蒙克[畫家]

蒙克[畫家]

愛德華·蒙克(Edvard Munch,1863年12月12日—1944年1月23日),挪威表現主義畫家、版畫複製匠,現代表現主義繪畫的先驅。 愛德華·蒙克繪畫帶有強烈的主觀性和悲傷壓抑的情調。他對心理苦悶的強烈的,呼喚式的處理手法對20世紀初德國表現主義的成長起了主要的影響,其主要作品有《吶喊》,《生命之舞》,《卡爾約翰街的夜晚》。

基本信息

人物生平

早年經歷

愛德華·蒙克沉思 愛德華·蒙克沉思

1863年12月12日,愛德華·蒙克出生於挪威雷登在奧斯陸長大。愛德華·蒙克的父親患有精神病,他向他的孩子們灌輸了對地獄的根深蒂固的恐懼,他一再告訴他們, 如果他們在任何情況下、以任何方式犯有罪孽,他們就會注定被投入地獄,沒有任何寬恕的機會。1879年 ,愛德華·蒙克為成為一名工程師而進工學院念書受印象主義畫風的影響,然而,頻繁的患病中斷了他的學業。

1880年,愛德華·蒙克為了成為一名畫家而離開工學院。

1881年,愛德華·蒙克考進了奧斯陸皇家藝術和設計學院,他的老師是雕刻家朱利厄斯·米德爾頓和自然主義畫家克里斯蒂安·克羅格。

1885年,愛德華·蒙克前往巴黎。他的作品開始顯示出法國畫家的影響;一開始是印象派,接著是後期印象派,然後是新藝術造型。愛德華·蒙克的繪畫儘管風格上是後期印象派的,但在主題上卻是象徵派的,愛德華·蒙克的繪畫內容在於刻畫內心世界而不是外在現實。

中年經歷

1889年改用傳統的畫法創作《病孩》變體畫《春》,從而獲得獎學金去法國留學,從師L.博納。在法國,他在研究印象主義畫法的基礎上,轉而對後印象主義和納比派發生興趣。他發現線條和色彩有強烈的表現力,試圖用它們畫出活生生的人們,他們的呼吸、感覺、受苦受難並彼此的相愛。

1892年 愛德華·蒙克應邀參加柏林藝術家聯盟在11月份舉行的畫展。愛德華·蒙克的繪畫成了苦澀的爭論對象,畫展在一星期後結束。在柏林,愛德華·蒙克成了一個國際圈子裡的一員,裡面有作家、藝術家和評論家,包括挪威劇作家亨利·易卜生和瑞典戲劇家奧古斯特·史特林堡。愛德華·蒙克為易卜生的幾個劇本設計了布景。

1893年1893年12月,愛德華·蒙克在柏林著名的菩提樹下大街開畫展。和其它作品一起,愛德華·蒙克出展了題為“愛的研究系列”,由六幅畫所組成。這是他此後命名為“生命的飾帶 以 生命、愛情和死亡的詩”組畫的起點。它包括深深地沉浸於大氣的主題《風暴》、《月光》和《星夜》。其它主題有揭示愛的陰暗面的,比如《玫瑰與阿美莉》和《吸血鬼》。《病室里的死亡》則以死亡為主題,基於愛德華·蒙克對姐姐蘇菲之死的回憶。

1894年,“生命的飾帶”加進了《焦躁》、《灰燼》、《聖母》和《女人三階段》作品集。在世紀之交之際,愛德華·蒙克完成了他的“生命的飾帶”組畫系列。

晚年經歷

1908年秋,他的焦慮變得深刻並在丹尼爾·賈可布遜博士的診所住院接受治療。醫院裡施行的休克療法改變了他的個性。

1909年愛德華·蒙克回到挪威,更多地表現出對大自然的興趣,他的作品變得更富於色彩,減少了悲觀的成分。在納粹統治期間,愛德華·蒙克的作品被貼上了“頹廢藝術”的標籤,從德國的各個美術館撤了下來。反納粹主義的愛德華·蒙克來說是很傷心的,因為他把德國看作為他的第二祖國。

1944年1月23日,愛德華·蒙克於奧斯陸附近的艾可利與世長辭。他向奧斯陸捐贈了1000幅油畫,15400張版畫,4500件素描和水彩畫,還有6件雕刻作品。後來為紀念愛德華·蒙克,建造了愛德華·蒙克美術館。

