objective is to establish a long - term observation in space orbiting observatory Hubble space telescope belonging to NASA and European Space Agency (ESA) cooperation projects,Its main objective is to establish a long - term observation in space orbiting observatory .
name derived from the famous American astronomer Edwin Hubble name derived from the famous American astronomer Edwin Hubble . April 25, 1990, by the US space shuttle in space on the track of the "Hubble" telescope length of 3 m and a diameter of 4. 3 meters long and weighs 11 tons of standard coal, the cost for 30
$2. 8 kilometers per hour along the orbital, the clarity is a ground - based telescopes of 10 times or more the , the absence of atmospheric turbulence interferenceThe image that it acquires the spectrum and have extremely high stability and repeatability , the absence of atmospheric turbulence interferenceThe image that it acquires the spectrum and have extremely high stability and repeatability .
Hubble Space Telescope, obtained data is first stored in a spacecraft at the Hubble Space Telescope in the Hubble Space Telescope, obtained data is first stored in a spacecraft at the Hubble Space Telescope in the . most begins transmitting, data storage facilities were old tape recorder most begins transmitting, data storage facilities were old tape recorder .
but these equipment in the servicing of the mission was to replace the but these equipment in the servicing of the mission was to replace the . every day the Hubble Space Telescope's approximately twice the data transmitted to the Earth synchronous orbit tracking and data relay satellite system, then data is again sent to continue testing equipment located at White Sands, New Mexico, located at White Sands test equipment by 60 feet (18 meters) of wire diameter and high - gain microwave one,Finally, information is transmitted to the Goddard Space Flight Center and the Space Telescope Science Institute for archiving every day the Hubble Space Telescope's approximately twice the data transmitted to the Earth synchronous orbit tracking and data relay satellite system, then data is again sent to continue testing equipment located at White Sands, New Mexico, located at White Sands test equipment by 60 feet (18 meters) of wire diameter and high - gain microwave one,Finally, information is transmitted to the Goddard Space Flight Center and the Space Telescope Science Institute for archiving .
transferred data must pass a series of processes can be used for astronomers and space telescope transferred data must pass a series of processes can be used for astronomers and space telescope . Institute have developed software which is capable of automatically correcting the Institute have developed software which is capable of automatically correcting the .
and then the space telescope institute will use (Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System) software to select desired data and then the space telescope institute will use (Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System) software to select desired data . Hubble telescope will help scientists to study of the universe have a deeper understanding of Hubble telescope will help scientists to study of the universe have a deeper understanding of .
however,Since NASA Hubble SM4 is determined to be the last servicing mission, Hubble, they retire, while its new successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be launched, and the successor to the hubble space telescope work however,Since NASA Hubble SM4 is determined to be the last servicing mission, Hubble, they retire, while its new successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be launched, and the successor to the hubble space telescope work . James Webb Space Telescope, James Webb Space Telescope, JWST abbreviation) is a planned space telescope for infrared observation James Webb Space Telescope, James Webb Space Telescope, JWST abbreviation) is a planned space telescope for infrared observation .
as in 2010 and the end of the observation of the activities of the follow - up to the Hubble Space Telescope, planned for launch in 2011 as in 2010 and the end of the observation of the activities of the follow - up to the Hubble Space Telescope, planned for launch in 2011 . but because of manufacturing problems,had to be delayed to 2013 launch, the Hubble telescope also have carried out the risky repairs in service, but because of manufacturing problems,had to be delayed to 2013 launch, the Hubble telescope also have carried out the risky repairs in service, .
because costs had risen to $80, the lens has also been planned from the 8 - meter for just 6. 5 meters which were considered to be the most distant places to observe the universe, the Big Bang of first light of the minimum requirements for which were considered to be the most distant places to observe the universe, the Big Bang of first light of the minimum requirements for .
European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA (NASA) of the co - use the plan, which was placed on the sun - Earth Lagrange point of second European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA (NASA) of the co - use the plan, which was placed on the sun - Earth Lagrange point of second . 2015 on Apr. 21, the distance to the ground and the Hubble telescope 340 miles (547 kilometers),orbit Earth week took 97 minutes 
Development History
Planning And Design
Hubble Space Telescope's history can be traced to the astronomer Lyman Spitzer in 1946, (Lyman Spitzer, Jr.) proposed the following papers: "The earth beyond the astronomical observation advantage" In the process, he noted that in space observatories such as two Earth - based observatories of In the process, he noted that in space observatories such as two Earth - based observatories of .
performance superior to that of the first, the angular resolution of the object can be clearly resolved (minimum separation angle) of the limit will be limited only by diffraction, rather than by causing the twinkling of stars caused by turbulent atmospheric seeing performance superior to that of the first, the angular resolution of the object can be clearly resolved (minimum separation angle) of the limit will be limited only by diffraction, rather than by causing the twinkling of stars caused by turbulent atmospheric seeing . at the time, supported by ground - based telescopes that if the resolution of only 0. 5 - 1.0 arc sec, compared to the next,As long as an aperture of 2.5 - meter telescope will be able to reach the theoretical diffraction limit of 0. 1 arc sec
Secondly, space telescopes can observe is the atmosphere absorbs the infrared rays and ultraviolet rays Secondly, space telescopes can observe is the atmosphere absorbs the infrared rays and ultraviolet rays . Spitzer space telescope to your career, dedication to the space telescope launched Spitzer space telescope to your career, dedication to the space telescope launched .
in 1962, the National Academy of Sciences in a report that recommended space telescope as part of a space programme, and in 1965 Spitzer was appointed as a chairman of the Scientific Committee, the Commission's aim of building a space telescope in 1962, the National Academy of Sciences in a report that recommended space telescope as part of a space programme, and in 1965 Spitzer was appointed as a chairman of the Scientific Committee, the Commission's aim of building a space telescope . during World War II, scientists use the development of rocket technology at the same time,once - through small - scale independent space - based astronomy during World War II, scientists use the development of rocket technology at the same time,once - through small - scale independent space - based astronomy .
in 1946, first observed the sun's ultraviolet spectrum in 1946, first observed the sun's ultraviolet spectrum . UK in 1962 with the launch solar telescope in orbit, as part of Aryan Space UK in 1962 with the launch solar telescope in orbit, as part of Aryan Space .
NASA in 1966, had its first orbital Observatory (OAO) mission, but the first three days of OAO battery after a failure, abort this task NASA in 1966, had its first orbital Observatory (OAO) mission, but the first three days of OAO battery after a failure, abort this task . second OAO between 1968 and 1972 by which stars and galaxies has ultraviolet observation,in our original plans more than a year working at the time second OAO between 1968 and 1972 by which stars and galaxies has ultraviolet observation,in our original plans more than a year working at the time .
orbiting observatory mission shows the space - based observatory in astronomy as an important role in the 1968 NASA determined for a space in the construction of a 3 meter diameter reflecting telescope of the program in which the temporary name of a large orbital telescope or Large Space Telescope (LST), is expected to launch in 1979 the " orbiting observatory mission shows the space - based observatory in astronomy as an important role in the 1968 NASA determined for a space in the construction of a 3 meter diameter reflecting telescope of the program in which the temporary name of a large orbital telescope or Large Space Telescope (LST), is expected to launch in 1979 the "." plan has highlighted the need for someone to enter the space to perform maintenance, to ensure that this does not credit the plan of work for well over a long enough time, and synchronizing the development of reusable space shuttle technology,for the purpose of making the plan referred to in the preceding paragraph become feasible plan " plan has highlighted the need for someone to enter the space to perform maintenance, to ensure that this does not credit the plan of work for well over a long enough time, and synchronizing the development of reusable space shuttle technology,for the purpose of making the plan referred to in the preceding paragraph become feasible plan .
