語言學基礎教程

《語言學基礎教程》是2010年北京大學出版社出版的圖書,作者是苗興偉。

內容簡介

該書包括語言與語言學、語音學與音位學、形態學、句法學、語義學、語用學、語篇分析、歷史語言學、文體學、社會語言學、跨文化交際、心理語言學、認知語言學、套用語言學等十四章。該書在傳授基本知識與概念的同時,通過豐富的實例提供了有關語言分析和描述的基本方法,並強調語言學與其他學科的聯繫,以便適應創新型人才培養的需要。

在內容方面,本書在提供基本知識的同時,更注重教材的科學性、系統性、實用性和時代性。在編寫過程中,我們力求“化難為簡”,儘量做到概念清晰,既要保證知識的系統性,又要避免術語的堆砌。

圖書目錄

Chapter 1 Language and Linguistics

1.1 What is language?

1.2 The design features of language

1.3 The origin of language

1.4 What is linguistics?

1.5 The scope of linguistics

1.6 A brief history of linguistics

1.6.1 Saussure as the father of modern linguistics

1.6.2 American structuralism

1.6.3 Generative linguistics

1.6.4 Functional linguistics

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology: The Sounds and Sound Patterns of Language

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Phonetics

2.2.1 Speech organs

2.2.2 Consonants

2.2.3 Vowels

2.2.4 Transcription of speech sounds

2.3 Phonology

2.3.1 Phoneme

2.3.2 Phone and allophone

2.3.3 Phonotacties

2.3.4 Prosodic features: stress, tone and intonation

2.3.5 Co-articulation effects

2.4 Summary

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 3 Morphology: The Word Structure of Language

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The words of language

3.3 The structure of words

3.4 Morpheme, morph and allomorph

3.5 Classification of morphemes

3.5.1 Free morphemes and bound morphemes

3.5.2 Roots and affixes

3.5.3 Inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes

3.6 Word formation processes

3.6.1 Derivation

3.6.2 Compounding

3.6.3 Conversion

3.6.4 Blending

3.6.5 Backformation

3.6.6 Abbreviation or shortening

3.7 Summary

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 4 Syntax: The Sentence Structure of Language

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Sentence structure

4.2.1 Definition of sentence

4.2.2 The linear structure of sentence

4.2.3 The hierarchical structure of sentence

4.3 The traditional approach

4.4 The structural approach

4.4.1 Immediate constituent analysis

4.4.2 Endocentric and exocentric constructions

4.5 The transformational-generative approach

4.5.1 The TG model of grammar

4.5.2 Syntactic structure

4.5.3 Movement

4.6 The functional approach

4.6.1 Functions of language

4.6.2 Functional analysis of syntactic structure

4.7 Summary

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 5 Semantics: The Meaning of Language

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Approaches to meaning

5.3 Sense and reference

5.4 Word meaning

5.4.1 Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning

5.4.2 Classification of lexical meaning

5.4.3 Sense relations

5.4.4 Semantic field

5.5 Sentence meaning

5.5.1 Definition of sentence meaning

5.5.2 Semantic relations at the sentential level

5.6 Ambiguity

5.7 Semantic analysis

5.7.1 Componential Analysis

5.7.2 Predication Analysis

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 6 Pragmatics: The Use of Language in Context

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Pragmatics as a new branch of linguistics

6.2.1 Defining pragmatics

6.2.2 Syntax, semantics and pragmatics

6.3 Speech Act Theory

6.3.1 Constatives and performatives

6.3.2 Locution, illocution, and perlocution

6.3.3 Felicity conditions

6.3.4 Classification of speech acts

6.4 Theory of conversational implicature

6.4.1 The notion of implicature

6.4.2 Cooperative Principle and its maxims

6.4.3 Flouting the maxims

6.5 Politeness Principle

6.5.1 Politeness: The principle and the maxims

6.5.2 Clashes between the maxims

6.6 Summary

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 7 Discourse Analysis: Language above the Sentence

