Nikos Kazantzakis1885-1957) 尼科斯·卡贊特扎吉斯（1885-1957）
Prolific Greek writer, whose works include essays, novels, poems, tragedies, travel books, and translations of such classics as Dante's The Divine Comedy and JW von Goethe's Faust. Like his hero, Odysseus, Kazantzakis lived most of his artistic life outside Greece - except for the years of World War II. “I am a mariner of Odysseus with heart of fire but with mind ruthless and clear,” Kazantzakis wrote in TODA RABA (1934). Several of the author's novels deal with the history and culture of his own country, and the mystical relationship between man and God. In 1957 he lost the Nobel Prize by a single vote to the French writer Albert Camus.
希臘多產作家，其作品包括散文，小說，詩歌，悲劇，旅遊書籍，並翻譯經典作品如但丁的《神聖喜劇》和JW·馮·歌德的《浮士德》等。如同他的英雄奧德修斯一樣，卡贊特扎吉斯在希臘的國土之外度過了他的大部分人生——除了第二次世界大戰期間的幾年。他在1934年出版的《非常感謝》中寫到：“我就像是奧德修斯船上的一名水手，有一顆火熱的心，但是思維卻清晰而冷酷。” 幾部作品反映了他祖國希臘的歷史和文化，以及人與神之間的神秘關係。1957年，卡贊特扎吉斯以一票之差敗給法國作家艾伯特·加繆，與諾貝爾文學獎失之交臂。【我猜“Toda Raba”是說希伯來語中的“非常感謝”^ ^】
“Having seen that I was not capable of using all my resources in political action, I returned to my literary activity. There lay the the battlefield suited to my temperament. I wanted to make my novels the extension of my own father's struggle for liberty. But gradually, as I kept deepening my responsibility as a writer, the human problem came to overshadow political and social questions. All the political, social, and economic improvements, all the technical progress cannot have any regenerating significance, so long as our inner life remains as it is at present. The more the intelligence unveils and violates the secrets of Nature, he more the danger increases and the heart shrinks.” (From Nikos Kazantzakis by Helen Kazantzakis, 1968)
“意識到自己並不適合投身政治之後，我又回到了文學領域，這裡才是充分發揮我才華的戰場。最初，我想讓我的小說延續之前父親所做的那些為了自由的抗爭。但漸漸地，隨著我不斷深入地去了解自己作為一個作家的責任時，我發現，人類自身的問題蓋過了所有的政治和社會問題。如果我們的內在生命一直保持像現在這樣止步不前，那么，所有政治、經濟和社會領域的發展，所有的科技進步都沒有意義。人類越是強行去深入探索自然的奧秘就越是危險，心靈受到的震撼也越大。”（摘自海倫·卡贊特扎吉斯，《尼科斯·卡贊特扎吉斯》，1968 ）
Nikos Kazantzakis was born in Megalokastro, Ottoman Empire, now Iráklion, Crete, as the son of Michael Kazantzakis, a farmer and dealer of in animal feed, and his wife, the former Maria Christodoulzki. Kazantzakis was raised among peasants and although Kazantzakis left Crete as a young man, he returned to his homeland constantly in his writings. He attended the Franciscan School of the Holy Cross, Naxos, and the Gymnasium at Herakleion (1899-1902). Kazantzakis then studied four years at the University of Athens, becoming Doctor of Laws in 1906.
尼科斯·卡贊特扎吉斯出生在奧斯曼帝國的Megalokastro（今希臘克里特島Iráklion），父親名叫麥可·卡贊特扎吉斯，是位農民，也是動物飼料經銷商，母親原名瑪麗亞 ·克里斯托多斯基（人名地名啥的誰給來個官方版本T T）。卡贊特扎吉斯在鄉下長大，雖然在年輕的時候就離開了克里特島，但在他的作品中，他不止一次夢回那片養育了他的土地。1899年至1902年，他進入納克索斯島的聖十字方濟會學校和Herakleion的預科學校學習。然後在雅典大學學習了四年，於1906年獲得法學博士學位。
<p> From 1907 to 1909 Kazantzakis studied philosophy in Paris at the Collège de France under Henri Bergson. His first book, OPHIS KAI KRINO, was published in 1906. In the same year appeared his play XEMERÕNEI. Between the 1910s and 1930s Kazantzákis wrote dramas, verse and travel books, and travelled widely in China, Japan, Russia, England, Spain, and other countries. His first novel, Toda raba , was published in French when he was 51.