Fund Demand
orbiting astronomical observatory, the success of the program, encouraged a growing public opinion in support of, the large space telescope should be important target within the field of astronomy orbiting astronomical observatory, the success of the program, encouraged a growing public opinion in support of, the large space telescope should be important target within the field of astronomy . in 1970, NASA established two committees, a planned space telescope project, and another study space telescope mission scientific objectives of the in 1970, NASA established two committees, a planned space telescope project, and another study space telescope mission scientific objectives of the .
in which, after the next obstacle is the funds necessary to troubleshoot that problem, because this one than any earthbound observatories money is bigger in the United States Congress many times in which, after the next obstacle is the funds necessary to troubleshoot that problem, because this one than any earthbound observatories money is bigger in the United States Congress many times . the space telescope of budgetary needs and raised many questions, a point of order in connection with the disarmament required budget confrontation,at the time of the detailed lists of the telescope hardware requirements and the development of follow - up to the instrumentation necessary to the space telescope of budgetary needs and raised many questions, a point of order in connection with the disarmament required budget confrontation,at the time of the detailed lists of the telescope hardware requirements and the development of follow - up to the instrumentation necessary to .
in 1974, when it comes to cutting government spending at the influence of Gerald Ford's dropped all of the space telescope in 1974, when it comes to cutting government spending at the influence of Gerald Ford's dropped all of the space telescope . budget in response to this, astronomers has coordinated national lobbying efforts budget in response to this, astronomers has coordinated national lobbying efforts .
many astronomers to personally meet with the House of Representatives and the Senate, and carried an extensive correspondence and publicity many astronomers to personally meet with the House of Representatives and the Senate, and carried an extensive correspondence and publicity . of the National Academy of Sciences published the report also stressed the importance of space telescope, the final Senate resolution on restoring the original congressional budget of the National Academy of Sciences published the report also stressed the importance of space telescope, the final Senate resolution on restoring the original congressional budget .
delete half the funds of the shrinking of the target item is reduce,lens aperture is narrowed to 3 meters by 2. 4 meters, and more cost effective and compact configuration of the telescope hardware originally planned as a pre - test, and placed the satellite on the 1.5 - meter space telescope was also canceled, on the budget of the European Space Agency (ESA) also expressed concern that the list of co - cooperation of partners
ESA agreed to provide funding and some of the instruments on the telescope is required, and the like as a power source in the form of a solar battery, or 2 percent of Europe's astronomers can use less than 15% of telescope time ESA agreed to provide funding and some of the instruments on the telescope is required, and the like as a power source in the form of a solar battery, or 2 percent of Europe's astronomers can use less than 15% of telescope time . in 1978, Congress has earmarked 36 million dollars,Let the Large Space Telescope began to design and plan the 1983 launch of the in 1978, Congress has earmarked 36 million dollars,Let the Large Space Telescope began to design and plan the 1983 launch of the .
at the beginning of the 1980s, the Hubble telescope is named in memory of the early 20th century to explore the universe and the expansion of the astronomer Edwin Hubble at the beginning of the 1980s, the Hubble telescope is named in memory of the early 20th century to explore the universe and the expansion of the astronomer Edwin Hubble .
Design And Manufacture
space telescope of the plan is approved, the plan is divided into many sub - execution plans by the end of each organ space telescope of the plan is approved, the plan is divided into many sub - execution plans by the end of each organ . Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is responsible for the design, development and construction of the telescope, the Goldstone Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for overall control of scientific instruments and ground Mission Control, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) is responsible for the design, development and construction of the telescope, the Goldstone Space Flight Center (GSFC) is responsible for overall control of scientific instruments and ground Mission Control, .
Marshall Space Flight Center commissioned the Perkin Elmer Spectrum One design and fabrication of the optical space telescope assembly, precise positioning of the sensor (FGS), Lockheed were commissioned to build the telescope is mounted on the spacecraft Marshall Space Flight Center commissioned the Perkin Elmer Spectrum One design and fabrication of the optical space telescope assembly, precise positioning of the sensor (FGS), Lockheed were commissioned to build the telescope is mounted on the spacecraft .
Combined Installation
telescope mirror and the optical system is the most critical part of the design has very strict specifications for general telescope mirror and the optical system is the most critical part of the design has very strict specifications for general . of the telescope, the mirror polishing after the accuracy is about one - tenth the wavelength of visible light, but because the space telescope is in a range from ultraviolet to near infrared, and therefore require higher than before the telescope ten times the resolution of its mirrors after polishing and the accuracy of the wavelength of visible light, a two - tenth, i.e., approximately 30 nm
Perkinelmer, deliberately 2 used the extremely complex computer - controlled mirror grinding polisher, but in most of the tip has a technical problem;Kodak is commissioned using conventional polishing techniques make a backup of the Kodak (mirror of the mirror is permanently stored in the Smithsonian Institute) Perkinelmer, deliberately 2 used the extremely complex computer - controlled mirror grinding polisher, but in most of the tip has a technical problem;Kodak is commissioned using conventional polishing techniques make a backup of the Kodak (mirror of the mirror is permanently stored in the Smithsonian Institute) . 1979, Perkin Elmer start grinding, the use of ultra low expansion glass, a mirror in order to minimize the weight, using a honeycomb lattice, and the bottom surface of each of the following: only the chunky glass 1979, Perkin Elmer start grinding, the use of ultra low expansion glass, a mirror in order to minimize the weight, using a honeycomb lattice, and the bottom surface of each of the following: only the chunky glass .
mirror polishing from 1979 to 1981, of the polishing progress has fallen behind and may be beyond the budget, NASA's report before starting on a Perkin Elmer Lambda of the management structure of mirror polishing from 1979 to 1981, of the polishing progress has fallen behind and may be beyond the budget, NASA's report before starting on a Perkin Elmer Lambda of the management structure of . To save money, NASA stopped production of the lens support,and the launch date was postponed to October 1984 To save money, NASA stopped production of the lens support,and the launch date was postponed to October 1984 .
lenses at the end of 1981, and plated on a 75 - nm - thick aluminum enhance reflection, and a 25 nm thick protective layer of magnesium fluoride lenses at the end of 1981, and plated on a 75 - nm - thick aluminum enhance reflection, and a 25 nm thick protective layer of magnesium fluoride . because optical telescopes are combined on the budget continues to expand, progress cannot match that of the case, on a Perkin Elmer Lambda as well as the follow - up to the challenge of responding to the continued existence of because optical telescopes are combined on the budget continues to expand, progress cannot match that of the case, on a Perkin Elmer Lambda as well as the follow - up to the challenge of responding to the continued existence of .
has been described as" a draft and a capricious daily ", NASA again postponed the date of 4 January 1985 has been described as" a draft and a capricious daily ", NASA again postponed the date of 4 January 1985 . however, Perkin Elmer of quarterly progress continuously increase at a rate of deterioration in a month,The delay also occurs on each working day and continued backwardness of the however, Perkin Elmer of quarterly progress continuously increase at a rate of deterioration in a month,The delay also occurs on each working day and continued backwardness of the .
