歷史背景
亞伯拉罕·林肯,美國第16任總統。他領導了美國南北戰爭,頒布了《解放黑人奴隸宣言》,維護了美聯邦統一,為美國在19世紀躍居世界頭號工業強國開闢了道路,使美國進入經濟發展的黃金時代,被稱為“偉大的解放者”。
葛底斯堡戰役(1863年7月1日至3日),徹底改變了葛底斯堡這個小鎮。戰場上,聯邦波多馬克軍團與邦聯北維吉尼亞軍團雙方留下超過七千具的戰士遺骸、數以千具戰馬屍骨,莊嚴有序地埋葬死者成為當地數千居民的首要之務。屍體腐爛的惡臭在戰事結束後一周內,使許多小鎮居民劇烈作嘔。終於,在32歲檢查官大衛·威爾斯(David Wills)的指示下,賓夕法尼亞州購下17英畝(69,000平方公尺)的土地作為墓園之用,以為這些葬送於烈日沙場的英靈善後。
2013年11月19日,來自美國各地約萬人云集賓夕法尼亞州小鎮葛底斯堡國家公墓紀念林肯發表《葛底斯堡演說》150周年。
林肯演說
簡介
在聽眾的好評後,林肯以他尖細的肯塔基腔發言二至三分鐘。 林肯的“適
切之短評”以十句話272個字簡述這場內戰,重提國家在這場艱苦戰爭中的作用,以及對此觀念的影響:不分聯邦軍或邦聯軍,葛底斯堡陣亡將士的犧牲無一白費。演說以八十七年前發端,論及美國獨立戰爭以及著名的獨立宣言,指出國民殊死的戰鬥就是為了確保民有、民治、民享之政府當免於凋零,有意思的是儘管這場演說名垂青史,但是其確切的措辭一直頗受爭議,已知的共有五份版本,歷史學家為細微史實一直爭論不已。在眾多版本中,“畢利斯本”(Bliss Copy)已成標準本。這是唯一一份林肯署名的版本,也是所知經其撰寫的最終版本:(以下為此本之中英對照)
新聞謄抄本
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
譯本
八十七年前,我們的先輩們在這個大陸上給我們帶來了一個新的共和國,她受孕於自由的理念,並獻身於一切人生來平等的理想。
如今我們捲入了一場巨大的內戰,以考驗我們或任何一個受孕於自由和獻身於上述理想的共和國是否能夠長久生存下去。我們聚集在這場戰爭中的一個重要戰場上,我們來到這裡,是要把這個戰場土地的一部分奉獻給那些為使這個共和國能夠生存下去而獻出了自己的生命的烈士們作為最後安息之所。我們這樣做是完全應該而且是非常恰當的。
但是,從更廣泛的意義上來說,不是我們奉獻、聖化或神化了這塊土地,而是那些活著的或者已經死去的、曾經在這裡戰鬥過的英雄們使得這塊土地成為神聖之土,其神聖遠非我們的渺小之力可增減。世人不會注意,也不會記住我們在這裡說什麼,但是他們永遠無法忘記那些英雄們的行為。這更要求我們這些活著的人去繼續那些英雄們為之戰鬥的未盡事業。我們應該在這裡把自己奉獻於仍然留在我們面前的偉大任務——要從這些光榮的死者身上汲取更多的獻身精神,來完成他們已經完全徹底為之獻身的事業;我們要在這裡下定最大的決心,不讓這些死者白白犧牲——要使這個國家在上帝保佑下得到新生——要使這個民有、民治、民享的政府永世長存。
評價
2013年11月19日一大早,來自美國各地約萬人云集賓夕法尼亞州小鎮葛底斯堡國家公墓紀念活動現場。整整150年前,美國第16任總統林肯就是在這裡發表了至今令世人傳誦的《葛底斯堡演說》。
葛底斯堡國家公墓周邊陣列的大炮及一排排白色墓碑無聲地訴說著一個半世紀以前的慘烈一幕:1863年7月1日至3日發生的葛底斯堡戰役正值美國內戰關鍵時刻。在三天的戰事中,雙方發射了700萬發子彈,雙方傷、亡、失蹤人數多達5.1萬人,也因此成為美國歷史上最為血腥的戰鬥。戰鬥結束後,僅在葛底斯堡大地上死亡的5000匹戰馬便成為恐怖一景。此役之後,北方贏得戰爭,因而避免國家分裂之勢再也不可逆轉。
150年前的林肯在最短的時間內、用最短的篇幅闡示了具有極為深遠歷史意義的理念。華盛頓、傑斐遜等美國建國之父雖也申張人權,但他們都曾經擁有奴隸,這也更能看出林肯的偉大。但如果林肯活在現世,他也會看到,150年後的今天,他所呼喚的真正的人人平等遠未實現。
“當今美國仍舊缺乏自由。坦率地講,我認為現在的政府變得太大,我對此感到憂慮。”里迪教授也認為,林肯在葛底斯堡演說中展現出一種歷史眼光,即美國政府、公共機構及整個社會應平等對待所有人,在這方面,現實中的美國仍未實現這一目標。
新版葛底斯堡演說
美國共和黨總統候選人特朗普2016年10月22日在葛底斯堡發表演講,闡述如果贏得大選和就任總統後100天內的執政計畫。
