Introduction
Max Planck was born: 1858 of 23 April research area: physics, quantum field theory of death: 4 October 1947 and died in the German physicist brother Tinggen, founder of the Quantum TheoryMax Planck was born: 1858 of 23 April research area: physics, quantum field theory of death: 4 October 1947 and died in the German physicist brother Tinggen, founder of the Quantum Theory.
Family Background
Planck in 1858 to April 27 was born in the northern German city of Kiel as one of the judges and government officials of the old family Planck in 1858 to April 27 was born in the northern German city of Kiel as one of the judges and government officials of the old family . his father was a noted law professor, has superior social status, often to the Germanic spirit, of the son, and this spirit is the core of ideological loyalty to his father was a noted law professor, has superior social status, often to the Germanic spirit, of the son, and this spirit is the core of ideological loyalty to .
Planck showed mathematical talent from an early age, but also in music in the Planck showed mathematical talent from an early age, but also in music in the . in 1867, the family settled down in Munich, the Planck as early as middle school in Munich and Marx Millian in 1867, the family settled down in Munich, the Planck as early as middle school in Munich and Marx Millian .
Middle School spent boyhood of Planck had wanted to be a professional pianist, but ultimately decided to pursue research in theoretical physics he decided to pursue research on theoretical physics before,once went to a respected university professor if Munich's comments, Lee advised him not to engaged in physics research, according to Middle School spent boyhood of Planck had wanted to be a professional pianist, but ultimately decided to pursue research in theoretical physics he decided to pursue research on theoretical physics before,once went to a respected university professor if Munich's comments, Lee advised him not to engaged in physics research, according to . if, like physics as Euclidean geometry, to a point close to a perfect degree, and will now go to study, There was no future if, like physics as Euclidean geometry, to a point close to a perfect degree, and will now go to study, There was no future .
Joly, but Planck did not heed the advice, and in 1874 entered the University of Munich to study physics and mathematics Joly, but Planck did not heed the advice, and in 1874 entered the University of Munich to study physics and mathematics . three years later, he completed his studies, he went to Berlin University, the famous Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff to study under, and in 1879, and obtained a doctorate of philosophy but three years later, he completed his studies, he went to Berlin University, the famous Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff to study under, and in 1879, and obtained a doctorate of philosophy but .
,The Planck later became the theoretical physicists are deeply influenced by the kinetics of the co - founder of Clausius ,The Planck later became the theoretical physicists are deeply influenced by the kinetics of the co - founder of Clausius .
Personality Traits
Planck tight personality, you're kind, sincere, life - long music and mountaineering hobbies, and had often played chamber music with Albert Einstein, and conquered the Alps or the like is difficult to climb the peak Planck tight personality, you're kind, sincere, life - long music and mountaineering hobbies, and had often played chamber music with Albert Einstein, and conquered the Alps or the like is difficult to climb the peak .
Biographical
On 23 April 1858 Planck was born in Germany of the coastal city of On 23 April 1858 Planck was born in Germany of the coastal city of . Kiel in 1867, the son of law professor J. W. von Planck should be hired to teach at the University of Munich, so we moved to Munich in Munich
Planck spent his boyhood in 1874 into the University of Munich ( Planck spent his boyhood in 1874 into the University of Munich (. 1877 to 1878, had to listen to Berlin University mathematician K. Weierstrass and physicist H. von Helmholtz and G. R. Kirchhoff
lecture in Berlin, the Planck carefully taught himself R. Clausius's major works include the "mechanical theory of heat",It was his ambition to find as the laws of thermodynamics as a universal law of 1879 Planck in Munich University had a PhD in physics, has gained in the University of Munich and the University of Kiel in 1888 after the death of 1879 Planck in Munich University had a PhD in physics, has gained in the University of Munich and the University of Kiel in 1888 after the death of .
