面子協商列論

借鑑了高夫曼(1955)和Brown和Levinson(1987)合作開發的面對面談判理論。面對面談判理論提供了一個解釋的差異和相似的臉和facework在衝突中的聲音解釋框架。概括地說,面對談判理論和隨後的研究假設:(1)在所有文化背景的人儘量保持在所有的溝通和協商的情況下臉;(2)“面子”的概念,特別是在脆弱的人際問題的情況下(如尷尬和衝突的情況下)時,在位於傳播者的身份質疑; (3)文化的變化,個別級別的變數,和情境變數影響的文化成員之一,在面對別人的關注(如自我導向面子與其他面向面子)設定選擇; (4(4)隨後,面臨的各種問題影響facework和群體間和人際交往中遇到的衝突策略的運用。

概述

Ting-Toomey(1988) drew on the work of Goffman (1955) and Brown and Levinson(1987) to develop the face-negotiation theory. The face-negotiation theory provides a sound explanatory framework for explaining differences and similarities in face and facework during conflict.

特點

In a nutshell, the face negotiation theory and subsequent research assumes that:
(1) People in all cultures try to maintain and negotiate face in all communication situations; (2) The concept of “face” is especially problematic in vulnerable interpersonal situations (such as embarrassment and conflict situations) when the situated identities of the communicators are called into question;
(3) Cultural variability, individual-level variables, and situational variables influence cultural members’ selection of one set of face concerns over others (such as self-oriented face-saving vs. other-oriented face-saving);
(4) Subsequently, face concerns influence the use of various facework and conflict strategies in intergroup and interpersonal encounters.
Based on the past researches and findings, the current updated version of face-negotiation theory (Ting-Toomey & Kurogi, 1998) has 32 propositions. These propositions focus on comparisons of conflict behavior between cultural variables such as individualism-collectivism, power distance (1-20) or posit the relationship between individual-level variables (e.g., self-construal) and conflict styles (21-32). Propositions 1-20 deal with culture-level facework and conflict style issues, proposition 21-32 deal with individual-level facework and conflict style issues. These propositions have been tested and largely supported in prior research (e.g., Oetzel et al., 2001; Ting-Toomey et al., 1991).

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