特朗普說,政治上,將為國會議員設立任期限制;國會議員離任後5年內不得從事遊說工作;前白宮官員終身禁止代表外國政府遊說;禁止外國遊說者為美國選舉募集資金;聯邦政府凍結招聘新雇員等。
經濟上,特朗普表示將重新進行談判或廢除美國現有國際貿易協定,解除美國能源生產限制,撤銷基礎設施投資障礙,將應對氣候變暖資金用於其他環境項目,阻止AT&T和時代華納合併等。
在國家安全問題上,特朗普稱將對難民和移民採取“極其嚴格的背景審查”,取消現任總統歐巴馬針對移民問題頒布的行政命令,遭遣返的非法移民再次入境美國將被判兩年監禁等。
特朗普說,這些舉措將在他入主白宮百日內,打包成諸如“終止非法移民法”或“廢除或替代歐巴馬醫保法”等提交國會立法通過。
演說全文
Gettysburg, PA: Today, in historic Gettysburg, PA, Donald J. Trump presented a game-changing plan for his first 100 days in office. This revolutionary “Contract with the American Voter” will ensure that America’s economy is revitalized and citizens are protected.
今天(22日), 在葛底斯堡Gettysburg,PA, 特朗普發布了他的革命性的入主白宮100天計畫. 這個名為“我與廣大美國選民的契約”將會保證重振美國經濟, 確保國民安全。
“I’m not a politician, and have never wanted to be one. But when I saw the trouble our country was in, I knew I couldn’t stand by and watch any longer. Our country has been so good to me, I love our country, I felt I had to act,” said Mr. Trump in his address.
“我從來不是,也不想成為一個政客。 但當我看見我們國家的問題的時候,我知道我無法再袖手旁觀了。 我們的祖國曾經施惠於我, 我愛她, 我感到我必須行動起來。
“Change has to come from outside this broken system. The fact that the Washington establishment has tried so hard to stop our campaign is only more proof that our campaign represents the kind of change that only arrives once in a lifetime,” he continued.
“變革必須來自這個崩塌的系統的外部, 而我的競選能夠代表這種一生難得的變革。 建制派對我的競選的瘋狂抵制就是明證。
“I am asking the American people to rise above the noise and the clutter of our broken politics, and to embrace that great faith and optimism that has always been the central ingredient in the American character. I am asking you to dream big.
我呼籲, 美國人民從當下政治的嘈雜和凌亂中探起頭來,一起擁護美國精神的中流砥柱— 偉大的信仰和樂觀精神。 我懇請大家(對國家)有遠大的願景。
“What follows is my 100-day action plan to Make America Great Again. It is a contract between Donald J. Trump and the American voter – and begins with restoring honesty, accountability and change to Washington,” he concluded.