Kirchhoff, Berlin University appointed him as the successor of the first Kirchhoff (Ren, associate professor in 1892, he was appointed professor of theoretical physics) and of the Director of the Medical Association. She long engaged in the research work from 1894 onwards,Planck turned his attention to study physics at the time was keen to explore the blackbody radiation problem from 1894 onwards,Planck turned his attention to study physics at the time was keen to explore the blackbody radiation problem .
blackbody radiation problem is in 1860 by German physicist Kirchhoff were the first to put forward a scientific question: if an object can be completely absorbed by the projection formed in the shape of a radiation without reflection, then this object will be referred to as absolute blackbody blackbody radiation problem is in 1860 by German physicist Kirchhoff were the first to put forward a scientific question: if an object can be completely absorbed by the projection formed in the shape of a radiation without reflection, then this object will be referred to as absolute blackbody . 1900, he studied the blackbody radiation energy introduced in the quantum; in December 1900, Planck in the German physics meeting of the influential modern civilization in his paper "with respect to the normal spectral energy distribution law of theory", which declared the birth of quantum theory,This is the modern physics of a revolutionary breakthrough, because of this discovery for their significant contribution to the development of physics, and Planck won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 1900, he studied the blackbody radiation energy introduced in the quantum; in December 1900, Planck in the German physics meeting of the influential modern civilization in his paper "with respect to the normal spectral energy distribution law of theory", which declared the birth of quantum theory,This is the modern physics of a revolutionary breakthrough, because of this discovery for their significant contribution to the development of physics, and Planck won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918 .
since the 1920s, Planck became a central figure in the scientific community in Germany, and German and the foreign famous physicists are closely linked to the since the 1920s, Planck became a central figure in the scientific community in Germany, and German and the foreign famous physicists are closely linked to the . 1918 elected for Royal Society members, 1930 - 1937, he served as the Kaiser Wilhelm 1918 elected for Royal Society members, 1930 - 1937, he served as the Kaiser Wilhelm .
Association in that period, Berlin, Gottingen, Munich, Leipzig and other universities to become the world center of science, the Planckian, W. Nernst,A. Sommerfeld etc. by any of the Nazi regime in Germany, seized by , Planck scientist on the science of the motherland enthusiastically with the Nazis was deployed in defence of the dignity of science , Planck scientist on the science of the motherland enthusiastically with the Nazis was deployed in defence of the dignity of science .
struggle in 1947, on 4 October, the Planck in Gottingen died at the age of 89 struggle in 1947, on 4 October, the Planck in Gottingen died at the age of 89 . .
Berlin commemorating the great physicist,William changed his name to the Royal Institute of the Max - Planck - Institute Berlin commemorating the great physicist,William changed his name to the Royal Institute of the Max - Planck - Institute . Planck life except physics also likes music and sport of mountain climbing Planck life except physics also likes music and sport of mountain climbing .
80 and 84 years old when she got the big mountain over 3000 metres Sweeney, the overlap grid peak 80 and 84 years old when she got the big mountain over 3000 metres Sweeney, the overlap grid peak . during World War 2 he was subject to persecution of Jewish scientists provide possible support and help of the during World War 2 he was subject to persecution of Jewish scientists provide possible support and help of the .
Research Field
1, Planck early research focused on thermodynamic 1, Planck early research focused on thermodynamic . he wrote his dissertation "On the second law of thermodynamics", after receiving his degree from the viewpoint of thermodynamics of matter in the state of aggregation, and solution gas and so on he wrote his dissertation "On the second law of thermodynamics", after receiving his degree from the viewpoint of thermodynamics of matter in the state of aggregation, and solution gas and so on .
2, putting forward Energy Quantum Concept 2, putting forward Energy Quantum Concept . Planckian physics theories, the most important achievements of the famous is put forward to the Planck radiation formula, which resulted in the creation of the energy concept Planckian physics theories, the most important achievements of the famous is put forward to the Planck radiation formula, which resulted in the creation of the energy concept .
the end of the 19th century, people with classical physics explained blackbody radiation experiment, there is the famous so - called" ultraviolet catastrophe ", although Rayleigh the end of the 19th century, people with classical physics explained blackbody radiation experiment, there is the famous so - called" ultraviolet catastrophe ", although Rayleigh .,Jeans (1877 - 1946) and Wien (1864 - 1928); proposes two formulae, sought to ascertain the blackbody radiation law ,Jeans (1877 - 1946) and Wien (1864 - 1928); proposes two formulae, sought to ascertain the blackbody radiation law .
but with Rayleigh - Jeans Spectrum and Wien's formulas respectively, in the low - frequency range with the experimental phenomena coincide with the Planckian from but with Rayleigh - Jeans Spectrum and Wien's formulas respectively, in the low - frequency range with the experimental phenomena coincide with the Planckian from . began in 1896 on the heat - radiating system in which the began in 1896 on the heat - radiating system in which the .
him after years of hard work to make a self - consistent charge and formula him after years of hard work to make a self - consistent charge and formula . him in 1900 in "German physics" Bulletin de la Societe 'A single three - page paper, titled" On spectral Wien equation of perfection ",For the first time puts forward the formula of blackbody radiation him in 1900 in "German physics" Bulletin de la Societe 'A single three - page paper, titled" On spectral Wien equation of perfection ",For the first time puts forward the formula of blackbody radiation .