人物生活

愛德華·愛德華·蒙克是畫家雅各布·愛德華·蒙克和歷史學家彼得·安德烈·愛德華·蒙克的親戚。母親勞拉在1868年死於肺結核,母親死後小愛德華·蒙克由父親克里斯蒂安·愛德華·蒙克單獨撫養。父親是位醫生,篤信基督教。幼年喪母,姐姐被肺病奪去生命,妹妹患精神病,童年時代的不幸對其一生的創作有深刻的影響。

人物影響

歷史發展

在當時哲學和美學思潮影響下,他努力發掘人類心靈中的各種狀況,表現疾病、死亡、絕望、情愛等主題。因此,他的創作有“心靈的現實主義”的稱號。由於受到保守勢力的攻擊,很快被封閉,但對德國青年畫家以很大的刺激,推動了表現主義運動的產生。

思想傳播

愛德華·蒙克通過主題來表現他切身經歷的對生存和死亡的感受。每一幅畫都無與倫比地強烈地傳達著畫家的感覺和情緒,被描繪的具體對象的細節被簡化,而情緒則被誇張,對象本身成為一種所要表現的情緒的載體,雖然它們依然還是具象的。這些畫具有永恆的震懾心靈的力量。在這一切的背後,我們還可以看見那個“世紀末”的景象,那種迷途的欲望深淵和無法逃脫的死亡陰影的怪圈,生命的焦躁和無奈交織在一起。愛德華·蒙克作品的驚人表現力量來自於對藝術家內心世界的不加掩飾的忠實表達,愛德華·蒙克的畫是用整個心靈來創作的。

