Introduction
Chlorine dioxide is a reddish - yellow gas is chlorine oxides of chlorine dioxide in its liquid state when Chlorine dioxide is a reddish - yellow gas is chlorine oxides of chlorine dioxide in its liquid state when . stable, but if some of the specific substance and in contact with each other, it may explode stable, but if some of the specific substance and in contact with each other, it may explode .
. The main purpose of the chlorine dioxide in disinfection of water, flour and wood pulp bleaching it appeared to be very effective against viruses, bacteria, and to include Giardia lamblia Giardia and Cryptosporidium and other protozoans) caused by the cysts and oocysts it appeared to be very effective against viruses, bacteria, and to include Giardia lamblia Giardia and Cryptosporidium and other protozoans) caused by the cysts and oocysts .
1956 Brussels (Belgium) to tap water from chlorine to chlorine dioxide disinfectant,chlorine dioxide began to receive widespread use 1956 Brussels (Belgium) to tap water from chlorine to chlorine dioxide disinfectant,chlorine dioxide began to receive widespread use . 2005, attacks in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, chlorine dioxide has been used to clear the flooded houses after the upper mold of the dangerous 2005, attacks in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, chlorine dioxide has been used to clear the flooded houses after the upper mold of the dangerous .
6 March 2006, the People's Republic of China, the notice of chlorine dioxide disinfectant for tap water 6 March 2006, the People's Republic of China, the notice of chlorine dioxide disinfectant for tap water .
Chemical Properties
bisque with strong pungent odor gas: 11 C when liquefied to a reddish brown liquid, C - 59 when solidified into a reddish - orange crystals have similar bisque with strong pungent odor gas: 11 C when liquefied to a reddish brown liquid, C - 59 when solidified into a reddish - orange crystals have similar . chlorine and nitrate of special stimulating odor chlorine and nitrate of special stimulating odor .
liquid has a reddish - brown, reddish - orange solid is 11 C. boiling point .
relative vapour density 2. 3g / L . * The hot water is decomposed into hypochlorous acid, chlorine, oxygen, light also is easy to decompose, its solution in cool place
relatively stable chlorine dioxide can react explosively with numerous chemicals relatively stable chlorine dioxide can react explosively with numerous chemicals . on heat, vibration, shock and friction sensitive, is easily decomposed by light and heat explosion on heat, vibration, shock and friction sensitive, is easily decomposed by light and heat explosion .
, or of the organic substances and can promote the oxidation of the substance,Can promote decomposition and explosion | air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other inert diluting gas, the explosive is reduced , or of the organic substances and can promote the oxidation of the substance,Can promote decomposition and explosion | air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other inert diluting gas, the explosive is reduced . belonging to strong oxidizer, which is superior to chlorine in the 2. 6 times with
Many substances can vigorously react very corrosive Many substances can vigorously react very corrosive . .
soluble: very soluble in water but does not react with water, hydrolysis hardly occurs (an aqueous solution of chlorite and chlorate in only 2% of the solute); solubility in water is chlorine of 5 ~ 8 times soluble: very soluble in water but does not react with water, hydrolysis hardly occurs (an aqueous solution of chlorite and chlorate in only 2% of the solute); solubility in water is chlorine of 5 ~ 8 times . the aqueous alkali solution - soluble chlorite and chlorate the aqueous alkali solution - soluble chlorite and chlorate .
water solubility: 0. 8g / 100ml, 8300mg / L chemical bond:Cl atoms are sp2 hybrid orbitals to form sigma bonds, the molecule is a V - shaped molecule chlorine atom in one of the electrons perpendicular to the plane O - O - Cl, and O, O of the four electrons form a 3 - 5 atoms / two electrons delocalized (bond) chlorine atom in one of the electrons perpendicular to the plane O - O - Cl, and O, O of the four electrons form a 3 - 5 atoms / two electrons delocalized (bond) .