1907年至1909年，卡贊特扎吉斯在巴黎的法蘭西公學院學習哲學，師從昂利·柏格森。他的第一部作品《OPHIS KAI KRINO》出版於1906年。同年，劇作《XEMERÕNEI》問世。從20世紀初到20世紀三十年代，卡贊特扎吉斯創作了話劇，韻文和旅行書籍，並廣泛遊歷了中國，日本，俄羅斯，英國，西班牙等國。第一部小說《Toda raba》在他51歲的時候出版於法國。
Kazantzakis spent many years in public service. In 1919 he was appointed director general at the Greek Ministry of Public Welfare. By 1927, when Kazantzakis resigned from this post, he had been responsible for the feeding and eventual rescue of more than 150 000 people of Greek origin, who had been caught up in the civil war raging in the Caucasian region of the Soviet Union. Though never a member of the Communist party, Kazantzakis sympathized leftist movements in the early phase of his life and was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize later. However, after three journeys in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, he became disenchanted with the materialism of the Bolsheviks. The basis of his own philosophy, which contained elemests from Bergson, Marxism, Nietzsche, Christianity, and Buddism, Kazantzakis presented in SALVATORES DEI (1927), written in 1922-23 in Berlin. “We come from a dark abyss, we end in a dark abyss, and we call the luminous interval life,” were his much quoted opening words in the book.
卡贊特扎吉斯曾經很多年致力於公共服務事業。1919年，他被任命為希臘內政部公共福利總幹事。1927年，當他辭去了這一職務之後，便一直負責著在前蘇聯高加索地區內戰中被捕的超過15萬希臘裔民眾的生計問題，並最終拯救了那些人。雖然卡贊特扎吉斯從未加入共產黨，但早年間他曾支持左派運動，並因此被授予列寧和平獎。然而，在20世紀20年代的三次蘇聯之行後，他對布爾什維克的唯物主義感到幻滅。在1927年的《 SALVATORES DEI》中，卡贊特扎吉斯提出了他自己的哲學，其中融合了來自柏格森、馬克思主義、尼采、基督教、佛教的觀點。這本書自1922年至1923年寫於柏林。“我們來自一個黑暗的深淵，我們也終將歸於一個黑暗的深淵，在這之間充滿光明的間隔，我們稱之為生命。”是這部書中被引用最多的語句。
Kazantzakis's epic poem ODYSEIA (1938) continued the Homer's tale. Before WW II Kazantzakis settled on the island of Aegina, and in 1948 he moved to Antibes, southern France. After the war, he served as a minister in the Greek government of Aegina. In 1947-48 he worked for UNESCO. Kazantzákis died of leukemia on October 26, 1957, in Freiburg im Breisgau, in Germany. Helen Kazantzakis, his wife, tells in the author's biography that he always had as his traveling companion a miniature Dante, and Dante alone remained at his bedside until his last breath.