接下來就是我的100天計畫to Make America Great Again. 這是特朗普和所有美國選民的關於重塑華府誠信、責任和革新的契約。
DONALD J. TRUMP CONTRACT WITH THE AMERICAN VOTER
唐納德特朗普與美國選民的契約
What follows is my 100-day action plan to Make America Great Again. It is a contract between myself and the American voter – and begins with restoring honesty, accountability and change to Washington Therefore, on the first day of my term of office, my administration will immediately pursue the following six measures to clean up the corruption and special interest collusion in Washington, DC:
接下來是我的100天行動計畫。 在我就職的第一天, 我的政府會立即開始執行6條措施來清除華府的腐敗和特殊利益勾結。
FIRST, propose a Constitutional Amendment to impose term limits on all members of Congress;
第一, 起草一項憲法修正案, 規定國會成員的任期有上限term limits
SECOND, a hiring freeze on all federal employees to reduce federal workforce through attrition (exempting military, public safety, and public health);
第二, 所有政府部門停止招聘新的員工以削減開支(軍隊, 公共安全, 公共健康部門除外)
THIRD, a requirement that for every new federal regulation, two existing regulations must be eliminated;
第三, 以後每產生一條新的聯邦法規,必須先廢除兩條舊的。
FOURTH, a 5 year-ban on White House and Congressional officials becoming lobbyists after they leave government service;
第四, 規定所有白宮與國會官員離職5年之內不能擔任政治說客lobbyist (公司或團體的在政府內部擁有關係、能為公司或團體謀利益的人)。
FIFTH, a lifetime ban on White House officials lobbying on behalf of a foreign government;
第五,規定所有白宮與國會官員終身不能擔任其他國家政府的政治說客lobbyist。
SIXTH, a complete ban on foreign lobbyists raising money for American elections.
第六, 規定禁止其他國家的說客為美國大選籌款。
On the same day, I will begin taking the following 7 actions to protect American workers:
在同一天, 我將開始執行以下7條措施來保護美國工人:
FIRST, I will announce my intention to renegotiate NAFTA or withdraw from the deal under Article 2205
第一,宣布與NAFTA重新談判、或者按照Article 2205檔案退出協定。
SECOND, I will announce our withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership
第二,宣布退出環太平洋合作組織TPP
THIRD, I will direct my Secretary of the Treasury to label China a currency manipulator
第三,讓財政部長標定中國為匯率操縱國
FOURTH, I will direct the Secretary of Commerce and U.S. Trade Representative to identify all foreign trading abuses that unfairly impact American workers and direct them to use every tool under American and international law to end those abuses immediately
第四,讓商業部和美國貿易代表團裁定所有那些對美國工人不公正的非正當的國際貿易舉措, 引導美國工人利用美國的國際法來終止這些不正當的貿易。
FIFTH, I will lift the restrictions on the production of $50 trillion dollars’ worth of job- producing American energy reserves, including shale, oil, natural gas and clean coal.
第五,減輕對價值五十萬億美元的美國能源儲備生產活動所採取的限制, 包括頁岩,天然氣,清潔煤
SIXTH, lift the Obama-Clinton roadblocks and allow vital energy infrastructure projects, like the Keystone Pipeline, to move forward
第六, 減輕歐巴馬和柯林頓對能源基建項目所採取的限制, 比如keystone 管道計畫
SEVENTH, cancel billions in payments to U.N. climate change programs and use the money to fix America’s water and environmental infrastructure
第七, 撤銷對聯合國氣候變化項目的高達十億美元的資助,並將這筆資金用於修復美國水資源和環境基礎建設。
Additionally, on the first day, I will take the following five actions to restore security and the constitutional rule of law:
另外, 在第一天我還會採取5項措施來恢復安保和保障憲法:
FIRST, cancel every unconstitutional executive action, memorandum and order issued by President Obama
第一,取消所有歐巴馬發出的違憲的決策(?)、 備忘錄和法令(order?)