14 December, the German Physical Society meeting, according to Planck made "On a normal spectral energy distribution in the" Report of the 14 December, the German Physical Society meeting, according to Planck made "On a normal spectral energy distribution in the" Report of the . in this report, he said, explaining her most surprising discoveries of in this report, he said, explaining her most surprising discoveries of .
, he said that, in order to theoretically derive the correct formulae of radiation, matter, radiation must be assumed (or absorbed) energy, which is not continuously, but rather a piece stuck in place, they can't have a certain minimum value of the integer multiples of a minimum value called the ", he said that, in order to theoretically derive the correct formulae of radiation, matter, radiation must be assumed (or absorbed) energy, which is not continuously, but rather a piece stuck in place, they can't have a certain minimum value of the integer multiples of a minimum value called the "." - energy, radiation energy of the frequency. nu. is the minimum value. epsilon. = v
h wherein h, Planck had called it the basic role of quantum, h wherein h, Planck had called it the basic role of quantum,. now called Planck constant is Planck constant in modern physics the most important physical constant, it marks the physics from "classic larvae" becomes a "modern butterfly" now called Planck constant is Planck constant in modern physics the most important physical constant, it marks the physics from "classic larvae" becomes a "modern butterfly" .
1906 Planck in "thermal properties" in the book, he systematically summed up the work of 1906 Planck in "thermal properties" in the book, he systematically summed up the work of .
Works
Planck did not create his own school of theoretical physics, but he is an accomplished teacher, who has written a series of textbooks and monographs, of which 215 research papers and seven books of his five - volume set Planck did not create his own school of theoretical physics, but he is an accomplished teacher, who has written a series of textbooks and monographs, of which 215 research papers and seven books of his five - volume set . "Sov" enjoys a high reputation in the world,generations of physicists have learned everything "Sov" enjoys a high reputation in the world,generations of physicists have learned everything .
produced the book "On the second law of thermodynamics" (1879)," On spectral Wien equation of perfection "(1900)," On a normal spectral energy distribution in a "1900" thermal properties" 1906 "with respect to the normal spectral energy distribution of the theoretical" Planck in 1900 and has published many works in his life, with "ordinary thermochemical Conspectus" (1893)," Thermodynamic properties" (1897), "and the principle of conservation of energy", second edition (1908), "the theory of" (1914),"Introduction to Theoretical Physics" (Vol. 5 (a total of 1916 to 1930), the" thermal theory "(1932)," Lecture notes in Physics with a thesis" (3 volumes, 1958), "Philosophy of Physics" (1959) 
Achievement
Planck made to physics is that most of the major achievements is put forward the famous Planck radiation formula, which resulted in the creation of the energy concept Planck made to physics is that most of the major achievements is put forward the famous Planck radiation formula, which resulted in the creation of the energy concept . he found from the theoretical equation of the radiation correctly, it must be assumed that the substance (or absorb) the radiation energy which is not continuously, but rather a piece stuck in place, they can't have a certain minimum value of the integer multiples of a minimum value called the " he found from the theoretical equation of the radiation correctly, it must be assumed that the substance (or absorb) the radiation energy which is not continuously, but rather a piece stuck in place, they can't have a certain minimum value of the integer multiples of a minimum value called the ".
" - energy, radiation energy of the frequency. nu. is the minimum value. epsilon. = v h wherein h, Planck had called it the basic role of quantum, now called Planck constant | Planck constant in modern physics is the most important physical constant, it marks the physics from "classic larvae""into modern butterfly" h wherein h, Planck had called it the basic role of quantum, now called Planck constant | Planck constant in modern physics is the most important physical constant, it marks the physics from "classic larvae""into modern butterfly" .