卡贊特扎吉斯的史詩作品《奧德賽》（1938）續寫了荷馬的傳說。第二次世界大戰前，卡贊特扎吉斯定居希臘Aegina島，1948年移居到法國南部的Antibes。戰後，他曾在Aegina的政府擔任部長。1947年至1948年他為聯合國教科文組織工作。1957年10月26日，卡贊特扎吉斯因白血病逝世於德國弗萊堡。他的妻子海倫·卡贊特扎吉斯在他的傳記寫到：旅途之中，他總是攜帶一幅但丁的小像作伴。直到他生命的最後一刻，也是但丁獨自陪伴在他的床邊。 <p><p> Although Kazantzakis wrote a number of his novels in French, his most celebrated works were composed in the colloquial language of the Cretan working classes. Zorba the Greek, his best-known novel, was made into a popular and highly successful movie and inspired the Broadway musical by Joseph Stein, John Kander, and Fred Ebb. The story focuses on the relationship of a writer and intellectual, modelled on Kazantzakis, and an uneducated man, Zorba, who drinks, works, loves and lives like a force of nature. His character has been seen as the personification of Henri Bergson's ideas of élan vital. He doesn't care about books, he values more experience and understanding than scholarly learning. The narrator meets Alexis Zorba in Pireus. He plans to reopen on the island of Crete an abandoned mine and Zorba becomes his foreman. Kazantzakis weaves the narrator's childhood memories and thoughts against the life and teaching of Zorbas. After a series of tragedies, failures and small victories, the narrator leaves Crete, but asks his friend to teach him to dance. "How simple and frugal a thing is happiness: a glass of wine, a roast chestnut, a wretched little brazier, the sound of the sea." (from Zorba the Greek )
雖然卡贊特扎吉斯的不少作品是用法語寫成，但他最成功的作品則是用克里特島上工人階級的口語寫成。他最著名的小說《希臘人佐巴》曾被改編成大受歡迎，非常成功的電影，並由約瑟夫·斯坦，約翰·坎德爾和弗雷德·艾博改編成了百老匯的音樂劇。故事主要講述了兩個人之間的關係：一個是受過良好教育的作家，以卡贊特扎吉斯本人為藍本創作；以及一個未受過教育的男子佐巴，一言一行、一舉一動都似乎是在遵從本能，他的性格被看作是昂利·柏格森的關於生命活力的理念的人格化，他對書籍不感興趣，比起讀書學習，他更看重去實際體驗和理解。作家在Pireus遇到了亞歷克西斯·佐巴，他正計畫重開克里特島的一個廢棄煤礦，佐巴成為了他的工頭。卡贊特扎吉斯將敘述者的童年回憶與對佐巴生活和教育的思考交織在一起。經過一連串的悲劇，失敗和偶有的小勝利，作家準備離開克里特島，但請他的朋友來教他跳舞。“幸福是多么簡單樸素的一件事：一杯酒，一個烤栗子，一個可憐的小銅匠，大海的聲音。”（摘自《希臘人佐巴》）
Freedom or Death was based on the Cretan revolt of 1889, one of the final rebellions against Turkish rule. One of the central characters is Captain Mikalis, who chooses rebellion instead of love, and dies in the middle of his cry, "Freedom or..."Kazantzakis shows also understanding of the Turkish culture in the character of Nuri bei, who commits suicide.
《不自由毋寧死》取材於1889年的克里特起義，是希臘人民對土耳其統治最後的反抗鬥爭之一。其中一個核心角色是隊長米卡利斯，他放棄了愛情，選擇了抗爭，並在哭泣中死去，“沒有自由……”卡贊特扎吉斯同時也通過努里·貝這個最終自殺的角色展現了他對土耳其文化的了解。
The Greek Passion was story about a group of villagers under Turkish domination, who re-enact the Passion.
《希臘式激情》則講述了一群在土耳其統治下的村民的故事，他們重新定義了“激情”。
The Last Temptation of Christ explored the theme of the battle between spirit and flesh. The book was banned by Vatican in 1954 and in 1955 Kazantzakis was excommunicated from the Greek Orthodox Church.The members of the Orthodox Church of America damned the work as extremely indecent and atheistic, after admitting that they hadn't read it and had based their case on the magazine articles. Kazantzakis presented Christ as an existential hero, a rebel against his divine mission until he is awakened by Judas, whom he calls his brother. Judas tries to same in Jerusalem, but his heroic struggle against God ends in failure. Martin Scorsese's film adaption from 1988 boosted the sale of the book.