NASA were forced to postpone the launch date, until March 1986, and then again until September 1986, NASA were forced to postpone the launch date, until March 1986, and then again until September 1986, . Now, the entire plan of the total cost up to $11 million of the 75 million Now, the entire plan of the total cost up to $11 million of the 75 million .
placement instrument of the telescope and the spacecraft is on another major engineering challenge placement instrument of the telescope and the spacecraft is on another major engineering challenge . and it must be able to withstand the sun with the Earth's shadow between in and out frequently caused by temperature changes, but also extreme for stabilization and long between the telescope accurately to and it must be able to withstand the sun with the Earth's shadow between in and out frequently caused by temperature changes, but also extreme for stabilization and long between the telescope accurately to .
target made of a multilayer made of insulating material of the shield can telescope so that the internal temperature is stable,and is constructed from lightweight aluminum shell encloses the telescope and instruments of target made of a multilayer made of insulating material of the shield can telescope so that the internal temperature is stable,and is constructed from lightweight aluminum shell encloses the telescope and instruments of . bracket within the housing, a graphite - epoxy frame will be calibrated instruments securely fasten bracket within the housing, a graphite - epoxy frame will be calibrated instruments securely fasten .
There was a time for the placement of the instruments and telescopes on the spacecraft constructed than a combination of optical telescope came smoothly, but Lockheed still experienced an inadequate budget and schedule, taking over in the summer of 1985, before the spacecraft's 5 months behind schedule, and budget exceeded 30% There was a time for the placement of the instruments and telescopes on the spacecraft constructed than a combination of optical telescope came smoothly, but Lockheed still experienced an inadequate budget and schedule, taking over in the summer of 1985, before the spacecraft's 5 months behind schedule, and budget exceeded 30% . Marshall Space Flight Center, according to the report, Lockheed built the spacecraft did not take the initiative, but over - reliance on the guidance of the Marshall Space Flight Center, according to the report, Lockheed built the spacecraft did not take the initiative, but over - reliance on the guidance of the .
NASA in 1983,Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), NASA and the scientific community that the struggle for power between NASA in 1983,Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), NASA and the scientific community that the struggle for power between . after the founding of the Space Telescope Science Institute is an affiliate of the American Astronomical Research Alliance (AURA), which is composed of 32 universities and seven international members of the unit, with headquarters in Maryland, Baltimore campus of Johns Hopkins and the Space Telescope Science Institute is responsible for the after the founding of the Space Telescope Science Institute is an affiliate of the American Astronomical Research Alliance (AURA), which is composed of 32 universities and seven international members of the unit, with headquarters in Maryland, Baltimore campus of Johns Hopkins and the Space Telescope Science Institute is responsible for the .
space telescope operation and transfers data to the space telescope operation and transfers data to the . NASA astronomers think) into the interior of the tissue, but scientists in accordance with the scientific approach to planning created as research units,Bit by NASA in Greenbelt, Md., Green Bank, the Space Telescope Science Institute's 48 km to the south, the Goddard Space Flight Center and the contractor to provide engineering support to
Hubble telescope 24 hours per day of operation, the four work teams take turns operating Hubble telescope 24 hours per day of operation, the four work teams take turns operating . space telescope - european coordinating mechanism established in Germany in 1984 adjacent to Munich in Garching bei München, European astronomers provide similar support space telescope - european coordinating mechanism established in Germany in 1984 adjacent to Munich in Garching bei München, European astronomers provide similar support .
Component
telescope optical system of the optical part is the heart of the instrument as a whole it employs telescope optical system of the optical part is the heart of the instrument as a whole it employs . - Cassegrain reflector system, by two hyperboloidal mirrors, the caliber is a 2.4 - meter primary mirror, the other one is mounted in the primary mirror was found to be about 4. 5 meters of the sub - mirror, with a diameter of 0. 3 meters
projected onto the primary mirror on the light first reflected onto the secondary mirror, and then again by the secondary mirror toward the center of the main mirror aperture, through which the primary mirror in the focal plane of the formed high - quality image, various scientific instruments for performing precision processing,get out of the data through the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system back to earth in the wide - area and wide area projected onto the primary mirror on the light first reflected onto the secondary mirror, and then again by the secondary mirror toward the center of the main mirror aperture, through which the primary mirror in the focal plane of the formed high - quality image, various scientific instruments for performing precision processing,get out of the data through the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) system back to earth in the wide - area and wide area . planetary camera Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF / PC) was originally planned to use the optical observation of the high - resolution camera on planetary camera Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF / PC) was originally planned to use the optical observation of the high - resolution camera on .
NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in manufacturing, with a set of sheet 48 by the optical filter (6), which is made of a special screening of the band but not the astrophysical observation of the entire apparatus using NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in manufacturing, with a set of sheet 48 by the optical filter (6), which is made of a special screening of the band but not the astrophysical observation of the entire apparatus using . 8 CCD chip, is made as to which of the two cameras, each using four CCDs 8 CCD chip, is made as to which of the two cameras, each using four CCDs .
wide field camera (WFC) because a wide field of view, the resolution power was sacrificed,but may be on the weak luminosity of panoramic observation of celestial objects and planetary camera wide field camera (WFC) because a wide field of view, the resolution power was sacrificed,but may be on the weak luminosity of panoramic observation of celestial objects and planetary camera . Planetary Camera (PC) of each pixel if the resolution is 0. 043 seconds of arc, has a long focal length of the WFC imaging, a higher magnification, can communicate with complementary camera, the resolution has become for
in December 1993, STS - 61 servicing missions, the Wide Field and Planetary Camera is the new - generation replacement in order to avoid confusion, typically either the first Wide Field and Planetary Camera,new called - 2 in December 1993, STS - 61 servicing missions, the Wide Field and Planetary Camera is the new - generation replacement in order to avoid confusion, typically either the first Wide Field and Planetary Camera,new called - 2 . 1 April 1995 Hubble Space Telescope on the large field of view Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) captured the Eagle Nebula 1 April 1995 Hubble Space Telescope on the large field of view Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) captured the Eagle Nebula .
photos is just like a regular digital cameras, WFPC2 also use charge - coupled device (CCD) instead of the film to the recording of the video CCD photos is just like a regular digital cameras, WFPC2 also use charge - coupled device (CCD) instead of the film to the recording of the video CCD . is one of the light - sensitive device across an array, wherein the minimum unit is referred to as a "pixel" is one of the light - sensitive device across an array, wherein the minimum unit is referred to as a "pixel" .
while it works to the received light into an electrical signal is while it works to the received light into an electrical signal is . as will be seen below,In a final process in the most gorgeous image of hard work from the camera itself generates an interference signal in a separation of those of the useful signal, and converts these signals into the sky at a given point in the position and brightness measured as will be seen below,In a final process in the most gorgeous image of hard work from the camera itself generates an interference signal in a separation of those of the useful signal, and converts these signals into the sky at a given point in the position and brightness measured .
WFPC2 was actually made by the camera 4 is composed of three large field camera (WF) of the camera 1 and the planetary carrier (PC1) WFPC2 was actually made by the camera 4 is composed of three large field camera (WF) of the camera 1 and the planetary carrier (PC1) . addition to PC1, the contents of each frame image taken by the camera occupied a quarter of the photos captured by addition to PC1, the contents of each frame image taken by the camera occupied a quarter of the photos captured by .