7.1 Introduction

7.2 What is discourse analysis?

7.3 Cohesion

7.3.1 Reference

7.3.2 Substitution

7.3.3 Ellipsis

7.3.4 Conjunction

7.3.5 Lexical cohesion

7.4 Coherence

7.5 The structure of discourse

7.5.1 Thematic structure and information structure

7.5.2 The structure of conversations

7.5.3 Patterns in written discourse

7.6 Connections

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 8 Historical Linguistics: Language through Time

8.1 Introduction

8.2 When language changes

8.3 How language changes

8.3.1 Phonological change

8.3.2 Lexical change

8.3.3 Grammatical change

8.4 Why language changes

8.4.1 External causes

8.4.2 Internal causes

8.5 Summary

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 9 Stylistics: Language and Literature

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Important views on style

9.2.1 Style as deviation

9.2.2 Style as choice

9.2.3 Style as foregrounding

9.3 Stylistic analysis

9.3.1 Phonological analysis

9.3.2 Graphological analysis

9.3.3 Lexical analysis

9.3.4 Syntactic analysis

9.3.5 Semantic analysis

9.3.6 Pragmatic analysis

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 10 Sociolinguistics: Language and Society

10.1 Introduction

10.2 The relations between language and society

10.3 Speech community and speech variety

10.4 Dialect

10.4.1 Regional dialect

10.4.2 Social dialect

10.4.3 Standard dialect

10.5 Register

10.6 Language contact and contact languages

10.6.1 Lingua franca

10.6.2 Pidgin

10.6.3 Creole

10.7 Choosing a code

10.7.1 Diglossia

10.7.2 Bilingualism

10.7.3 Code-switching

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 11 Intercultural Communication: Language and Culture

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Definitions of culture

11.3 The relationship between language and culture

11.4 Naming the world through language

11.4.1 Color terms

11.4.2 Kinship terms

11.4.3 Culture-loaded words

11.5 Communicative patterns across cultures

11.5.1 Address forms

11.5.2 Greetings

11.5.3 Giving and accepting compliments

11.5.4 High context versus low context

11.6 Language and thought: Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

11.7 Intercultural communication

11.7.1 Intercultural communication as a field of research

11.7.2 Conquering obstacles in intercultural communication

11.7.3 Value dimensions

11.8 Summary

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 12 Psycholinguistics: Language and Psychology

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Language and the brain: The biological foundations of language

12.2.1 Cerebral lateralization and language functions

12.2.2 Evidence of lateralization

12.3 Language comprehension

12.3.1 Human information processing system

12.3.2 The mental lexicon

12.3.3 Sentence comprehension

12.3.4 Discourse comprehension

12.4 Language production

12.5 Language acquisition

12.5.1 First language, second language and foreign language

12.5.2 First language acquisition

12.5.3 Second language acquisition

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 13 Cognitive Linguistics: Language and Cognition

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Categories and categorization

13.3 Conceptual metaphors

13.4 Conceptual metonymies

13.5 Image schemas

13.6 Iconicity

13.6.1 Iconicity of order

13.6.2 Iconicity of distance

13.6.3 Iconicity of complexity

Questions and Exercises

Chapter 14 Applied Linguistics: Language Teaching and Learning

14.1 Introduction

14.2 How is language learned?

14.2.1 Behaviorism

14.2.2 The innateness hypothesis: universal grammar

14.2.3 Interlanguage theory

14.2.4 The input hypothesis

14.2.5 The output hypothesis

14.3 Individual differences in language learning

14.3.1 Language aptitude

14.3.2 Learning style

14.3.3 Motivation

14.3.4 Anxiety

14.3.5 Learning strategies

14.4 Approaches and methods in foreign language teaching

14.4.1 The Grammar-Translation Method

14.4.2 The Direct Method

14.4.3 The Audiolingual Method

14.4.4 The Communicative Approach

14.4.5 The Task-based Approach

14.5 Language Testing

14.5.1 Types of test

14.5.2 Qualities of a good test

Questions and Exercises

References

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