Oxidation
Oxidation Of The Manganese Oxide
Chlorine dioxide can be divalent manganese is oxidized into tetravalent manganese, so as to form a water - insoluble manganese dioxide (MnO2), i.e.: 5Mn2 2ClO2 + + + 6H2O = 5MnO2 + 12H + 2Cl - + by oxidation, chlorine dioxide on manganese removal efficiency was 69% ~ 81%, while the chlorine of the manganese oxide removal rate is only 25%, of chlorine dioxide are generally added in an amount of 5 mg / L of chlorine dioxide on the iron oxide likewise is also capable of making the divalent iron is oxidized to trivalent iron, the ferric hydroxide precipitate is formed, i.e.:ClO2 + 5Fe (HCO3) 2 + 13H2O = 5Fe (OH) 3 + Cl - + - + 10CO32 21H + by oxidation, chlorine dioxide on the iron removal rate was 78% ~ 95%, while the chlorine to iron removal is only about 50%, typically chlorine dioxide dosage is 2 mg / L chlorine dioxide oxidation of sulfide on
pH 5 ~ 0.9, soon the sulfide (S2 -) has been oxidized to sulfate (SO42 -), i.e.:The 4f75d1 8ClO2 + - + - + 4H2O = 5SO42 8Cl - + 8H + when chlorine dioxide dosage is 2.0 mg / L, the sulfur removal rate was 81% chlorine dioxide on the oxidation of cyanide to cyanide can be oxidized to carbon dioxide and nitrogen, i.e.: 2ClO2 + 2CN - = 2CO2 + N2 + 2Cl - when the cyanide concentration of 3 mg / L, the chlorine dioxide dosage is 5 mg / L, and the cyanide are in general greater than 85%
Advantages
1, the water solution: destroy the virus, bacteria, protists, algae, fungi and spores and a variety of spore - forming bacteria (2), High: 0. 1ppm under which could kill all bacteria and many pathogens, 50 ppm can completely kill the vegetative forms of bacteria, hepatitis virus, a bacteriophage and a bacterial spore - 3, and the temperature on ammonia affect small: at low temperature and high temperature sterilizing effect is basically the same as that of 4, wide scope of pH in the range of pH 2 ~ 10 retains a high sterilization efficiency 5, Safe and free residue with an organic chloride reaction occur, without generating cancerogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic substances and other toxic substances 6,have no to stimulate to human body. Its advantages are: less than 500 ppm, the effect thereof can be ignored, 100ppm, hadn't made any influence
Safety
A large body of experimental research shows, chlorine dioxide is safe, nontoxic, no mutagenic effects (carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic), while during the sterilization process in the Democratic People's Republic of chlorinated organics can be generated which may be, but are three serious effect "of organic chlorides, or other toxic substances A large body of experimental research shows, chlorine dioxide is safe, nontoxic, no mutagenic effects (carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic), while during the sterilization process in the Democratic People's Republic of chlorinated organics can be generated which may be, but are three serious effect "of organic chlorides, or other toxic substances . but due to the chlorine dioxide has strong oxidation ability, should be avoided at high concentrations (500 ppm) with the use of the but due to the chlorine dioxide has strong oxidation ability, should be avoided at high concentrations (500 ppm) with the use of the .
when used at a concentration of less than 500 ppm, the effects can be ignored, at 100 ppm or less without producing any effect,including physiological and biochemical aspects of influence on when used at a concentration of less than 500 ppm, the effects can be ignored, at 100 ppm or less without producing any effect,including physiological and biochemical aspects of influence on . no skin sensitization no skin sensitization .
as a matter of fact, the conventional use of the chlorine dioxide concentration is far lower than 500 ppm, generally only several tens ppm as a matter of fact, the conventional use of the chlorine dioxide concentration is far lower than 500 ppm, generally only several tens ppm . Therefore, chlorine dioxide is also internationally recognized as safe, nontoxic green disinfectant Therefore, chlorine dioxide is also internationally recognized as safe, nontoxic green disinfectant .
goldfish Toxicity Test and Toxicity Effect upon Mice in the obtained two results: 1, ClO2 and 0. 75mg / L, 2, by mouse acute oral toxicity experiments, ClO2 belongs to actually nontoxic water treatment agent of acute toxicity test, the highest dose group at 10 000 mg / kg chlorine dioxide stability,mice still have no obvious symptoms of poisoning, diet and activities were normal acute toxicity test, the highest dose group at 10 000 mg / kg chlorine dioxide stability,mice still have no obvious symptoms of poisoning, diet and activities were normal .
during the course of the test animals in each group. The mean mortality tables calculated , which was higher than 10000mg / kg , which was higher than 10000mg / kg .
