Character Experience
Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria, the parents are Swiss Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria, the parents are Swiss . 1920 Zwicky graduated from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, in 1922 and a Ph.D in 1925
went to Caltech, in 1942 and became a professor of astrophysics at the same time he also went to Caltech, in 1942 and became a professor of astrophysics at the same time he also . at the Mount Wilson Observatory and Palomar Observatory at the at the Mount Wilson Observatory and Palomar Observatory at the .
Zwicky does not agree to Lemaitre and Hubble galaxies of red shift originated in an expanding universe and explained, and in 1929 proposed red - shifted photons across the universe and is due to arrive on Earth, due to the presence of the gravitational field, the energy loss is gradually formed,But this view is not accepted by most astronomers Zwicky does not agree to Lemaitre and Hubble galaxies of red shift originated in an expanding universe and explained, and in 1929 proposed red - shifted photons across the universe and is due to arrive on Earth, due to the presence of the gravitational field, the energy loss is gradually formed,But this view is not accepted by most astronomers . in 1933, Zwicky in studying the Coma Cluster, the first application of the virial theorem's conclusion that the existence of invisible matter, now known as dark matter, but that was not taken seriously in 1933, Zwicky in studying the Coma Cluster, the first application of the virial theorem's conclusion that the existence of invisible matter, now known as dark matter, but that was not taken seriously .
in 1934, he and colleague Walter Bader of the National Academy of Writing, "Supernova" is a term used to describe the normal star onto the neutron star transforming process, while explanation of the origin of cosmic - ray in 1934, he and colleague Walter Bader of the National Academy of Writing, "Supernova" is a term used to describe the normal star onto the neutron star transforming process, while explanation of the origin of cosmic - ray ., which was a very striking claim , which was a very striking claim .
in 1935, he and Bud's common initiatives and efforts,the first Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory was completed, the caliber of 45 / 65 cm in 1935, he and Bud's common initiatives and efforts,the first Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory was completed, the caliber of 45 / 65 cm . to the telescope has a very large field of view, and is particularly suitable for observing the to the telescope has a very large field of view, and is particularly suitable for observing the .
Zwicky even use it to find Zwicky even use it to find . in extragalactic supernovae from 1935 to 1940, Zwicky it discovered 14 supernovae, which accounts for the 1930s found that almost half of the total number of supernovae in extragalactic supernovae from 1935 to 1940, Zwicky it discovered 14 supernovae, which accounts for the 1930s found that almost half of the total number of supernovae .
he also was in the Mount Wilson Observatory and the Hubble, Bard, Rudolph Minkowski and others to cooperate in a large amount of supernova observations he also was in the Mount Wilson Observatory and the Hubble, Bard, Rudolph Minkowski and others to cooperate in a large amount of supernova observations . Zwicky's life a total of 122 were found in a supernova,a record which stood until 2006 and broke the Zwicky's life a total of 122 were found in a supernova,a record which stood until 2006 and broke the .
Zwicky is found at the beginning of the idea that there is a handful of neutron neutron star - - a view of one of the scientists Zwicky is found at the beginning of the idea that there is a handful of neutron neutron star - - a view of one of the scientists . in 1934, he co - wrote with Bud, the neutron degeneracy pressure can support a mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit of stellar 2 in 1934, he co - wrote with Bud, the neutron degeneracy pressure can support a mass exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit of stellar 2 .
later, Zwicky will study the focus had shifted to clusters of galaxies, and in 1961 to 1968 compilation containing 9314 parsecs of galaxies and galaxy clusters (CGCG) later, Zwicky will study the focus had shifted to clusters of galaxies, and in 1961 to 1968 compilation containing 9314 parsecs of galaxies and galaxy clusters (CGCG) . In addition, he proposed in 1937 as the gravitational lensing of galaxy clusters can envisage In addition, he proposed in 1937 as the gravitational lensing of galaxy clusters can envisage .
Zwicky also advocated the study of morphologic method,He is the author of "morphological astronomy" (writings) like astronomy Zwicky also advocated the study of morphologic method,He is the author of "morphological astronomy" (writings) like astronomy . Although Zwicky lived most of his time working in the United States, but has retained his Swiss nationality Although Zwicky lived most of his time working in the United States, but has retained his Swiss nationality .
