圖書簡介
本書共分九章，力圖匯集輪胎與橡膠製品力學的重要進展。各章內容由清華大學汽車安全與節能國家重點實驗室組織的國際輪胎力學研討會上的邀請報告擴充而成。這些報告充分反映了國際輪胎力學領域的研究熱點。各章的作者也都是國內外有影響的學者，內容涉及輪胎結構動力學、輪胎簾線力學行為、輪胎滾動噪聲、輪胎滾動六分力、車/輪/路界面、輪胎模型、輪胎結構最佳化、輪胎性能對車輛行為的影響、輪胎動態硫化、橡膠元件設計計算及疲勞壽命等方面，基本反映了本領域的熱點問題及最新研究方向。
本書的一個重要特點是從系統的觀點研究道路-輪胎-車輛相互作用，從整體的角度分析材料-結構-性能的多尺度關係，這種整體和系統的觀點有助於讀者把握輪胎力學這一交叉學科的內涵。
本書可供從事車輛、輪胎、橡膠製品研究、設計及生產部門的技術人員，以及高等院校與汽車、輪胎和橡膠相關專業師生閱讀參考。
FOREWORD
Tire mechanics is the basis for vehicle dynamics and is also the basis for tire design and development. The former mainly refers to the tire dynamics and the latter refers much more to the tire structural mechanics. For many years, tire dynamics and tire structural mechanics have developed along their own different tracks and almost have not blended. However, last decade the situation has been changing. On the one hand the development needs of advanced vehicle dynamics simulation and control technology makes dynamic modeling of tires must consider the structural characteristics of the tire itself. On the other hand, the pressure of safety, energy conservation and environmental protection makes development of the tire must consider its dynamic mechanical properties from the beginning. The pushing of the two aspects makes tire dynamics and tire mechanics have the trend of reunion.
In this case, in order to discuss and exchange the hot issues in tire dynamics and promote the progress of the tire mechanics in various fields, an international advanced tire mechanics symposium was organized by State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy in Tsinghua University and was held in the June 4, 2012. Participating experts are all renowned scholars in the field of international tire mechanics and reports basically reflect the current progress of tire mechanics. To make these valuable knowledge be permanently preserved, we decide to publish a proceedings made from these reports. Professor Yintao Wei in Tsinghua University, Professor Michael Kaliske in Technische Universit.t Dresden, Germany, and Mrs. Huang Youjian in CSR would spent their precious time in editing and organizing each chapter in the proceedings. To promote exchange of the tire mechanics knowledge, Dresden tire workshop will be held every odd year in Germany and Tsinghua tire workshop every even year in China.
The first chapter of introduction to Tire Dynamics was written by Professor Yintao Wei. Professor Yukio Nakajima from Kogakuin University in Japan composed the second chapter “Vehicle / Tire / Road Interaction—Simulation, Experiment and Sensing—”. After having worked for 30 years in Bridgestone Corporation, he returned to university and this chapter composed by him contains a wealth of practical experience and theoretical knowledge. The third chapter was written by Professor Christian Oertel from FH Brandenburg, Germany in Germany and he introduces theory and application about a series of RMOD-K tire models. In this chapter, different modeling methods are compared and some of application examples of RMOD-K tire models are given. These demonstrate their broad applicability. The fourth chapter was written by Professor Michael Kaliske from Technische Universit.t Dresden, Germany in Germany and its main contents are about simulation based optimal design of tires. At present, Professor Michael served as chief editor of Tire Science and Technology and he is world-renowned in the field of tire structure analysis.
Advanced Mechanics of Tire and Rubber Products
The fifth chapter was written by Dr. Lingge Jin from China First Automobile Group Corporation and he discussed the matching problem between vehicle and tire. In the vehicle design process, the main task of chassis engineers is to design the suspension and steering systems to use the tire properties to the largest extent. At the same time, from vehicle point of view, to satisfy the requirement of vehicle performance tires must also meet their design goals. Professor Xiangqiao Yan from Harbin Institute of Technology composed the sixth chapter and a simulator for the tire curing processes is developed based on the finite element method of an axisymmetric heat transfer problem for composites in this paper. The numerical simulation result of a truck tire curing process shows that the simulator successfully describes the variation trends in temperature and in state of cure with tire curing process. The seventh chapter, “Structure design and production process innovation based on the tire mechanics”, was composed by Professor Weimin Yang from Beijing University of Chemical Technology. The eighth chapter was written by Senior Engineer Youjian Huang from Zhuzhou Times New Material Technology Co. Ltd. and design-calculation method of rubber component and air spring was introduced in this chapter. The ninth chapter was written by Endurica Company in USA, Chief Editor of Rubber Chemistry and Technology. The chapter is about fatigue life prediction for elastomeric structures. Above several scholars are outstanding in their own fields and their reports will give readers a very valuable content.