主要作品

作品名年份
Øvre Foss1880
Small Lake with Boat1880
Horse and Wagon in front of Farm Buildings1880
Autumn Work in the Field1880
Landscape with Woman Walking by a Lake1880
Landscape with Trees and Water1880
Autumn in the Forest1880
Horse and Cart on a Country Road1880
Still Life with Pipe and Bibles1880
View from Fossveien1880-81
View from Fossveien1881
Winter Landscape with House and Red Sky1881
Potted Plant on the Window-Sill1881-82
Potted Plant1881-82
The Living-Room of the Misses Munch in Pilestredet 611881
From Vestre Aker1881
Hakloa in Maridalen1881
Maridalsveien in Nydalen1881
Houses in Maridalen1881
From Maridalen1881
Akerselva1881
Landscape with Woman and Child1881
Landscape with a Small House and Two People1881
Landscape with Lake and Forest1881
From Bunnefjorden1881
From Sandvika1881
Man Rowing towards Land1881
Bay with Boat and House1881
Man and Woman in Boat1881
Fisherman by the Water1881
Christian Munch on the Couch1881
Christian Munch on the Couch1881
Study of a Landscape1881
View of Grüner's Garden1881
Gamle Aker Church1881-82
Gamle Aker Church1881
Gamle Aker Church1881
Gamle Aker Church1881
View from Fossveien 7 towards Bergfjerdingen1881
People on the Road in Wet Snow1881
Goblin with Christmas Porridge1881
Still Life with Jar, Apple, Walnut and Coconut1881
Øvre Foss in Winter1881-82
Boy in Snow1881-82
View of the City on a Winter's Day1882
Self-Portrait1882
Laura Munch1882
Laura Munch1882
Olaf Rye's Square towards South East1882
View across Olaf Rye's Square1882
Olaf Rye's Square towards South East1882
Landscape with Waterfall and House1882
Evening Atmosphere at Sea1882
Landscape with a Small Waterfall1882
Spring Landscape1882
Stream in Spring1882
Karen Bjølstad1882-83
Man's Head with Beard1882-83
The Errand Boy1882-84
Garden with Red House1882
Garden with Red House1882
By the Garden Table1882
Akerselva by Slåmotgangen1882
Inger by the Window1882
Akerselva by Nedre Foss1882
Akerselva1882
Birch Trees with Woman Walking1882
Birch Trees in the Autumn1882
From Vestre Aker1882
Birch Trees and Man Carrying Twigs1882
Autumn in Vestre Aker1882
Woman on a Country Lane1882
Two Boys on a Country Lane1882
Thorvald Torgersen1882
Thorvald Torgersen1882
Head of a Boy1882
Andreas Reading1882
Andreas Reading1882
Andreas Reading1882
Self-Portrait1882
Drive at Vaterland1882
From Saxegårdsgate1882
Laura Munch1883
Otto Linthoe1883
Study of a Man's Head1883
Study of an Old Man's Head1883
Head of an Old Man with Beard1883
Study of an Old Man's Head1883
Afternoon at Olaf Rye's Square1883
Street Corner on Karl Johan, Grand Café1883
Christian Munch on the Couch1883
Landscape from Asker1883
Autumn in Asker1883
Andreas by the Window1883
Andreas Reading1883
The Dome of Trinity Church1883
Study of a Head1883
Early in the Morning1883
Andreas Singdahlsen1883
Hjalmar Borgstrøm1883
Portrait of a Woman1883
Karen Bjølstad in the Rocking Chair1883
Around the Paraffin Lamp1883
At the Coffee Table1883
At Supper1883
The Infirmary at Helgelandsmoen1884
Fence in the Forest1884
Two People on the Way to the Forest1884
Morning1884
Christian Munch1884
Portrait Studies1884
Inger Munch in Black1884
Street in Winter1885
Ball1885
Tête-à-tête1885
Karl Johan1885
Girl's Head1885
Dagny Konow1885
Study of an Old Man's Head1885
Fredrik Lidemark1885
Karl Jensen-Hjell1885
Klemens Stang1885
Christian Munch with Pipe1885
Karen Bjølstad1885
Jørgen Sørensen1885
Andreas Munch1885
Cabaret1885
The Sickroom1885
The Sick Child1885
Red-Haired Girl with White Rat1886
Girl at the Piano1886
Self-Portrait1886
Andreas Munch Studying Anatomy1886
Afternoon Nap1886
Boat with Three Boys1886
Man on the Veranda1886
From Hisøya near Arendal1886
Woman and Children in Arendal1886
Thorvald Torgersen1886
Puberty1886
The Day After1886
Seated Young Girl1887
Betzy Nilsen1887
Halvard Stub Holmboe1887
Jacob Torkildsen1887
Forest Landscape with Small Lake1887
Veierland near Tønsberg1887
Two Men by the Window1887
Law1887
Kristiania Bohemians1887
Self-Portrait1888
Marius Selmer1888
Bendix Lange1888
Beach1888
The Tønsberg Fjord1888
On the Pier1888
Man Binding Fishnet1888
Karen Bjølstad1888
Evening1888
Summer Day on the Pier1888
Laura and Inger in the Summer Sun1888
Evening1888
Inger in Sunshine1888
At the General Store in Vrengen1888
Andreas Bjølstad1888
Aasta Carlsen1888
Man Standing in the Doorway1889
Karl Dørnberger1889
Charlotte Dørnberger1889
Georg Stang1889
John Hazeland on his Deathbed1889
Spring1889
Hans Jæger1889
From Karl Johan1889
Music on Karl Johan1889
Beach Landscape fromÅsgårdstrand1889
Beach1889
From Åsgårdstrand1889
Beach Landscape1889
Shore1889
Summer Night. Inger on the Beach1889
Summer Evening1889
Summer1889
Summer in Åsgårdstrand1889
Morten Damme's House near Åsgardstrand1889
Standing Female Nude1889
A French Tavern (Two Men and a Woman)1890
The Canal near Paris (with a Small Streamboat)1890
A Woman (in Half-figure) with Landscape (Returned from Victoria terrasse)1890
A Small Beach Study1890
Night in Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
The Seine at Saint-Cloud1890
At the Wine Merchant's1890
In the Bar1890
In the Café1890
Norwegian Spring Landscape1890
Landscape1890
The Streamboat Arrives1890
Beach1890
Spring Day on Karl Johan1890
Sunny Day in Åsgårdstrand1890
Garden Path1890
Woman in Evening Landscape1890
Landscape1890
View from Hauketo1890
View from Hauketo1890
Landscape1890