8 February 1974, Zwicky died in Pasadena, California in the United States in commemoration of his 8 February 1974, Zwicky died in Pasadena, California in the United States in commemoration of his ., 1803 and asteroid - like moon of a crater is named for him. 
Discovered Dark Matter
"dark matter" - of - the - art research progress of relevant Chinese and foreign cooperation "dark matter" - of - the - art research progress of relevant Chinese and foreign cooperation . at the Purple Mountain Observatory, the discovery of a substance, may be the "dark matter" annihilations at the Purple Mountain Observatory, the discovery of a substance, may be the "dark matter" annihilations .
particles of product when the International Year of Astronomy 2009 arrival, from astronomy to study science fiction story, "Dark Matter" on the subject of more scientists, amateur astronomers, but in 1933, but few people like Fritz Zwicky, believes that most of the cosmos is that people don't see particles of product when the International Year of Astronomy 2009 arrival, from astronomy to study science fiction story, "Dark Matter" on the subject of more scientists, amateur astronomers, but in 1933, but few people like Fritz Zwicky, believes that most of the cosmos is that people don't see . if you want to list "20 centuries most suffer unfrequented scientists" of the list,Fritz Zwicky (Fritz Zwicky) will certainly pretty forward despite the if you want to list "20 centuries most suffer unfrequented scientists" of the list,Fritz Zwicky (Fritz Zwicky) will certainly pretty forward despite the .
In cosmology, he may follow In cosmology, he may follow . Albert Einstein science is finding this Swiss astronomer, Kind of like the universe to find him in the middle of the "dark matter" due to "dark matter" neither diverging light, and does not absorb light, no reflected light, people can't see it perhaps Albert Einstein science is finding this Swiss astronomer, Kind of like the universe to find him in the middle of the "dark matter" due to "dark matter" neither diverging light, and does not absorb light, no reflected light, people can't see it perhaps .
Zwicky's ideas were in advance of his time Zwicky's ideas were in advance of his time . But if the scientists weren't such a personality, do not know whether his name will be in 70 years by colleagues in defiance But if the scientists weren't such a personality, do not know whether his name will be in 70 years by colleagues in defiance .
"missing mass" in the 20th century,Many great discoveries of astronomy at Mount Palomar in California regarding "missing mass" in the 20th century,Many great discoveries of astronomy at Mount Palomar in California regarding . in between 1917 and 1947, the world's largest astronomical telescope at Mount Wilson, a 100 - inch caliber, the famous Edwin. Hubble galaxies observed by it and we're losing, provide a picture of the universe's expansion image, imply the existence of a "big bang" moment for
Zwicky think then, Mr. Wilson is" the center of the universe " Mount Wilson distance Zwicky serving California University of Technology (Caltech), man.From school playgrounds to be overlooking the mountain clear contour, which makes him often mountainous Swiss hometown
1925, won the 1922 Nobel Prize of Millikan Professor brought him here 1925, won the 1922 Nobel Prize of Millikan Professor brought him here . anyone eIse will definitely help our professor at the excessive honor and gratitude, However Zwicky, who went on a recommender's attitude was dismissive, even a face - to - blame Millikan "never suggested that good ideas" anyone eIse will definitely help our professor at the excessive honor and gratitude, However Zwicky, who went on a recommender's attitude was dismissive, even a face - to - blame Millikan "never suggested that good ideas" .
When Millikan kindly reminds the young man to introspection, Zwicky and declared himself - - - - - Don't worry, because" every two years and be clever ideas, When Millikan kindly reminds the young man to introspection, Zwicky and declared himself - - - - - Don't worry, because" every two years and be clever ideas, . he said so, that may not be entirely by bragging, in 1933,Zwicky in my head, out of a "dark matter" idea for the " he said so, that may not be entirely by bragging, in 1933,Zwicky in my head, out of a "dark matter" idea for the ".