In addition to these scholars, Dr. Shinan Jin who is the director of department of tire simulation and experiment in LingLong Tyre Research and Development Center and Dr. Jieke He from TTA tire Technology Company also made a speech In this seminar.
We hope that readers can know the latest developments and trends of tire mechanics and can gain help in development of more safety, energy conservation and environmental protection vehicle and tire from the proceedings.
Editors:
Wei Yintao (Tsinghua University, China)
Michael Kaliske (Technische Universit.t Dresden, Germany)
Huang Youjian (CSR, China)
前言
輪胎力學是汽車動力學的基礎，也是輪胎設計與開發的基礎。前者主要指的是輪胎動力學，後者更多指的是輪胎結構力學。多年來，輪胎動力學和輪胎結構力學沿著不同的軌道發展，幾乎沒有交融。但是近十年來情況發生了變化，一方面是先進汽車動力學仿真和控制技術發展的需求，使得輪胎動態建模必須考慮輪胎本身的結構特性。另外一方面，安全、節能和環保的壓力使得輪胎開發從一開始就必須考慮其動態力學性能。這兩方面的推動使得輪胎動力學和輪胎結構力學有會師的趨勢。
在這種情況下，清華大學汽車安全與節能國家重點實驗室於 2012年 6月 4日組織了一屆國際輪胎力學研討會，以期研討與交流輪胎動力學的熱點問題，推動輪胎力學各領域的進展。與會的專家都是國際輪胎力學領域的知名學者，報告基本反映了輪胎力學領域的當前進展。為使這些寶貴的知識得以永久保存，我們決定將報告結集成書出版。清華大學的危銀濤教授、德勒斯登大學的 Michael Kaliske教授和南車時代新材的黃友劍高工抽出他們寶貴的時間對各章進行了編輯和整理工作。為促進輪胎與橡膠製品力學知識的交流，德勒斯登輪胎研討會在德國每逢奇數年召開一次，清華輪胎研討會在中國每逢偶數年召開一次。
第 1章“輪胎結構動力學引論”由清華大學汽車工程系的危銀濤教授撰寫。日本工學院的中島幸雄教授撰寫了第 2章“車 /輪/路界面的仿真、試驗與識別”。中島教授曾在普利司通工作 30餘年，又回到大學任職，他撰寫的章節包含有豐富的實踐經驗和理論知識。第 3章由德國布蘭登堡大學的 Christian Oertel教授撰寫，介紹了“ RMOD-K輪胎模型系列”的理論和套用，在這部分比較了不同的建模方法，給出了一些 RMOD-K輪胎模型系列的套用實例，展示了其廣泛的適用性。第 4章由德國德勒斯登大學的 Michael Kaliske教授撰寫，主要是關於“輪胎最佳化設計仿真”。Michael教授目前是《 Tire Science and Technology》的主編，他在輪胎結構分析方面享譽世界。
第 5章“輪胎性能目標”由中國第一汽車股份有限公司的金凌鴿博士討論車輛和輪胎的匹配問題。在車輛設計過程中，底盤工程師最主要的任務就是設計能最大限度地發揮輪胎性能的懸掛和轉向系統。同時，從車輛的角度來看，為滿足車輛的性能要求，輪胎也有很多必須要達到的設計目標。第 6章是哈爾濱工業大學的閆相橋教授介紹“輪胎動態硫化過程有限元模型”，它是基於複合材料軸對稱熱傳遞的有限元分析方法開發的。對卡車輪胎硫化過程的數值仿真結果顯示，該模擬器很好地模擬了輪胎硫化過程中溫度和硫化程度的變化趨勢。第 7章是北京化工大學楊衛民教授寫的“輪胎結構設計與生產工藝的逐步創新”，第 8章是時代新材的黃友劍高工撰寫的“橡膠元件及空氣彈簧設計計算方法”，第 9章是美國 Endurica公司、現任《 Rubber Chemistry and Technology》主編關於“彈性結構的疲勞壽命預測”。這幾位學者都是各自領域的佼佼者，他們的章節一定會給讀者帶來非常有價值的內容。
Advanced Mechanics of Tire and Rubber Products
除了以上學者，在本次研討會發表演講的學者還有金石男博士，玲瓏輪胎研發中心仿真和實驗部主任；以及特拓輪胎技術公司的賀傑克博士。我們期望讀者能從本書中了解到輪胎力學的最新進展和發展趨勢，對更安全節能和環保汽車輪胎與橡膠製品的開發，有所裨益。
危銀濤 (清華大學，中國) Michael Kaliske (德勒斯登大學，德國 ) 黃友劍 (南車時代新材，中國)
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Tire Structural Dynamics........................................................ 1
第 1章輪胎結構動力學引論 ...................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Tire Stress and Cord Force in Radial Tires ..................................................................... 3
1.3 Tire Vibration-Acoustics...............................................................................................13
1.4 Tire vibration-Impact Simulation with cleat ................................................................. 18
1.5 Tire Rolling Kinematic Forces and Moments Prediction Theory ................................. 28
1.6 Summary ....................................................................................................................... 40
References.............................................................................................................................. 41
Chapter 2 Vehicle/Tire/Road Interaction—Simulation, Experiment and Sensing ............. 44
第 2章車/輪/路界面的仿真、試驗與識別.............................................................................. 44
2.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................45
2.2 F&M and wear on dry surface....................................................................................... 45
2.3 Traction on wet, ice and snow surface .......................................................................... 62
2.4 Sensing technology of contact area information (intelligent tire) ................................. 82
References.............................................................................................................................. 91
Chapter 3 RMOD-K Tyre Model Family................................................................................ 94
第 3章 RMOD-K輪胎模型系列 ............................................................................................ 94
List of symbols.......................................................................................................................95
3.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................96
3.2 Structure dynamics........................................................................................................99
3.3 Tangential Contact ...................................................................................................... 108
3.4 Model family application examples ............................................................................ 121
References............................................................................................................................ 132
Chapter 4 Simulation Based Optimal Design of Robust Tires............................................ 134
第 4章輪胎最佳化設計仿真 ...................................................................................................... 134
4.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................135
4.2 Optimization Task for Tires ........................................................................................ 136
4.3 Tire Analysis ............................................................................................................... 137
4.4 Uncertainty Description .............................................................................................. 138
Advanced Mechanics of Tire and Rubber Products
4.5 Robustness Investigation within the Optimization Task ............................................. 140
4.6 Optimization Algorithm .............................................................................................. 141