《基督最後的誘惑》的主題探討了靈與肉之間的鬥爭。1954年，這本書被梵蒂岡教廷列為禁書。1955年，卡贊特扎吉斯被逐出希臘東正教會。美國的東正教眾詛咒這本書，把它看作是極端的無禮、對神的大不敬。但是同時他們也承認，他們並沒有看過這本書，依據只是雜誌上的文章中的說法。書中，卡贊特扎吉斯將基督塑造為一個現實存在的英雄，一個曾經試圖反抗他的神聖使命的人，直至猶大，一個他稱作“兄弟”的人使他醒悟。猶大在耶路撒冷做過同樣的抗爭，但他的英勇鬥爭因與神對抗而最終以失敗告終。馬丁·史柯西斯在1988年將它改編成電影，提高了這本書的銷量。
Kazantzakis's major work was the enormous poetic work ODÌSSIA (Odyssey: A Modern Sequel), 33 333 lines long, which he wrote seven times and published in 1938. The poem was accused of being too revolutionary in vocabulary and diction. Odìssia manifested the author's deep knowledge of modern archeological and anthropological discoveries.
卡贊特扎吉斯最主要的作品是龐大的史詩作品《奧德賽》（《奧德賽：現代續篇》），總共33,333行，前後七次易稿，最終出版於1938年。詩的用語和措辭曾被指責過於革命性。《奧德賽》體現了作者深厚的現代考古學知識和對於人類學的探索。
<p>For further reading: 擴展閱讀：
Nikos Kazantzakis and His Odyssey by P. Prevelakis (1961);
Nikos Kazantzakis by H. Kazantzakis (1968);
Nikos Kazantzakis: La vie, son oeuvre by C. Janiaud-Lust(1970);
Kazantzakis and the Linguistic Revolution in Greek Literature by P. Bien (1972);
Nikos Kazantzakis by P. Bien (1972);
Nietzsche and Kazantzakis by BT McDonough (1978);
The Spiritual Odyssey of Nikos Kazantzakis, ed.by K. Friar (1979);
The Cretan Glance by MP Levitt (1980);
Tormented by Happiness by P. Bien (1982);
Kazantzakis: Politics of the Spirit by P. Bien (1988);
The Last Temptation of Hollywood by LW Poland (1988);
God's Struggler , ed.by Darren Middleton and Peter Bien (1996 );
Kazantzakis and God by Daniel A. Dombrowski (1997);
Creative Destruction: Nikos Kazantzakis and the Literature of Responsibility by Lewis Owens (2002);
Kazantzakis: Politics of the Spirit by Peter Bien (2006)
Selected works: 作品選集：
* OPHIS KAI KRINO, 1906 - Serpent and Lily (trans. by Theodora Vasils)
* PRÕTOMASTORAS, 1910
* SALVATORES DEI / ASKITIKÍ, 1927 - The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises (trans. by Kimon Friar)
* NIKEPHOROS PHÕKAS, 1927
* TAXIDEUONTAS, 1927
* CHRISTOS, 1928
* TI IDA STI RUSSIA, 1928 - Russia (trans. by Michael Antonakes and Thanasis Maskaleris)
* TODA RABA, 1934 - (trans. by Amy Mims)
* ISPANIA, 1937 - Spain (trans. by Amy Mims)
* ODYSEIA, 1938 - The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel (trans. by Kimon Friar)
* IAPÕNIA-KINA, 1938 - Japan/China (trans. by George C. Pappageotes)
* ANGHLIA, 1941 - England
* IULIANOS, 1945
* KAPODISTRIAS, 1946
* VÍOS KAI POLITÍA TOY ALEXSI ZORBÁ, 1946 - Zorba the Greek (trans. by Carl Wildman) - Kerro minulle, Zorbas (suom. Vappu Roos) - film 1964, by Michael Cacoyannis, music by Mikis Theodorakis, starring Anthony Quinn.