PC1 is a local amplification of images,This allows astronomers to see locally in the upper - left corner of the smaller details PC1 is a local amplification of images,This allows astronomers to see locally in the upper - left corner of the smaller details . but the final image will be scaled up on a picked - up image PC1 and the other rack 3 is reduced to the same degree of the camera, which has led to "Hubble WFPC2 captured photos always missing a corner of the field of view but the final image will be scaled up on a picked - up image PC1 and the other rack 3 is reduced to the same degree of the camera, which has led to "Hubble WFPC2 captured photos always missing a corner of the field of view .
WFPC2 contains approximately 1600 x 1600 pixels, which makes it approximately equivalent to a 250 - million pixel digital cameras and WFPC2 contains approximately 1600 x 1600 pixels, which makes it approximately equivalent to a 250 - million pixel digital cameras and . WFPC2 captured image is also not true,But it can be seen in the scene than to color film closer to the naked eye WFPC2 captured image is also not true,But it can be seen in the scene than to color film closer to the naked eye .
- 2 itself also will be the fourth servicing mission in 1997 and began the development of the WFC - 3 replacement - 2 itself also will be the fourth servicing mission in 1997 and began the development of the WFC - 3 replacement . Goddard Goddard high - resolution spectrograph for high resolution spectrograph (GHRS) is used for an ultraviolet radiation range of the spectrograph, by Goddard Space Centre, and 90, 000 of the spectral resolution, and also to the FOC and FOS are selected which are appropriate for the observation of target Goddard Goddard high - resolution spectrograph for high resolution spectrograph (GHRS) is used for an ultraviolet radiation range of the spectrograph, by Goddard Space Centre, and 90, 000 of the spectral resolution, and also to the FOC and FOS are selected which are appropriate for the observation of target .
it dis - CCD,Digital counter used as a photon detection device it dis - CCD,Digital counter used as a photon detection device . in February 1997 as the Hubble Space Telescope maintenance mission in image spectrograph (STIS) substituted in February 1997 as the Hubble Space Telescope maintenance mission in image spectrograph (STIS) substituted .
High Speed Photometer High Speed Photometer (HSP) is capable of rapid measurement of the absorbance change and the polarity bias can High Speed Photometer High Speed Photometer (HSP) is capable of rapid measurement of the absorbance change and the polarity bias can . it every 10 microseconds of the ultraviolet, visible, and near - infrared wavelengths on the basis of the photometric measurement once is thus provided for the visible and ultraviolet observations on the stars, with an accuracy of at least 2% can be reached it every 10 microseconds of the ultraviolet, visible, and near - infrared wavelengths on the basis of the photometric measurement once is thus provided for the visible and ultraviolet observations on the stars, with an accuracy of at least 2% can be reached .
High Speed Photometer because primary mirror of optical problems, from the launch have not been able to successfully use High Speed Photometer because primary mirror of optical problems, from the launch have not been able to successfully use . December 1993,In a first - time Hubble maintenance tasks, it is used for the correction of other problems of the optics of the optical axis is offset - corrected optical space telescope (COSTAR) replacing the Faint Object Camera December 1993,In a first - time Hubble maintenance tasks, it is used for the correction of other problems of the optics of the optical axis is offset - corrected optical space telescope (COSTAR) replacing the Faint Object Camera .
faint object camera observing wavelengths of from 115 to 650 nanometers,In 2002 it was captured by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) replaces the Faint Object Spectrograph faint object camera observing wavelengths of from 115 to 650 nanometers,In 2002 it was captured by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) replaces the Faint Object Spectrograph . Faint Object Spectrograph is observed at a wavelength of 1150 to the spectrograph Faint Object Spectrograph is observed at a wavelength of 1150 to the spectrograph .
8500 angstroms for the second time in 1997 in the Hubble Space Telescope maintenance mission is image spectrograph (STIS) substituted 8500 angstroms for the second time in 1997 in the Hubble Space Telescope maintenance mission is image spectrograph (STIS) substituted . FOC and FOS are Hubble space telescope on the highest resolution instruments FOC and FOS are Hubble space telescope on the highest resolution instruments .
these three instruments are discarded CCD, using the digit as a photon counter detection device these three instruments are discarded CCD, using the digit as a photon counter detection device . FOC is for esa to manufacture,FOS is by the Martin Marietta Corporation FOC is for esa to manufacture,FOS is by the Martin Marietta Corporation .
other instruments on the last of the instruments is by Madison University to design and manufacture of HSP, it is used for the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths on the basis of observations of variable stars, and the other is selected of the celestial sphere, brightness changes it other instruments on the last of the instruments is by Madison University to design and manufacture of HSP, it is used for the visible and ultraviolet wavelengths on the basis of observations of variable stars, and the other is selected of the celestial sphere, brightness changes it . of the photometer per second can be detected at a 100, 000 times, with an accuracy of at least 2% can be reached of the photometer per second can be detected at a 100, 000 times, with an accuracy of at least 2% can be reached .
Hubble Space Telescope's guidance system can also be used as scientific instruments, its three fine guide star sensor (FGS) of the observation period which is used primarily to keep the telescope pointing accuracy,but can also be used to perform very accurate astronomical measurement, the measurement precision reach 0. 0003 arc seconds
Maintenance Improvement
1993 Maintenance
In April 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in a few weeks, the researchers found that from the hubble space telescope pictures have serious problems, obtained the optimum image quality is also far below its initial expectations: the apparent image is expanded into more than one radius of the circular arc seconds In April 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope, scheduled for launch in a few weeks, the researchers found that from the hubble space telescope pictures have serious problems, obtained the optimum image quality is also far below its initial expectations: the apparent image is expanded into more than one radius of the circular arc seconds . through the pattern of the display defect analysis, problem derived from the primary mirror is the shape of the through the pattern of the display defect analysis, problem derived from the primary mirror is the shape of the .
although this difference is less than 1 / 20 the wavelength of light, the position of the mirror and requires only a minuscule difference of 2 microns,But this difference has been devastating for the spherical aberration from although this difference is less than 1 / 20 the wavelength of light, the position of the mirror and requires only a minuscule difference of 2 microns,But this difference has been devastating for the spherical aberration from . such a mirror at the edge of the reflected light cannot be concentrated at a center of the reflected light is the same as that of the focus on such a mirror at the edge of the reflected light cannot be concentrated at a center of the reflected light is the same as that of the focus on .
1993, Endeavour performed the first repair of the Hubble Space Telescope, the researchers designed with the same one of the spherical aberration, but the effect is opposite to the optical axis, so that a cancellation error, that is equivalent with a can correct the spherical aberration of the spectacles 1993, Endeavour performed the first repair of the Hubble Space Telescope, the researchers designed with the same one of the spherical aberration, but the effect is opposite to the optical axis, so that a cancellation error, that is equivalent with a can correct the spherical aberration of the spectacles . employed to correct the spherical aberration of the optical axis of the instrument referred to as a compensation correction optical space telescope (COSTAR) employed to correct the spherical aberration of the optical axis of the instrument referred to as a compensation correction optical space telescope (COSTAR) .
COSTAR inside the telescope in order to provide a position, where an instrument must be removed,The astronomer's selection, the sacrifice of high - speed photometer COSTAR inside the telescope in order to provide a position, where an instrument must be removed,The astronomer's selection, the sacrifice of high - speed photometer . In addition, the wide - area and wide - area and second - generation planetary camera is planetary camera and internal optical system update replaces the In addition, the wide - area and wide - area and second - generation planetary camera is planetary camera and internal optical system update replaces the .