acute skin irritation were observed. The results showed that the drug is removed after 1 ~ 48 hours, the skin of rabbit back resultes in applicator no erythema and edema and other symptoms of irritation, a reaction integral was 0 that both acute eye irritating to rabbit conjunctival sac instillation of concentration of 9.7 ~ 11.4 mg / L stable chlorine dioxide solution after 5s, with physiological saline to clean
rabbit conjunctival vascular mild hyperemia were reported within 6h, 24h with the symptoms and signs disappeared,symptoms disappeared completely in 48 h 48 h rabbit conjunctival vascular mild hyperemia were reported within 6h, 24h with the symptoms and signs disappeared,symptoms disappeared completely in 48 h 48 h . rabbit eye irritation integrate index was 0, indicating no irritative substances rabbit eye irritation integrate index was 0, indicating no irritative substances .
Preparation Method
Chlorine dioxide is a highly explosive, strong oxidizing gas in the production and use must try to use the rare gas for dilution, and at the same time, we should avoid sunlight, vibration, heating or Chlorine dioxide is a highly explosive, strong oxidizing gas in the production and use must try to use the rare gas for dilution, and at the same time, we should avoid sunlight, vibration, heating or . world commonly used chlorine dioxide preparation method mainly has three kinds of world commonly used chlorine dioxide preparation method mainly has three kinds of .
1, sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and concentrated hydrochloric acid the reaction method is a chemical reaction equation: 4HCl + 2NaClO3 (conc.). uparw. = 2NaCl + Cl2 + ClO2 + 2H2O . uparw. of the method are also mainly, to simultaneously generate a large amount of chlorine gas, not only a low yield, and product separation difficult, while it has the potential to cause environmental pollution 2
,sodium chlorite with chlorine by drying air dilution of chlorine gas which is filled with solid sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in the reaction column to afford ,sodium chlorite with chlorine by drying air dilution of chlorine gas which is filled with solid sodium chlorite (NaClO2) in the reaction column to afford . chemical reaction equation is: 2NaClO2 + Cl2 = 2NaCl + chemical reaction equation is: 2NaClO2 + Cl2 = 2NaCl + .
2ClO2. uparw. This method has good safety, no toxic byproducts 3, sodium oxalate reduction in acid solution with sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), sodium chlorate, a chemical reaction equation is:Na2C2O4 2NaClO3 2H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + + + + 2CO2 + 2H2O 3, sodium oxalate reduction in acid solution with sodium oxalate (Na2C2O4), sodium chlorate, a chemical reaction equation is:Na2C2O4 2NaClO3 2H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + + + + 2CO2 + 2H2O .
2ClO2 +. uparw. of the method is characterized by a reaction due to carbon dioxide generated in the course of the dilution effect, greatly improves the production and storage, and transportation safety 
Main Uses
Chlorine dioxide because it has a strong bactericidal ability, there is no harm to human body and animals and the environment do not cause second pollution while known for Chlorine dioxide because it has a strong bactericidal ability, there is no harm to human body and animals and the environment do not cause second pollution while known for . chlorine dioxide is not only a kind of carcinogen does not generate broad spectrum germicidal disinfectant for environment - friendly, but also in the sterilization, food preservation, deodorization, etc., were shown to have a significant effect of
chlorine dioxide bleaching can also be used, such as textile and papermaking yuan use chlorine bleach may be used instead of the chlorine dioxide chlorine dioxide bleaching can also be used, such as textile and papermaking yuan use chlorine bleach may be used instead of the chlorine dioxide .
Sterilizing, Disinfecting Aspect
1, 1, . chlorine dioxide disinfection of drinking water for purifying drinking water is a very efficient decontaiminating agent of water, including good deodorization and decolorization ability, low concentrations of bactericidal and virucidal activity chlorine dioxide disinfection of drinking water for purifying drinking water is a very efficient decontaiminating agent of water, including good deodorization and decolorization ability, low concentrations of bactericidal and virucidal activity .
chlorine dioxide for disinfection, in which a concentration of 0. 5 - 1mg / L, 1 minutes to 99% of the water to kill bacteria, the sterilizing effect is 10 times that of chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, 2 times of viral inhibition ability than chlorine was three times higher than that of ozone high 1. 9 times chlorine dioxide also has the rapid sterilization, wide PH (6 - 10), the water hardness is not affected by salinity and how much influence is maintained for a long time,high - efficiency operation can be made to eliminate the protozoa, spores, fungi, algae and biofilm formation by the chlorinated phenol and trihalomethane, many organic compounds are oxidized, thereby reducing the water of a toxic and mutagenic properties and other characteristics 2 chlorine dioxide also has the rapid sterilization, wide PH (6 - 10), the water hardness is not affected by salinity and how much influence is maintained for a long time,high - efficiency operation can be made to eliminate the protozoa, spores, fungi, algae and biofilm formation by the chlorinated phenol and trihalomethane, many organic compounds are oxidized, thereby reducing the water of a toxic and mutagenic properties and other characteristics 2 .