4.7 Results.........................................................................................................................143
Acknowledgement................................................................................................................ 145
References............................................................................................................................ 145
Chapter 5 Tire Performance Targets from Vehicle/Tire System Dynamics...................... 147
第 5章汽車系統動力學輪胎性能指標 .................................................................................. 147
5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................147
5.2 Tire is important for vehicle performance................................................................... 148
5.3 Tire inputs and outputs for vehicle dynamics.............................................................. 148
5.4 Tire and vehicle dynamics........................................................................................... 153
5.5 Tire model usedin vehicle dynamics..........................................................................158
5.6 Tire as a part of vehicle...............................................................................................161
5.7 Discussions and conclusions ....................................................................................... 163
References............................................................................................................................ 164
Chapter 6 A Numerical Modeling of Dynamic Curing Process of Tire by Finite Element ... 165 第 6章輪胎動態硫化過程有限元模型 .................................................................................. 165
6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................165
6.2 Theoretical Foundation of Tire Curing Modeling ....................................................... 167
6.3 Finite Element Formulation of a heat transfer problem for axisymmetric Composite Materials Structures .................................................................................. 169
6.4 Numerical Validation .................................................................................................. 171
6.5 Results and Discussions .............................................................................................. 175
6.6 Concluding Remarks...................................................................................................180
Acknowledgement................................................................................................................ 180
References............................................................................................................................ 180
Chapter 7 Gradual innovations in tire structure design and production process............. 182
第 7章輪胎結構設計與生產工藝的逐步創新 ...................................................................... 182
7.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................182
7.2 Main Functions of Tire................................................................................................ 184
7.3 Contradictions between Multiple Objectives Optimization of Tire Function and the Structure ......................................................................................................... 186
7.4 Strengthen theNatureFunctions of Tire and Dissolve Structural Contradiction........189
7.5 Development Directions of Tire Design and Manufacture ......................................... 191
Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 193
References............................................................................................................................ 194
CONTENTS VII
Chapter 8 Design-calculation Method of Rubber Component and Airspring................... 195
第 8章橡膠元件及空氣彈簧設計計算方法 .......................................................................... 195
8.1 Loading principle and application of rubber components...........................................195
8.2 Calculation Method of Rubber Component based on Engineering Application ......... 203
8.3 Loading theory and basic calculation method of airspring.......................................... 216
8.4 Modeling technology of airspring system and its loading performance analysis........... 225
References............................................................................................................................ 238
Chapter 9 Fatigue Life Prediction for Elastomeric Structures........................................... 239
第 9章橡膠結構的疲勞壽命預測 .......................................................................................... 239
9.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................239
9.2 Fatigue Failure Processes ............................................................................................ 240
9.3 Physics of Fatigue Failure...........................................................................................242
9.4 Material Behavior........................................................................................................ 247
9.5 Multiaxial Loading......................................................................................................253
9.6 Variable Amplitude Loading....................................................................................... 255
Acknowledgement................................................................................................................ 257
References............................................................................................................................ 257
Subject Index .............................................................................................................................. 261