In addition, the solar panel and the driving of the electronic device, for positioning of telescope four gyroscopes, two control discs, two magnetometer and other electronic components also replaced In addition, the solar panel and the driving of the electronic device, for positioning of telescope four gyroscopes, two control discs, two magnetometer and other electronic components also replaced .
1997 Maintenance
in February 1997, Discovery's STS - 82 in its second voyage to perform maintenance tasks with in February 1997, Discovery's STS - 82 in its second voyage to perform maintenance tasks with . space telescope the spectrograph (STIS) and Near - Infrared Camera and Multi - Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), replaced de Gora high - resolution spectrograph (GHRS) and Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) space telescope the spectrograph (STIS) and Near - Infrared Camera and Multi - Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), replaced de Gora high - resolution spectrograph (GHRS) and Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) .
blanket insulation repair, re - lifting of the track in the blanket insulation repair, re - lifting of the track in the . Hubble repair in an accident has happened not only shortens the life of Hubble repair in an accident has happened not only shortens the life of .
after mounting a heat sink with a thermal diffusion portion hadn't expected to enter an optical barrier, this additional heat added by the life of the instrument's original expectations of 4. 5 years to 2 years
1999 Maintenance
the third maintenance tasks still lay with the Discovery in December 1999 STS - 103 in the the third maintenance tasks still lay with the Discovery in December 1999 STS - 103 in the . in this voyage performed maintenance in replacing all six gyroscopes, replaced a fine guide star sensor and a computer, installing the assembled set of voltage / temperature improvement kit (VIK) to prevent the overheating of the battery, replace the insulation blanket in this voyage performed maintenance in replacing all six gyroscopes, replaced a fine guide star sensor and a computer, installing the assembled set of voltage / temperature improvement kit (VIK) to prevent the overheating of the battery, replace the insulation blanket .
new calculator is capable of operation under low temperature radiation of the Intel 486, may perform some of the past must be in the ground processing of calculations related to the work to the spaceship new calculator is capable of operation under low temperature radiation of the Intel 486, may perform some of the past must be in the ground processing of calculations related to the work to the spaceship .
2002 Maintenance
the fourth maintenance tasks by Columbia in March 2002 of STS - 109 voyage performed, the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) replaces the Faint Object Camera (FOC), is replaced with new cooling system and solar panel the fourth maintenance tasks by Columbia in March 2002 of STS - 109 voyage performed, the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) replaces the Faint Object Camera (FOC), is replaced with new cooling system and solar panel . Hubble's distribution system is also updated, this is the Hubble Space Telescope after launch game for the first time it gained with the application of power Hubble's distribution system is also updated, this is the Hubble Space Telescope after launch game for the first time it gained with the application of power .
2008 Maintenance
In, which is scheduled for August 2008 maintenance tasks, the astronauts will replace new batteries and gyroscopes, replaced a fine guide star sensor (FGS) and repair of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) In, which is scheduled for August 2008 maintenance tasks, the astronauts will replace new batteries and gyroscopes, replaced a fine guide star sensor (FGS) and repair of the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) . retain and Advanced Camera for Surveys, installed two new instruments: cosmic origins spectrograph and wide - field camera however retain and Advanced Camera for Surveys, installed two new instruments: cosmic origins spectrograph and wide - field camera however .
NASA in September 2008 announced the Hubble Space Telescope on data processing system has serious failure and cannot be normally store the observation data and Earth, but due to the height of the Hubble space mission and for the International Space Station is in extremely remote,astronauts in the event of an emergency and failed to find valid safe havens, making maintenance Hubble telescope becomes an extremely dangerous task NASA in September 2008 announced the Hubble Space Telescope on data processing system has serious failure and cannot be normally store the observation data and Earth, but due to the height of the Hubble space mission and for the International Space Station is in extremely remote,astronauts in the event of an emergency and failed to find valid safe havens, making maintenance Hubble telescope becomes an extremely dangerous task .
In 2009 Maintenance
EDT on May 11, 2009 at 14: 01, the united states, "atlantis" space shuttle launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida EDT on May 11, 2009 at 14: 01, the united states, "atlantis" space shuttle launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida . said, the seven astronauts on board by the five spacewalks on Hubble Space Telescope for the last time maintenance, replacing the large equipment and instrument, these updates include: use wide - field Camera (WFC3) replacing WFPC2; installation of new cosmic origins spectrograph (COS), retrieve the COSTAR corrective optics system; repairing the damage of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS);to repair a damaged space telescope Spectrograph (STIS) and the replacement of damaged guide fine star sensor (FGS); replacement of scientific instruments and data processing instructions (VV) SIC DH; replacing all of the battery module; and replacing all six gyroscopes and three positioning sensor (RSU); replacing the docking ring, installing a new blanket insulation (), a supplemental refrigerant said, the seven astronauts on board by the five spacewalks on Hubble Space Telescope for the last time maintenance, replacing the large equipment and instrument, these updates include: use wide - field Camera (WFC3) replacing WFPC2; installation of new cosmic origins spectrograph (COS), retrieve the COSTAR corrective optics system; repairing the damage of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS);to repair a damaged space telescope Spectrograph (STIS) and the replacement of damaged guide fine star sensor (FGS); replacement of scientific instruments and data processing instructions (VV) SIC DH; replacing all of the battery module; and replacing all six gyroscopes and three positioning sensor (RSU); replacing the docking ring, installing a new blanket insulation (), a supplemental refrigerant .
etc. This will be the Hubble Space Telescope for the last time of the maintenance task,Hubble space telescope will be extended to 2013 after will launch the James Webb Space Telescope would be followed by the Hubble Space Telescope astronomical will launch the James Webb Space Telescope would be followed by the Hubble Space Telescope astronomical .
task task.
25th Anniversary
April 24, 1990, at the kennedy space centre in florida the Hubble space telescope, which NASA is referred to as" Galileo's telescope after the most significant advances in astronomy that Hubble telescope distance ground about 547 km, orbiting the Earth and orbits the consuming 97 minutes April 24, 1990, at the kennedy space centre in florida the Hubble space telescope, which NASA is referred to as" Galileo's telescope after the most significant advances in astronomy that Hubble telescope distance ground about 547 km, orbiting the Earth and orbits the consuming 97 minutes . date, Hubble has been going on for more than a million times, while astronomers also in excess of 1.27 million scientific information is used in the Hubble telescope observation data
25 years, the Hubble telescope to our understanding of the formation of the solar system has brought more and better data,also offers a fascinating chance to explore the universe 25 years, the Hubble telescope to our understanding of the formation of the solar system has brought more and better data,also offers a fascinating chance to explore the universe . edge edge.
Hubble's Achievement
A Record Of Data
From 1990 to April 2015, the Hubble telescope in earth orbit, nearly 13 - thousand rings, a total of 54 billion km, performed in 120,000 times observation tasks, viewed more than 38, 000 astronomical From 1990 to April 2015, the Hubble telescope in earth orbit, nearly 13 - thousand rings, a total of 54 billion km, performed in 120,000 times observation tasks, viewed more than 38, 000 astronomical . Hubble telescope observations of the target in the farthest is 130 light - years from Earth's primordial galaxies, those galaxies glow from the Big Bang, which have just formed the early universe Hubble telescope observations of the target in the farthest is 130 light - years from Earth's primordial galaxies, those galaxies glow from the Big Bang, which have just formed the early universe .
a month on average, for the Hubble Space Telescope will generate 829G observation data, have amassed more than 100T a month on average, for the Hubble Space Telescope will generate 829G observation data, have amassed more than 100T .