The Absinth Drinkers1890
Two Children1890
Under the Palm Trees in Nice1891
Afternoon on the Promenade des Anglais1891
Morning on the Promenade des Anglais1891
Sunny Day in Nice1891
Rooftops in Nice1891
Night in Nice1891
Fisherboy from Nice1891
Boy's Head1891
Young Woman in Blue1891
Young Woman in Blue1891
Model Scratching her Arm1891
Rue Lafayette1891
Rue de Rivoli1891
Sunday in Åsgardstrand1891
Young Blond Girl1891
Summer Evening in Åsgardstrand1891
In Open Air1891
Summer1891
Eroticism on a Summer Evening1891
Karl Johan in the Rain1891
Evening. Melancholy1891
Woman in Blue against Blue Water1891
Old Fisherman1891
Pine Forest1891
Summer Day in the Forest1891
Forest Landscape1891
From Nordstrand1891
Landscape in Moonlight1891
Woman by the Balustrade1891
Inger in a White Blouse1891
no:Jappe Nilssen1891
Arve Arvesen1891
Gunnar Heiberg1891
Helge Rode1891
Olga Buhre1891
Alexandra Thaulow1891
Kiss by the Window1891
The Day After1891
Munch Museum, Oslo, Norway1892
Childhood Memory1892
Gamblers in Monte Carlo1892
Gamblers in Monte Carlo1892
At the Roulette Table in Monte Carlo1892
Sick Mood at Sunset. Despair1892
Cypress in Moonlight1892
Kiss by the Window1892
The Kiss1892
The Girl by the Window1892
Woman Combing her Hair1892
Woman Looking in the Mirror1892
After the Bath1892
From the Riviera1892
From the Riviera1892
Moonlight by the Mediterranean1892
A Pine1892
Trees by the Mediterranean1892
From the Riviera1892
Men Flocking round Women in Light Clothing1892
Forest1892
Moonlight on the Beach1892
Mystery on the Shore1892
Mystery on the Shore1892
Two Human Beings. The Lonely Ones1892
Melancholy1892
Night in Saint-Cloud1892
Night in Saint-Cloud1892-93
Night in Saint-Cloud1892
Vision1892
The Water Lillies1892-93
Evening on Karl Johan1892
From Nordstrand1892
On the Veranda1892
Inger by the Window1892
Inger in Black and Violet1892
Seated Young Woman1892
Autumn Rain1892
Jakob Bratland1892
Ludvig Meyer1892
Thor Lütken1892
Ragnhild andDagny Juel1892-93
August Strindberg1892
Night in Saint-Cloud1893
The Girl by the Window1893
Study of a Model1893
Separation1893
Woman with Red Hat1893-94
Symbolic Study1893-94
Portrait of a Man1893-94
Woman's head against a red Background1893-94
Self-Portrait under the Mask of a Woman1893
Seated Nude and Grotesque Masque1893
Sunrise in the Harbour1893-94
Rosa and Amelie1893
Sunrise in Åsgårdstrand1893-94
Summer Night1893
Melancholy1893
Death at the Helm1893
Summer Night. Mermaid1893
Summer Night's Dream. The Voice1893
Starry Night1893
Starry Night1893
Moonlight1893
House in Moonlight1893-95
The Storm1893
Death and Spring1893
The Angel of Death1893
By the Deathbed. Fever1893
Death in the Sickroom1893
Death in the Sickroom1893
Death in the Sickroom1893
Vampire1893
The Scream1893
The Scream1893
Vampire1893
Vampire1893
The Hands1893-94
Dagny Juel Przybyszewska1893
Helge Bäckström1893
Minchen Torkildsen1893
Ragnhild Bäkström1894
Botho Graf Schwerin1894
Ebehard von Bodenhausen1894
Julius Meier-Graefe1894
Separation1894
Death and Life1894
Puberty1894
Puberty1894-95
The Day After1894
Vampire1894
Selma Fontheim1894
Selma Fontheim1894
Nora Mengelberg1894
Ludvig Meyer's Children1894
Stanislaw Przybyszewski1894
Inger in a Red Dress1894
Bathing Women1894
Bathers1894
Bathing Boys1894
Melancholy1894
Melancholy1894-96
Woman. Sphinx1894
Woman1894
Anxiety1894
Despair1894
Madonna1894
Madonna1894-95
Madonna1895
Madonna1895-97
Madonna1895-97
Berlin Model1895
Cabaret1895
The Scream1895
Vampire1895
The Smell of Death1895
The Smell of Death1895
At the Deathbed1895
Vampire1895
Ashes1895
Jealousy1895
Beach in Åsgårdstrand1895
Moonlight1895
Self-Portrait with Cigarette1895
Stanislaw Przybyszewski1895
Oscar and Ingeborg Heiberg1895-96
Half-Nude in a Black Skirt1896
Study of a Nude1896
Young Woman Washing herself1896
Seated Nude against a Red Background1896
Seated Nude with her Back Turned1896
The Mermaid1896
Summer Landscape1896
The Sick Child1896
Separation1896
Summer Night. The Voice1896
The Girl by the Window1896-97
Bathing Woman1896-97
The Kiss1896-97
Women in a Swimming Pool1896-97
Paul Herrmann and Paul Contard1897
The Kiss1897
The Kiss1897
Inheritance1897-99
Women in Hospital1897
Mother and Daughter1897-99
Two Women in a Landscape1897-99
Old Man with a Beard1897-99
Brothel Scene1897-99
Hospital Ward1897-99
Bathing Boys1897-98
Bathing Boys1897-99
Bathing Girls1897-99
Bathing Children1897-99
Bathing Boys1897-99
Autumn1897-98
Marie Helene Holmboe1898
Female Portrait1898-99
Dark-Haired Man and Red-Haired Woman1898-99
Holger Drachmann1898
Henrik Ibsenat theGrand Café1898
Study of a Model1898
Half-Nude in a Blue Skirt1898
Nude1898
Nude1898
Two Women. Symbolic Study1898
Sitting Nude by the Beach1898
Man and Woman1898
Nude in Profile towards the Right1898
Metabolism1898-99
Tulla Larsen1898-99
Tulla Larsen1898-99
Father and Son1898
Seated Nude and Three Male Heads1898-99
Tragedy1898
Jealousy in the Bath1898
Beach1898
The Rainbow1898
Woman by the Sea in Åsgardstrand1898
House with Red Virginia Creeper1898-99
House with Red Virginia Creeper1898-99
Red Virginia Creeper1898-1900
The Son1904
The Coffin is Carried Out1898-1900
Boulevard in Paris1898-1900
Winter1899-1900
Winter in the Woods, Nordstrand1899
Death and the Child1899
Death and the Child1899
Landscape1899
The Garden1899
Munch's House and Studio in Åsgardstrand1899
Munch's House in Åsgårdstrand1899
Dark Spruce Forest1899