, , . sterilizing the air in the air containing a large amount of bacteria may be pathogenic, especially catering places and food - processing plants in the air of workshop microbial species and quantities were varied and complex, these micro - organisms that is fit for the ultraviolet ray sterilizing way, but due to the large indoor air relative humidity, the ultraviolet ray sterilization effect is not ideal preparation of chlorine dioxide by sterilizing the air in the air containing a large amount of bacteria may be pathogenic, especially catering places and food - processing plants in the air of workshop microbial species and quantities were varied and complex, these micro - organisms that is fit for the ultraviolet ray sterilizing way, but due to the large indoor air relative humidity, the ultraviolet ray sterilization effect is not ideal preparation of chlorine dioxide by .
strong sterilization capability, rapid decomposition residue,very suitable for catering and food processing industry related places air spraying sterilization and disinfection strong sterilization capability, rapid decomposition residue,very suitable for catering and food processing industry related places air spraying sterilization and disinfection . Furthermore, autumn cold, bronchitis, and other infectious disease an season, it is possible to use chlorine dioxide to the environment, not only can kill pathogenic microorganism, but also can eliminate peculiar smell and refreshing air Furthermore, autumn cold, bronchitis, and other infectious disease an season, it is possible to use chlorine dioxide to the environment, not only can kill pathogenic microorganism, but also can eliminate peculiar smell and refreshing air .
3, kitchenware, food machinery and equipment of disinfecting 3, kitchenware, food machinery and equipment of disinfecting . kitchenware, food machinery and equipment, containers, etc., if not a thorough disinfection, are easily contaminated food, resulting in occurrence of food poisoning and
of Chlorine Dioxide on kitchen appliances, food machinery, container, or the like, can kill bacillus coli, staphylococcus aureus etc. 4, 4,.
in the medical field for chlorine dioxide oral rinse is effective in controlling gingivitis, dental plaque and halitosis, used as a bathing or washing, and can prevent various diseases like in the medical field for chlorine dioxide oral rinse is effective in controlling gingivitis, dental plaque and halitosis, used as a bathing or washing, and can prevent various diseases like . chlorine dioxide on the prevention and treatment of conjunctivitis, dermatosis and deodorization as well as 5 chlorine dioxide on the prevention and treatment of conjunctivitis, dermatosis and deodorization as well as 5 .
, , . Livestock and Aquaculture of disinfection, chlorine dioxide can be use for treating aquaculture fish, shrimp, crab, turtle, frogs and other bacterial diseases, viral disease Livestock and Aquaculture of disinfection, chlorine dioxide can be use for treating aquaculture fish, shrimp, crab, turtle, frogs and other bacterial diseases, viral disease .
on common carp (Cyprinus carpio), grass, eel, tilapia etc. of brown skin, rotten gill, hemorrhagic septicemia, enteritis, unfinished, water mildew; shrimp virus disease, black gill, white, printed, etc; rotten crabs gills, oedema, enteritis, ashore, shaking and the like;Turtle putrid skin disease, red, white, hemorrhage, perforation, etc. of the frog skin diseases, eye disease and other diseases has a unique efficacy, and can eliminate peculiar smell and improving water quality, increase oxygen content in water 
Preservation
1, food storage and 1, food storage and . chlorine dioxide disinfectant be avirulent, generally used in small concentrations, can be directly used in fruits, vegetables, meat, sterilizing and fresh keeping chlorine dioxide disinfectant be avirulent, generally used in small concentrations, can be directly used in fruits, vegetables, meat, sterilizing and fresh keeping .