SECOND, begin the process of selecting a replacement for Justice Scalia from one of the 20 judges on my list, who will uphold and defend the Constitution of the United States
第二,開始大法官篩選程式、從20個我選出的法官中選出一位Scalia大法官的替代者。該替代者會維護和保障美國憲法。
THIRD, cancel all federal funding to Sanctuary Cities
第三,取消所有對Santuary Cities 收容所城市? 的聯邦資助
FOURTH, begin removing the more than 2 million criminal illegal immigrants from the country and cancel visas to foreign countries that won’t take them back
第四, 開始遣返大於兩百萬的非法移民罪犯。 倘若對方國家不願意接收, 則取消對方國家的簽證。
FIFTH, suspend immigration from terror-prone regions where vetting cannot safely occur. All vetting of people coming into our country will be considered extreme vetting.
第五,暫停從terror-prone 有恐怖主義傾向的、且移民審查失效的國家接受移民。 所有來美國的移民必須接受極端審查extreme vetting。
Next, I will work with Congress to introduce the following broader legislative measures and fight for their passage within the first 100 days of my Administration:
接下來, 我會和國會一起採取下面這個更廣泛的立法措施,並確保其在我上任100天內通過(國會表決)。
1. Middle Class Tax Relief And Simplification Act. An economic plan designed to grow the economy 4% per year and create at least 25 million new jobs through massive tax reduction and simplification, in combination with trade reform, regulatory relief, and lifting the restrictions on American energy.
第一, 中產階級稅務減輕和簡化法案。 這是一項旨在通過減稅和簡化稅法使得GDP增速達到4%、產生兩千五百萬個新工作的經濟計畫。同時與之配套的還會有貿易改革、寬鬆法規relief 和減輕美國能源限制等舉措
The largest tax reductions are for the middle class. A middle-class family with 2 children will get a 35% tax cut. The current number of brackets will be reduced from 7 to 3, and tax forms will likewise be greatly simplified.
中產將得到最大的稅務減免。 一個2孩的中產家庭會有35%的稅務減免。目前的稅務種類bucket? 會從7種減少到3種, 稅表也會相應簡化。
The business rate will be lowered from 35 to 15 percent, and the trillions of dollars of American corporate money overseas can now be brought back at a 10 percent rate.
商業稅率會從35減少到15, 數以萬億美元的美國企業海外資金會以10%的速度回流。
2. End The Offshoring Act. Establishes tariffs to discourage companies from laying off their workers in order to relocate in other countries and ship their products back to the U.S. tax-free.
第二, 停止離岸offshoring 法案。 通過設立關稅來抑制公司一些全球化的行為, 比如將總部設立到海外、產品返運回美國時避稅並且解僱美國本土工人。
3. American Energy & Infrastructure Act. Leverages public-private partnerships, and private investments through tax incentives, to spur $1 trillion in infrastructure investment over 10 years. It is revenue neutral.
第三, 美國能源與基建法案。通過稅率優惠來爭取私營貸款,從而進行一項為期10年的1萬億的基建投資(?) 該項目可以確保收支平衡。
4. School Choice And Education Opportunity Act. Redirects education dollars to gives parents the right to send their kid to the public, private, charter, magnet, religious or home school of their choice. Ends common core, brings education supervision to local communities. It expands vocational and technical education,and make 2 and 4-year college more affordable.
第四, 學校選擇與教育機會法案。 重新定向教育資金,從而使父母能有權利選擇送他們的孩子去公立、私立、教會、磁校、宗教或者家庭學校。 取消common core(The Common Core State Standards Initiative, 是給全美所有都統一執行的從一年級到十二年級的教學質量評判標準,主要是英語和數學。川普這裡想讓每個地方政府自己定標準,以便照顧地區差異性,而不要全國統一用一樣的。), 將教育監督的權利還給當地社區。 這項法案會拓展職業教育和技能教育, 並使2年制和4年制的大學更便宜。
5. Repeal and Replace Obamacare Act. Fully repeals Obamacare and replaces it with Health Savings Accounts, the ability to purchase health insurance across state lines, and lets states manage Medicaid funds. Reforms will also include cutting the red tape at the FDA: there are over 4,000 drugs awaiting approval, and we especially want to speed the approval of life-saving medications.