The Outcome Of The Frequently - Appearing -
In performing the tasks of the early, Hubble has proved a massive black hole in the universe is widespread in mostly appears in the middle of the galaxy In performing the tasks of the early, Hubble has proved a massive black hole in the universe is widespread in mostly appears in the middle of the galaxy . position at the same time, astronomers also with the help of this universe is expanding faster and accurate data, so as to calculate the age of the universe is a 138 billion (3%) position at the same time, astronomers also with the help of this universe is expanding faster and accurate data, so as to calculate the age of the universe is a 138 billion (3%) .
in this process, "dark energy" - - now in the scientific community, appeared frequently on the mysterious concept, a widely - known in this process, "dark energy" - - now in the scientific community, appeared frequently on the mysterious concept, a widely - known . and in the "big bang" after another very critical of the "boom" period for us and now the universe's structure also plays a decisive part in the and in the "big bang" after another very critical of the "boom" period for us and now the universe's structure also plays a decisive part in the .
As of April 2015,Directly or indirectly through the Hubble Telescope's achievements in terms of the number of scientific articles published, 12800, including several of the team that won the Nobel prize was As of April 2015,Directly or indirectly through the Hubble Telescope's achievements in terms of the number of scientific articles published, 12800, including several of the team that won the Nobel prize was . find oldest galaxy in October 2013, the hubble space telescope to measure the distance in the universe is probably the most distant galaxies, etc. from the University of Texas researchers by spectrograph made precise measurements of the galaxy's distance, which is of the order in the universe after the big bang, "
7 years ago.
Cosmic Age
Hubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheids is the Hubble constant accurate measurement provides a guarantee of fine Hubble Space Telescope observations of Cepheids is the Hubble constant accurate measurement provides a guarantee of fine . Hubble Guide Star Sensor on Cepheid variable stars have been performed in the parallax measurement greatly with Cepheid's relation and the estimated distance of uncertainty in the Hubble space telescope before Hubble Guide Star Sensor on Cepheid variable stars have been performed in the parallax measurement greatly with Cepheid's relation and the estimated distance of uncertainty in the Hubble space telescope before .
, the observations obtained with the Hubble constant, Hubble time, 1 - or 2 - fold difference, but in a new Cepheid variable star observing cosmic distance scale of uncertainty and plunging to about only 10%, so the universe has been expanding at the rate of correct and age have more cognitive , the observations obtained with the Hubble constant, Hubble time, 1 - or 2 - fold difference, but in a new Cepheid variable star observing cosmic distance scale of uncertainty and plunging to about only 10%, so the universe has been expanding at the rate of correct and age have more cognitive .
Star Formation
Hubble space telescope also contributes to research such as the Orion Nebula star - forming region, such as Hubble space telescope also contributes to research such as the Orion Nebula star - forming region, such as . through the Hubble Space Telescope, Orion Nebula found early observations, which were punctuated by dense gas and dust which parcel of young stars through the Hubble Space Telescope, Orion Nebula found early observations, which were punctuated by dense gas and dust which parcel of young stars .
although, in theory, and the Very Large Array observations inferred in these disks, but until the Hubble captured high - resolution photographs for the first time direct these disc structure and physical properties of the although, in theory, and the Very Large Array observations inferred in these disks, but until the Hubble captured high - resolution photographs for the first time direct these disc structure and physical properties of the .
Death Of A Star
Hubble observations in supernova explosions and gamma - ray bursts (GRB970228 and GRB000301) established between the contact via Hubble observations in supernova explosions and gamma - ray bursts (GRB970228 and GRB000301) established between the contact via . Hubble on gamma - ray bursts (GRB970228 and GRB000301) afterglows has been studied by means of observing personnel to these outbreaks, which have locked in extragalactic of massive star formation regions thereby Hubble on gamma - ray bursts (GRB970228 and GRB000301) afterglows has been studied by means of observing personnel to these outbreaks, which have locked in extragalactic of massive star formation regions thereby .
Hubble telescope also convincingly proved that these bursts and the massive stars death directly contact Hubble telescope also convincingly proved that these bursts and the massive stars death directly contact .
Black Hole
Hubble space telescope, which is the core of the plan is one of the earliest to be established by the black hole of quasars and galaxies relationship between Hubble space telescope, which is the core of the plan is one of the earliest to be established by the black hole of quasars and galaxies relationship between . after them by their gravitational effects on nearby stars, "Hubble" obtained close spectral dynamics model confirmed the existence of black holes after them by their gravitational effects on nearby stars, "Hubble" obtained close spectral dynamics model confirmed the existence of black holes .
and these studies has resulted in more than a dozen black hole at the center of the quality of the measurement, the mass of black holes and galactic bulge mass between the extremely close links and these studies has resulted in more than a dozen black hole at the center of the quality of the measurement, the mass of black holes and galactic bulge mass between the extremely close links . November 8, 2011, with the aid of the Hubble space telescope, astronomers for the first time captured around a distant black hole of a disk - like configuration November 8, 2011, with the aid of the Hubble space telescope, astronomers for the first time captured around a distant black hole of a disk - like configuration .
this disk - shaped structure by gas and dust and,and for being lowered into the black hole is in the process of throwing this disk - shaped structure by gas and dust and,and for being lowered into the black hole is in the process of throwing . when these substances fall into the black hole of the moment, they will be releasing an enormous amount of energy, forming a sort of cosmic radio sources, referred to as" quasar " when these substances fall into the black hole of the moment, they will be releasing an enormous amount of energy, forming a sort of cosmic radio sources, referred to as" quasar ".
Dark Matter
In March 2012, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to Earth at a distance of 24 million light - years" abell 520 in a galaxy cluster, again found a huge block of dark matter that the In March 2012, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to Earth at a distance of 24 million light - years" abell 520 in a galaxy cluster, again found a huge block of dark matter that the . abnormal findings helped astronomers scratching their heads, and suspected that the dark matter in the block may be hiding a mysterious" dark matter core " abnormal findings helped astronomers scratching their heads, and suspected that the dark matter in the block may be hiding a mysterious" dark matter core ".
says, at a distance of 24 million light - years distant galaxy cluster" abell 520, galaxies collide, the galaxy is separated from the dark matter surrounding galaxies are likely to aggregate to form a "dark core" says, at a distance of 24 million light - years distant galaxy cluster" abell 520, galaxies collide, the galaxy is separated from the dark matter surrounding galaxies are likely to aggregate to form a "dark core" . because of the dark matter is thought to be galaxies: integrating the mysterious"Adventure", hence this phenomenon isn't supposed to exist because of the dark matter is thought to be galaxies: integrating the mysterious"Adventure", hence this phenomenon isn't supposed to exist .
phenomenon is a problem that, if dark matter is thought to be the galaxy will be integrated in one piece to the mysterious" glue ", then the galaxies colliding galaxies after they still can be" glued "together phenomenon is a problem that, if dark matter is thought to be the galaxy will be integrated in one piece to the mysterious" glue ", then the galaxies colliding galaxies after they still can be" glued "together . this abnormal phenomenon was first discovered in 2007 this abnormal phenomenon was first discovered in 2007 .
due to this phenomenon too. So, many astronomers to classify it as an artifact while however chose to ignore it," Hubble Space Telescope to confirm the results of the latest observation, "cluster abell 520 in this cluster of galaxies and dark matter are separate however chose to ignore it," Hubble Space Telescope to confirm the results of the latest observation, "cluster abell 520 in this cluster of galaxies and dark matter are separate .