1906 Planck in "thermal properties" in the book, he systematically summed up the work, with its exploration of micro - matter that the motion law of new ways to provide important foundation 1906 Planck in "thermal properties" in the book, he systematically summed up the work, with its exploration of micro - matter that the motion law of new ways to provide important foundation . Max Planck 1918 Nobel Laureate Max Planck 1918 Nobel Laureate .
his student, Gustav Ludwig Hertz (discovered that electromagnetic fields, the Hertz contact theory of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's nephew), Max von Laue and Walther respectively in 1925,In 1914 and 1954 Nobel Prize for physics in his student, Gustav Ludwig Hertz (discovered that electromagnetic fields, the Hertz contact theory of Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's nephew), Max von Laue and Walther respectively in 1925,In 1914 and 1954 Nobel Prize for physics in . one personal achievements outside of science, his doctoral student at the Max - Planck - so good and so does not know the physics, can not find the second man one personal achievements outside of science, his doctoral student at the Max - Planck - so good and so does not know the physics, can not find the second man .
contrast, Albert Einstein had a similar to a lone scientist contrast, Albert Einstein had a similar to a lone scientist .
Honor
In 1885, he returned to Kiel, was appointed as professor of theoretical physics at the University of Kiel In 1885, he returned to Kiel, was appointed as professor of theoretical physics at the University of Kiel . here, he was awarded the Department of Philosophy "at the university about the energy the essence of the essay papers won 2nd place, and he has published articles, and published" On the principle " here, he was awarded the Department of Philosophy "at the university about the energy the essence of the essay papers won 2nd place, and he has published articles, and published" On the principle ".
1918, Planck had obtained the highest honorary physics Nobel 1918, Planck had obtained the highest honorary physics Nobel . 1926, Planck is cited as the highest honorary member of the Royal Society, the American Physical Society elected him an honorary 1926, Planck is cited as the highest honorary member of the Royal Society, the American Physical Society elected him an honorary .
1930,Planck is the highest German scientific research institutions to promote William Royal scientific Association selected as its president 1930,Planck is the highest German scientific research institutions to promote William Royal scientific Association selected as its president . Germany of four scientific institution that it was named after him at the Max Planck Society "in Germany, has a name" Max Planck "street Germany of four scientific institution that it was named after him at the Max Planck Society "in Germany, has a name" Max Planck "street .
Evaluation
Einstein once said: "Planck together with life is a joy to Einstein once said: "Planck together with life is a joy to ." Fresnel Matt also said: "Planck is pure and kind, just, and his appearance was identical to the modesty of " Fresnel Matt also said: "Planck is pure and kind, just, and his appearance was identical to the modesty of .
" Planck's quantum theory of modern physics, the first chapter is the most basic of " Planck's quantum theory of modern physics, the first chapter is the most basic of . Einstein on Planck's quantum theory evaluation, said: "This discovery became the 20th century the whole of physics research, and from almost fully determines the development of physics with Einstein on Planck's quantum theory evaluation, said: "This discovery became the 20th century the whole of physics research, and from almost fully determines the development of physics with .
if not for these findings, it is impossible to establish the molecules,atomic and govern their process of change in energy of the useful theory if not for these findings, it is impossible to establish the molecules,atomic and govern their process of change in energy of the useful theory . "leading to a conclusion that Planck immortal contribution to the development of physics the Planck "leading to a conclusion that Planck immortal contribution to the development of physics the Planck .
is an old scholar of noble is an old scholar of noble . He was upright, law - abiding and prudent and never willing to flaunt their He was upright, law - abiding and prudent and never willing to flaunt their .
he claimed no special genius cannot simultaneously process a number of different problems he claimed no special genius cannot simultaneously process a number of different problems . in academic work, he advocated a cautious as possible, as a last resort and not willing to break the tradition of the" in academic work, he advocated a cautious as possible, as a last resort and not willing to break the tradition of the" .
his quantum hypothesis is referred to as a "desperate" his quantum hypothesis is referred to as a "desperate" . "in a way that is to say, only in the facts of the case, he finally" he can go. "So
,People often say that he is a "reluctant revolutionaries" ,People often say that he is a "reluctant revolutionaries" .