第五,撤銷和替換歐巴馬醫保Obamacare 法案。 完全撤銷歐巴馬醫保, 用一項健康儲蓄賬戶Health Savings Accounts替換。 新的法案會讓普通人有能力在各個州購買健康保險,並讓各個州管理Medicaid基金。 改革同樣包括精簡FDA的新藥批准流程。 目前有4000中藥物正在等待批准, 我們特別希望能加速這一過程。
6. Affordable Childcare and Eldercare Act. Allows Americans to deduct childcare and elder care from their taxes, incentivizes employers to provide on-side childcare services, and creates tax-free Dependent Care Savings Accounts for both young and elderly dependents, with matching contributions for low-income families.
第六, 可負擔的兒童保障和老年人保障法案。兒童保障和老年人保障將可用於抵稅, 從而鼓勵員工提供on-side? 兒童保障服務。 同時設立免稅的、針對年輕和年邁的受扶養人的保障儲蓄賬戶Dependent Care Savings Accounts。
7. End Illegal Immigration Act. Fully-funds the construction of a wall on our southern border with the full understanding that the country Mexico will be reimbursing the United States for the full cost of such wall; establishes a 2 -year mandatory minimum federal prison sentence for illegally re-entering the U.S. after a previous deportation, and a 5-year mandatory minimum for illegally re-entering for those with felony convictions, multiple misdemeanor convictions or two or more prior deportations; also reforms visa rules to enhance penalties for overstaying and to ensure open jobs are offered to American workers first.
第七, 撤銷非法移民法案。 全力資助南部邊境的隔離牆的修建,並確保墨西哥會補償美國的修牆支出。 對於再次非法入境美國的, 強制至少2年聯邦監獄服刑。 對於再次非法入境美國的重罪、多次犯罪、多次遞解出境的罪犯, 強制至少5年聯邦監獄服刑。 同時改革簽證法規, 加重對於超期滯留的處罰,並保證有新的工作機會時,美國工人被首先考慮。
8. Restoring Community Safety Act. Reduces surging crime, drugs and violence by creating a Task Force On Violent Crime and increasing funding for programs that train and assist local police; increases resources for federal law enforcement agencies and federal prosecutors to dismantle criminal gangs and put violent offenders behind bars.
第八, 恢復社區安全法案。 建立專項武裝部隊來減少犯罪、販毒、暴力行為,增加項目支出用以訓練和協助當地警方。 增加警員數量來瓦解犯罪團伙,監禁罪犯。
9. Restoring National Security Act. Rebuilds our military by eliminating the defense sequester and expanding military investment; provides Veterans with the ability to receive public VA treatment or attend the private doctor of their choice; protects our vital infrastructure from cyber-attack; establishes new screening procedures for immigration to ensure those who are admitted to our country support our people and our values.
第九, 恢復國家安全法案。 減少協防支出?? 增加軍事投入,重建軍力。 為退伍軍人提供公共VA treatment (專門的管理退伍老兵的機構(Department of Veterans Affairs),老兵醫療服務一般就是VA treatment,由專門的VA醫療服務中心提供)。加強網路安全建設。建立新的移民篩選機制, 保證新移民能夠支持我們的人民和價值觀。
10. Clean up Corruption in Washington Act. Enacts new ethics reforms to Drain the Swamp and reduce the corrupting influence of special interests on our politics.
第十,反貪腐法案。通過新的職業道德規範改革ethics reform(?) 來清除不良風氣, 減少特殊利益集團對我國政治的影響。
On November 8th, Americans will be voting for this 100-day plan to restore prosperity to our economy, security to our communities, and honesty to our government.
在十一月8號, 美國人民會為我這100天計畫投票, 來重新恢復我們國家經濟繁榮,社區安全和政府誠信。
This is my pledge to you.
這是我對你們的誓約
And if we follow these steps, we will once more have a government of, by and for the people.
如果我們按計畫執行這些步驟, 我們會再次擁有民有、民治、民享的政府。
演說意義
民調顯示,選民亟欲看到改變,多數選民認為美國正走在錯誤的道路上。面對急切希望變革的選民,希拉蕊長期的政治履歷及與歐巴馬政府密切的關係成了拖累。而特朗普在辯論和集會上卻一再大打“變革”牌,試圖將其本人塑造成為“變革因子”,稱若其本人當選將是美國政治階層發生變革的代表力量。