Hubble Space Telescope image of the cyan region of the display,A huge chunk of dark matter is located in the vicinity of the hot gas, but the region was nearly invisible galaxy Hubble Space Telescope image of the cyan region of the display,A huge chunk of dark matter is located in the vicinity of the hot gas, but the region was nearly invisible galaxy . anomalies of once again discovered, astronomers have to rethink it and gained the respect and the principle of anomalies of once again discovered, astronomers have to rethink it and gained the respect and the principle of .
dark matter which was found to be about 80 years ago, is thought to be the integral of the galaxies' gravitational glue "Actually dark matter which was found to be about 80 years ago, is thought to be the integral of the galaxies' gravitational glue "Actually ., , .
Little is known about dark matter astronomer with the Hubble Space Telescope to study the project's chief scientist, an astronomer at the University of California, James said," This is the result of the confusing Little is known about dark matter astronomer with the Hubble Space Telescope to study the project's chief scientist, an astronomer at the University of California, James said," This is the result of the confusing . unpredictable behavior of dark matter, it is hard to work out of unpredictable behavior of dark matter, it is hard to work out of .
principle "for this anomaly is found,research team proposed several explanations, but ultimately one could give astronomers more perplexed principle "for this anomaly is found,research team proposed several explanations, but ultimately one could give astronomers more perplexed . of a team of researchers in San Francisco, California State University scientist Andy Xie - Ma haddawy was 2007 's" Abell 520 galaxy cluster observed for the first time the head of the project, he said, "This will make it more and more confused, deeper of a team of researchers in San Francisco, California State University scientist Andy Xie - Ma haddawy was 2007 's" Abell 520 galaxy cluster observed for the first time the head of the project, he said, "This will make it more and more confused, deeper .
" For this, one possible explanation is that, "Abell 520 galaxy cluster is a cluster of complex interaction between the three bodies, not just two collision system " For this, one possible explanation is that, "Abell 520 galaxy cluster is a cluster of complex interaction between the three bodies, not just two collision system . another possibility is that the" dark core "contains many galaxies,But because they are too dim that cannot be observed, and even "hubble space telescope cannot see another possibility is that the" dark core "contains many galaxies,But because they are too dim that cannot be observed, and even "hubble space telescope cannot see .
A Water Planet
On December 3, 2013, NASA announced that astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope discovered outside 5 planets, and their atmospheres have water in the presence of the sign On December 3, 2013, NASA announced that astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope discovered outside 5 planets, and their atmospheres have water in the presence of the sign . had also observed a handful of the atmosphere in the presence of water for signs of extrasolar planets, but this is the first time a certainty measure the exoplanet's atmosphere a plurality of spectral characteristic and intensity of the signal, and performs a comparison of the had also observed a handful of the atmosphere in the presence of water for signs of extrasolar planets, but this is the first time a certainty measure the exoplanet's atmosphere a plurality of spectral characteristic and intensity of the signal, and performs a comparison of the .
5 planet called WASP - 17b, HD 209458 b, WASP - 12b, WASP - 19b and XO - 1b, they are much larger than the volume of the earth, belongs to the "hot Jupiter" type planets,i.e. the size of Jupiter, but the temperature is extremely high, the operation of the track from its orbiting stars very near the gas giant planets researchers used Hubble's Wide Angle Camera, in on such a planetary atmosphere absorbs light of characteristic details. As a result, it is found that, despite the fact that the planet has water signs exist, but the signal is somewhat weaker than expected, they suspect it is because these planet's atmosphere in a layer of haze or dust exists, which sees reduced signal
Cosmology
Since the cosmological research object is mainly from astronomical observation, and this is the only universe evolution and structure on the basis of the measured distance and age of the universe the way Since the cosmological research object is mainly from astronomical observation, and this is the only universe evolution and structure on the basis of the measured distance and age of the universe the way . Hubble Space Telescope is capable of calculating the Cepheid distance measurements for the determination of the Hubble constant, which, in the expansion of the universe today is related to the speed of the Hubble Space Telescope is capable of calculating the Cepheid distance measurements for the determination of the Hubble constant, which, in the expansion of the universe today is related to the speed of the .
In addition, the determination of a supernova, researchers can help to limit the brightness of the supernova, which thereby may further limit the early universe expanded the properties of dark energy model provides a strong limitation In addition, the determination of a supernova, researchers can help to limit the brightness of the supernova, which thereby may further limit the early universe expanded the properties of dark energy model provides a strong limitation .
Hubble Deep Field
As early as 1996, known as the Hubble space telescope photographed the iconic Hubble deep field image, a huge number of galaxies are hidden in this small area in the days, NASA plans to conduct a new depth of field imaging plan As early as 1996, known as the Hubble space telescope photographed the iconic Hubble deep field image, a huge number of galaxies are hidden in this small area in the days, NASA plans to conduct a new depth of field imaging plan . Hubble Deep Field image was captured at the time when collecting the receding of the dim light that slowly "stacking" can reveal the universe's hundreds of millions of years, otherwise, since the light is too weak to see when the universe was in the presence of celestial Hubble Deep Field image was captured at the time when collecting the receding of the dim light that slowly "stacking" can reveal the universe's hundreds of millions of years, otherwise, since the light is too weak to see when the universe was in the presence of celestial .
Hubble was in the 2004 film "ultra deep field" image, the light - gathering time longer, the 2012 shooting of the "deep field"The image then takes a longer time to complete the imaging according to Hubble was in the 2004 film "ultra deep field" image, the light - gathering time longer, the 2012 shooting of the "deep field"The image then takes a longer time to complete the imaging according to . Baltimore Institute scientist Ann Section introduced the "and similar ultra - deep field image, the Hubble ultra deep field image of six was almost the same quality can be obtained, at the forefront of the tasks in the field, collecting light and spent 45 hours, after the big bang about five billion years of the scenario Baltimore Institute scientist Ann Section introduced the "and similar ultra - deep field image, the Hubble ultra deep field image of six was almost the same quality can be obtained, at the forefront of the tasks in the field, collecting light and spent 45 hours, after the big bang about five billion years of the scenario .
" these profound universe and the deepest image of the scene, captured are ancient and never - before - seen galaxies of faraway galaxies " these profound universe and the deepest image of the scene, captured are ancient and never - before - seen galaxies of faraway galaxies . study and the scientists believe that some of the galaxy is not found,like the farthest galaxy MACS0647 - JD, approximately 133 light - years from Earth, the original deep stope also shows in only 2. 5 arc - minutes over a span of about 3000 is present it is not that the universe galaxies
as a celestial observation, and NASA hopes Hubble telescope is maintained by 2018, its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope will launch as a celestial observation, and NASA hopes Hubble telescope is maintained by 2018, its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope will launch . researchers believe the new Hubble deep field image requires a certain amount of luck, the darkest days of the region contains a wealth of treasures, this new observation activities will start in late 2012 researchers believe the new Hubble deep field image requires a certain amount of luck, the darkest days of the region contains a wealth of treasures, this new observation activities will start in late 2012 .