The Max Planck Society
The Max Planck Society (Max - Planck - Gesellschaft zur, der e. V., abbreviated MPG), full name of the Max Planck Society for the Promotion of Science, Taiwan is often translated as the Max Planck Institute, which is Germany's top research institutions of the Union Association to commemorate the famous German which is Germany's top research institutions of the Union Association to commemorate the famous German .
creator quantum physicist Max Planck, dubbed the Equus name creator quantum physicist Max Planck, dubbed the Equus name . Max Planck in the run - up to World War II,Association and was the predecessor of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (a Kaiser - Wilhelm - Gesellschaft) achieved worldwide fame Max Planck in the run - up to World War II,Association and was the predecessor of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (a Kaiser - Wilhelm - Gesellschaft) achieved worldwide fame .
Association logo is the Roman goddess of wisdom, Minerva Association logo is the Roman goddess of wisdom, Minerva . 2004 Association is a network of 80 branches of research institutions, mainly in Germany, covering all basic science research in the field, and employs 12, 000 employees, often close to 9,000 visiting scholar to work 2004 Association is a network of 80 branches of research institutions, mainly in Germany, covering all basic science research in the field, and employs 12, 000 employees, often close to 9,000 visiting scholar to work .
Association is a non - profit legal entity,the major operational revenue by federal and state governments (SSRD) bisects the entirety of the Association is a non - profit legal entity,the major operational revenue by federal and state governments (SSRD) bisects the entirety of the . 2004 Association with a total budget of 1, 250, 000, 000 EUR 2004 Association with a total budget of 1, 250, 000, 000 EUR .
addition to institutes of the United Nations, the International Max Planck Research School for affiliates addition to institutes of the United Nations, the International Max Planck Research School for affiliates .
Max Planck Institute
each of the Max Planck institute is mainly engaged in the following three areas of study: medical and biological, and chemical technology, humanities each of the Max Planck institute is mainly engaged in the following three areas of study: medical and biological, and chemical technology, humanities . each at the Max Planck Institute in Germany often in close partnership with local universities, but is still independent of university institutions, agency personnel are not responsible for university teaching work, school and hold higher college better equipment and more money at their disposal, to maintain its world - class academic status each at the Max Planck Institute in Germany often in close partnership with local universities, but is still independent of university institutions, agency personnel are not responsible for university teaching work, school and hold higher college better equipment and more money at their disposal, to maintain its world - class academic status .
Planck Asteroid
In 1938, Planck's 80th birthday celebration, the people gave him a permanent gift - a Planck asteroid In 1938, Planck's 80th birthday celebration, the people gave him a permanent gift - a Planck asteroid . Planck life does readily undergo many unfortunate Planck life does readily undergo many unfortunate .
eldest son died from battlefield of Verdun in 1916; died giving birth to twin daughters; two of his talented son Owen, a former secretary of the German government, after being accused of involvement in the murder of Hitler, was executed in 1945; his house in Berlin at once hit in the bombing, and accumulated a library of valuable manuscripts were all destroyed,And in the chaos when the Americans fleeing was rescued but eldest son died from battlefield of Verdun in 1916; died giving birth to twin daughters; two of his talented son Owen, a former secretary of the German government, after being accused of involvement in the murder of Hitler, was executed in 1945; his house in Berlin at once hit in the bombing, and accumulated a library of valuable manuscripts were all destroyed,And in the chaos when the Americans fleeing was rescued but . Planck and sufferings are not overwhelmed, he finally saw the demise of Nazi Planck and sufferings are not overwhelmed, he finally saw the demise of Nazi .
late in his life, participate actively in the post - war German science of restoration work, and play a role of Max Planck Science Association, until their replacement late in his life, participate actively in the post - war German science of restoration work, and play a role of Max Planck Science Association, until their replacement . Planck in the last two years of his life is his niece's home in Gottingen spent Planck in the last two years of his life is his niece's home in Gottingen spent .
here his subject to the respect and enjoyment of the highest honor here his subject to the respect and enjoyment of the highest honor . in 1946, although he was very weak, but still was glad when she attended a rally to commemorate the Royal Society, Newton in 1946, although he was very weak, but still was glad when she attended a rally to commemorate the Royal Society, Newton .
1947 on Oct. 3,Planck put a scientific - R.I., at the age of 89 Planck is buried in the cemetery within the city of Goettingen, whose tombstone is a simple rectangular stones, and it just says his name, at the lower corner of the writing / sec Planck is buried in the cemetery within the city of Goettingen, whose tombstone is a simple rectangular stones, and it just says his name, at the lower corner of the writing / sec .