* O KAPETÁN MIHÁILIS, 1953 - Freedom of Death (trans. by Jonathan Griffin)
* CHRISTOS XANASTAURÕNETAI, 1954 - The Geek Passion (trans. by Jonathan Griffin) / Christ Recrusified (trans. by Jonathan Griffin) - Ikuinen vaellus (suom. Juho Tervonen) - film film 1957, dir. by Jules Dassin, Melina Mercouri, Pierre Vaneck, Gert Fröbe, Grégoire Aslan, Teddy Bilis, Carl Möhner
* O TELEFTEOS PIRASMOS, 1955 - The Last Temptation of Christ (trans. by PA Bien) - see also Jose Saramago 's O Evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo , 1991 - Viimeinen kiusaus (suom. Elvi Sinervo) - film 1988, dir. by Martin Scorsese, script Paul Schrader.
"For many years I had the Kazantzakis novel The Last Temptation of Christ under option. That was one I'd always intended to do. I was so glad that Marty [Scorsese] finally did it [1988] because: can you imagine what would have happened if a Jew had done that movie?" Sidney Lumet in Who the Devil Made It by Peter Bogdanocich (1998).
基督最後的誘惑（1955），英文版譯者帕·貝恩。1988年電影版由馬丁·史柯西斯執導，劇本創作：保羅·施拉德。“我想拍《基督最後的誘惑》已經很多年了，這是我一直打算做的一件事。得知是由馬丁（史柯西斯）執導的時候我真的非常高興，因為：如果這部電影被猶太人拍的話，你能想像到會發生什麼嗎？。Sidney Lumet in Who the Devil Made It by Peter Bogdanocich (1998).
* KUROS, 1955
* MELISSA, 1955
* OMIROU ILIADA, 1955
* THEATRO, 1955
* BOUDHAS, 1956 (trans. by Kimon Friar and Athena Dallis-Damis)
* SODOMA KAI GOMORRHA, 1956
* O FTOHOYLIS TOY THEOY, 1956 - Saint Francis (trans. by PA Bien) / God's Pauper (trans. by PA Bien) - Pyhä köyhyys (suom. Aaro Peromies, Pentti Saarikoski) o ftohoylis玩具theoy ， 1956年-聖方濟（ t rans.由壩b ien） /上帝的貧民（ t rans.由壩b ien） - py häkö yhyys（s u om.aa rope romies，p e ntti薩里科斯基）
* EPISTLES APO TI GALATIA, 1958 - partial tr。
* LE JARDIN DES ROCHERS, 1959 - The Rock Garden
* TERSTINES, 1960
* ANAPHORA STO GRECO, 1961 - Report to Greco (trans. by PA Bien) - Tilinteko El Grecolle (suom. Aarno Peromies)在STO照應希臘， 1961年-報告中，以希臘（ t rans.由壩b ien） - ti linteko下午gr ecolle（s u om.阿爾諾pe romies）
* TAXIDEUONTAS, 1961 - Journeying (trans. by Themi Vasils and Theodora Vasils)
* O MORIAS, 1961 - Journey to the Morea (trans. by F. A Reed) o morias ， 1961年-行程要M orea報告（ t rans.由樓蘆葦）
* ADERPHOPHADES, 1963 - The Fratricides trans. aderphophades ， 1963 -f ratricides轉運。 by Athena Gianakas Dallas) - Veljesviha (suom. Kyllikki Villa)由雅典娜gianakas達拉斯） -v eljesviha（ s uom.屈利基別墅）
* Three Plays, 1964 (trans. by Athena Gianakas Dallas)
* ADELPHOPHADES, 1965
* TETRAKOSIA GRAMMATA TOY KAZANTZAKIS STON PREVELAKI, 1965
* SYMPOSION, 1971 - Symposium (trans. by Theodora Vasils and Themi Vasils)
* The Suffering God, 1978 (trans. by Philip Ramp and Kathrina Anghelaki Rooke)
* Alexander the Great, 1981 (trans. by Theodora Vasils)
* At the Palace of Knossos, 1988 (translated by Themi Vasils and Theodora Vasils)
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