the fruits and vegetables the chlorine dioxide solution to soak in the moment, i.e. has the ability to kill microorganisms without the fatty acid reactant, without damaging the fibrous tissue of vegetables and fruits and vegetables with taste, nutrition, without any damage and then rinse off with currency, some unsuitable for washing of fruits and vegetables, and fruits of a reducer of solid chlorine dioxide together into the packaging box can be prolonged slow release of chlorine dioxide, sterilization, and can be reached. The effect of the chlorine dioxide solution via
of fish, chicken, poultry,it is possible to erase the fishy smell, can also effectively control microbial growth and prolong the storage period, and can maintain the delicious taste of of fish, chicken, poultry,it is possible to erase the fishy smell, can also effectively control microbial growth and prolong the storage period, and can maintain the delicious taste of . with chlorine dioxide treatment of poultry eggs, fresh - keeping effect is good, and does not affect egg hatching with chlorine dioxide treatment of poultry eggs, fresh - keeping effect is good, and does not affect egg hatching .
2, deodorization and odor, chlorine dioxide and 2, deodorization and odor, chlorine dioxide and . can air in ammonia and sulfur compounds and iron and manganese compounds in the water phase, and hence it is possible to eliminate the odor in the air and water can air in ammonia and sulfur compounds and iron and manganese compounds in the water phase, and hence it is possible to eliminate the odor in the air and water .
with a chlorine dioxide solution in a refrigerator, it can achieve the effect of eliminating peculiar smell in toilet with a chlorine dioxide solution in a refrigerator, it can achieve the effect of eliminating peculiar smell in toilet . available chlorine dioxide solution is sprayed, can quickly remove odor available chlorine dioxide solution is sprayed, can quickly remove odor .
Bleaching
1, the textile used cotton, hemp and so on of the 1, the textile used cotton, hemp and so on of the . 2 bleaching, the pulp is bleached, increasing whiteness 2 bleaching, the pulp is bleached, increasing whiteness .
3, edible fungus, bamboo shoots and the like of bleaching food 3, edible fungus, bamboo shoots and the like of bleaching food .
Safety
Chlorine dioxide has strong oxidation, air in the volume concentration exceeding 10% would have an explosive, it can react explosively with numerous chemicals, heat, vibration, impact, friction is quite sensitive, easily decomposed Chlorine dioxide has strong oxidation, air in the volume concentration exceeding 10% would have an explosive, it can react explosively with numerous chemicals, heat, vibration, impact, friction is quite sensitive, easily decomposed . chlorine dioxide in its liquid state explosion when the stable, but if some of the specific substance and in contact with each other, it may explode chlorine dioxide in its liquid state explosion when the stable, but if some of the specific substance and in contact with each other, it may explode .
Health Hazard
chlorine dioxide and chlorine which are similar to the pungent odor, and has a strong irritant, contact after main cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, and inhalation of high concentrations may be combined with pulmonary adema were summed up, and can be fatal, serious damage to respiratory tracts from chlorine dioxide and chlorine which are similar to the pungent odor, and has a strong irritant, contact after main cause eye and respiratory tract irritation, and inhalation of high concentrations may be combined with pulmonary adema were summed up, and can be fatal, serious damage to respiratory tracts from . concentration of chlorine dioxide gas, can irritate the skin concentration of chlorine dioxide gas, can irritate the skin .
skin contact or ingestion of the chlorine dioxide solution of high concentration, may cause strong stimulation and corrosion, long - term exposure can cause chronic bronchitis skin contact or ingestion of the chlorine dioxide solution of high concentration, may cause strong stimulation and corrosion, long - term exposure can cause chronic bronchitis .
News Event
In May 2012, media reports revealed that some dairy farmers and milk companies illegally use chlorine dioxide as a preservative of raw milk In May 2012, media reports revealed that some dairy farmers and milk companies illegally use chlorine dioxide as a preservative of raw milk . "food additive standards of GB2760 - 2011 clearly states that the effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide is used as a food additive, preservative function is only used for Fresh fruits with surface treatment, the surface - treated fresh vegetable, aquatic products and their products (including fish, crustaceans, shellfish, mollusca, echinoderm and their processed products) (limited to fish processing only), not including the added to milk in "food additive standards of GB2760 - 2011 clearly states that the effect of stabilized chlorine dioxide is used as a food additive, preservative function is only used for Fresh fruits with surface treatment, the surface - treated fresh vegetable, aquatic products and their products (including fish, crustaceans, shellfish, mollusca, echinoderm and their processed products) (limited to fish processing only), not including the added to milk in .
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