風格特點

愛德華·蒙克的畫作 愛德華·蒙克的畫作

愛德華·蒙克多以生命、死亡、戀愛、恐怖和寂寞等為題材,用對比強烈的 線條、色塊、簡潔概括誇張的造型,抒發自己的感受和情緒;他的畫風是德國和中歐的表現主義形成的前奏。

愛德華·蒙克的早期油畫《病孩》、《在靈床旁》、《母親之死》,多是童年和少年時代生活的回憶。1890年的油畫《聖克盧之夜》和1892年的油畫《卡爾.約翰街的夜晚》標誌著他風格的轉折,顯示出他表現主義畫家的特質。90年代最有代表性的作品是《春情》和《吶喊》,前者描繪人對幽閉的恐懼,後者刻畫人對孤獨與死亡的恐怖感。他於1894年開始從事版畫創作,在木刻、石版、銅版畫方面,都有獨特的創造。他的版畫題材多取自於油畫,其中以《生命》組畫最為出色,被他自己稱為生命、愛和死的詩歌。

在愛德華·蒙克的畫家生涯中,他多次曾改變藝術風格。在1880年代,愛德華·蒙克是自然派和半印象派。1892年,愛德華·蒙克樹立了具個人特色的綜合派原始畫風,在此色彩成為一種象徵,亦是種具有承載功能的元素。1890年代,愛德華·蒙克傾向選擇景深較淺的作畫空間,他經常把畫中的人物安置在前台。

愛德華·蒙克一直想表現人物的內心的心理狀態,出現在他畫中的人物呈現了最能表現這種狀態的姿勢,這種安排讓愛德華·蒙克的畫帶來一種好像人物、空氣、記憶、動作和時間在一霎剎那間凝固的感覺,那也許正是人物內心活動達到頂峰的一瞬間。

愛德華·蒙克所畫的人物,猶如舞台劇的各個角色,很可能每種特定的姿勢就代表一種特定情緒,類似於某種身體語言。由於愛德華·蒙克所畫的人物都承擔著表現一種特定心理狀態的使命,所以他創造的男人和女人不是現實的。愛德華·蒙克堅稱,印象派並不適合於自己的藝術。他對描寫現實的任意一個斷面也不感興趣,他要描寫的是那種充滿了情緒內涵的,且具有巨大的傳神力的狀態。為了達到這個目的,愛德華·蒙克殫精竭慮地構思,他的作品創造了緊張氣氛。

人物評價

愛德華·蒙克的作品筆觸大膽奔放、色彩艷麗豐富,但卻給人強烈的刺激感,充滿著緊張不安、壓抑悲傷的情緒。愛德華·蒙克所描繪的世界是人類複雜的精神世界,他刻意表現死亡、憂鬱和孤獨,描寫上世紀末的藝術家在充滿矛盾與痛苦的現實中,其孤獨的心靈對人生產生的懷疑和焦慮。

藝術史家稱愛德華·蒙克為“世紀末”的藝術家,因為他的作品反映了歐洲整整一代人的精神生活面貌。在愛德華·蒙克生活的時代,再沒有別的藝術能夠像他那樣深入到人的靈魂之中,把那心靈的美與醜一併展現給世人。也沒有人敢於像他那樣赤裸裸地描寫人類本能的醜惡,使善良與罪惡並存,讓美麗與醜陋共生。

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