Portly And Clusters Of Galaxies
In April 2014, NASA Hubble Space Telescope observations have made, "El Gordo" galaxy cluster (nicknamed the "fat") contained three quality possible with 3 times 10 quadrillion (15) of the sun rather than scientists originally In April 2014, NASA Hubble Space Telescope observations have made, "El Gordo" galaxy cluster (nicknamed the "fat") contained three quality possible with 3 times 10 quadrillion (15) of the sun rather than scientists originally . this estimated value is large by 43%, with the possible quality 3 quadrillion suns in it about 3,000 times the mass of our own this estimated value is large by 43%, with the possible quality 3 quadrillion suns in it about 3,000 times the mass of our own .
"fat" is the number of galaxy clusters - ACT CLJ0102 - 4915, exceeding 70 million light - years from Earth in the "fat" is the number of galaxy clusters - ACT CLJ0102 - 4915, exceeding 70 million light - years from Earth in the . Thus, astronomers observed signal,actually has nearly half the age of the universe (about 138 million years) Thus, astronomers observed signal,actually has nearly half the age of the universe (about 138 million years) .
in the 2012 report, the "fat" clusters of substantially equivalent mass of 2 quadrillion suns in the 2012 report, the "fat" clusters of substantially equivalent mass of 2 quadrillion suns . researchers using NASA's Chandra X - ray Observatory and the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile, an array of clusters of galaxies and the internal gas temperature of the movement was studied, which using the researchers using NASA's Chandra X - ray Observatory and the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile, an array of clusters of galaxies and the internal gas temperature of the movement was studied, which using the .
with this data, however, that there are some deviations in the results, the reason is that a cluster might be the result of a collision between two galaxy clusters with this data, however, that there are some deviations in the results, the reason is that a cluster might be the result of a collision between two galaxy clusters .
Military Use
America's Space Technology
in fact, Hubble for ground investigation of various rumors are ridiculous, because the U.S. military use of space on the ground real investigative techniques of Hubble's leading technology generations behind as KH - 11 "Keyhole" reconnaissance satellites, with Hubble, which was the same as the Lockheed Martin manufactured, manufacturing time as well, its ground resolution of 15 cm in the same period last year, according to Hubble's 26cm as KH - 11 "Keyhole" reconnaissance satellites, with Hubble, which was the same as the Lockheed Martin manufactured, manufacturing time as well, its ground resolution of 15 cm in the same period last year, according to Hubble's 26cm .
outer shape similar to the Hubble, don't know about this guy who, kind of, it is also possible that the mistaken the Hubble outer shape similar to the Hubble, don't know about this guy who, kind of, it is also possible that the mistaken the Hubble . Hubble was once on the ground, due to the need to calibrate equipment Hubble was once on the ground, due to the need to calibrate equipment .
Side Reflected
in accordance with an exposure of 60 - A Russian airborne laser weapon (Beriev A - 60, Soviet - era) photograph of the remains of the tester, the fuselage of a logo pattern made it clear that there was to attack the Hubble Space Telescope's laser sight in accordance with an exposure of 60 - A Russian airborne laser weapon (Beriev A - 60, Soviet - era) photograph of the remains of the tester, the fuselage of a logo pattern made it clear that there was to attack the Hubble Space Telescope's laser sight . This suggests a Hubble space telescope on the Russian military threat This suggests a Hubble space telescope on the Russian military threat .
and then initiated the Hubble space telescope for purely for peaceful purposes, and the wars against the militarisation of protest and then initiated the Hubble space telescope for purely for peaceful purposes, and the wars against the militarisation of protest . more conspiracy theorists further: the Hubble Space Telescope at the beginning of "myopia" defect is intentional or not, until after the collapse of the Soviet Union two years before being amended by more conspiracy theorists further: the Hubble Space Telescope at the beginning of "myopia" defect is intentional or not, until after the collapse of the Soviet Union two years before being amended by .
The Subsequent Exploration
Webb space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an infrared space observatory, the researchers plan to use it to replace Hubble telescope to explore far beyond the existing instrument to the extent that it can be observed in the universe is the farthest from the object it spearheaded by NASA Webb space telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is an infrared space observatory, the researchers plan to use it to replace Hubble telescope to explore far beyond the existing instrument to the extent that it can be observed in the universe is the farthest from the object it spearheaded by NASA ., and the Canadian Space Agency (ESA) and the cooperation of the former name for the NGST , and the Canadian Space Agency (ESA) and the cooperation of the former name for the NGST .
. in 2002 renamed to commemorate the first Director of NASA's James Webb, its design, with a diameter of 6 meters,A Hubble Space Telescope of 2. 5 times
JWST can see objects than current ground - based telescopes or maximum infrared space telescope is darker than the 400 times JWST can see objects than current ground - based telescopes or maximum infrared space telescope is darker than the 400 times . planned 2012 launch, but was postponed because of the economic crisis, the plan was postponed to a post - 2020 emission planned 2012 launch, but was postponed because of the economic crisis, the plan was postponed to a post - 2020 emission .
NASA plans to launch in 2018, the James Webb Telescope is the successor of the Hubble telescope in Weber NASA plans to launch in 2018, the James Webb Telescope is the successor of the Hubble telescope in Weber . under the leadership of NASA, successfully implemented the "Mercury" and "Gemini manned space program,for humans to the moon successfully and lay a solid foundation of under the leadership of NASA, successfully implemented the "Mercury" and "Gemini manned space program,for humans to the moon successfully and lay a solid foundation of .
Webb telescope in design when it increases its infrared observation ability, which will make it better able to see the universe in more distant and faint celestial Webb telescope in design when it increases its infrared observation ability, which will make it better able to see the universe in more distant and faint celestial . with respect to the Hubble, the Webb telescope will see a further approximation of the young universe after the Big Bang, scientists estimate it can be seen at a distance of 200 million light - years away with respect to the Hubble, the Webb telescope will see a further approximation of the young universe after the Big Bang, scientists estimate it can be seen at a distance of 200 million light - years away .
2019 proto - galaxies, Hubble and Webb telescope will orbit at the same time, help mankind to uncover the secrets of the universe 2019 proto - galaxies, Hubble and Webb telescope will orbit at the same time, help mankind to uncover the secrets of the universe . "and then, in what human beings have unprecedented observational capabilities in the face of the unknown universe,The better we can observe it, understand it "and then, in what human beings have unprecedented observational capabilities in the face of the unknown universe,The better we can observe it, understand it .
, "Grunsfeld said," I am confident that the will must have "explosive" new find!"Herschel Space Observatory, 2009 on May 14, transmission of the ESA Herschel Space Observatory, the Herschel mirror has much more than Hubble, but only in the far - infrared observation , "Grunsfeld said," I am confident that the will must have "explosive" new find!"Herschel Space Observatory, 2009 on May 14, transmission of the ESA Herschel Space Observatory, the Herschel mirror has much more than Hubble, but only in the far - infrared observation . Large Aperture Space Telescope's Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope has also been put on the agenda if this Large Aperture Space Telescope's Advanced Technology Large Aperture Space Telescope has also been put on the agenda if this .
project is not approved, it will be 8 to 16 - meter (320 to 640 - inch) optical space telescope project is not approved, it will be 8 to 16 - meter (320 to 640 - inch) optical space telescope . it is the true heir to the Hubble telescope: the ability to observe and photograph the optical, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, but the higher the resolution is much higher than that of the Hubble it is the true heir to the Hubble telescope: the ability to observe and photograph the optical, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, but the higher the resolution is much higher than that of the Hubble .