" of a distant galaxy cluster has some very unique material, they neither emits nor absorbs no light, the reflected light "Zwicky. No, I mean, I don't see you there in the universe of substances, but they have quality fact, dark matter has mass, its quality is even visible matter six times, accounting for 24% of the composition of matter in the universe; for an additional 72% is dark energy, the energy in the form of an overflow space, likewise not shown) fact, dark matter has mass, its quality is even visible matter six times, accounting for 24% of the composition of matter in the universe; for an additional 72% is dark energy, the energy in the form of an overflow space, likewise not shown) .
before the start of the 21st century, he was told, visible to all within the reach of the quality of which cannot be made up the majority of the before the start of the 21st century, he was told, visible to all within the reach of the quality of which cannot be made up the majority of the ."We must also admit that our universe is more than 90 percent are somewhat embarrassing," Washington University Law School professor Bruce Jianuo () in "The New York Times" said," laughing at human nature, the universe expands, mostly hide "We must also admit that our universe is more than 90 percent are somewhat embarrassing," Washington University Law School professor Bruce Jianuo () in "The New York Times" said," laughing at human nature, the universe expands, mostly hide .
. But Zwicky found it But Zwicky found it .
1933 great depression - - a country that seems hooked on the stars of the 35 - year - old man who had nothing to do, then he has to focus fully on the Coma Cluster ( 1933 great depression - - a country that seems hooked on the stars of the 35 - year - old man who had nothing to do, then he has to focus fully on the Coma Cluster (.) on the cluster in which we are familiar from the vicinity of Leo, by the 1,000 big galaxy,Over 30,000 small galaxies ) on the cluster in which we are familiar from the vicinity of Leo, by the 1,000 big galaxy,Over 30,000 small galaxies .
reportedly named after an Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy III, Queen of the hair - related legend reportedly named after an Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy III, Queen of the hair - related legend . fairy tale, Zwicky certainly didn't, his worries in writing are densely packed with figures, of the fairy tale, Zwicky certainly didn't, his worries in writing are densely packed with figures, of the .
symbol on scrap paper to measure the mass of galaxies, there are generally two methods symbol on scrap paper to measure the mass of galaxies, there are generally two methods . "dynamic quality" is calculated, and values of the relative speed between the galaxies and the average speed, while the "photometry" quality requirements for measuring each of Galaxies "dynamic quality" is calculated, and values of the relative speed between the galaxies and the average speed, while the "photometry" quality requirements for measuring each of Galaxies .
Zwicky respectively using this to calculate the fraction of the Coma Cluster of quality, with the result that the unthinkable: the "dynamic quality" is" photometry quality "400 times!Why the Coma Cluster has 99% of the mass of the "missing"?Is" dynamic quality "in the use of Newton's Laws of Motion as no longer applicable?Alternatively, the structures of the main quality and not visual from the contributions of the galaxy?Zwicky with his most starry - eyed of the mind, which made the following conjecture: most of the mass of the universe is not visible, the photometric method, this is not a Zwicky respectively using this to calculate the fraction of the Coma Cluster of quality, with the result that the unthinkable: the "dynamic quality" is" photometry quality "400 times!Why the Coma Cluster has 99% of the mass of the "missing"?Is" dynamic quality "in the use of Newton's Laws of Motion as no longer applicable?Alternatively, the structures of the main quality and not visual from the contributions of the galaxy?Zwicky with his most starry - eyed of the mind, which made the following conjecture: most of the mass of the universe is not visible, the photometric method, this is not a . There were "dark matter" - the word There were "dark matter" - the word .
seems most people believed that "seeing is believing" seems most people believed that "seeing is believing" . at the time, "dark matter" as a concept is totally ignored.
the opposite, "the basic person of notoriety and somewhat more" dark matter "of the name travels faster the opposite, "the basic person of notoriety and somewhat more" dark matter "of the name travels faster ." dark matter "Zwicky helplessness here is their observation, but the" Supernova "is not, like, a billion suns brightness will not be ignoring " dark matter "Zwicky helplessness here is their observation, but the" Supernova "is not, like, a billion suns brightness will not be ignoring .
1936, Zwicky persuaded the University of California,In the south - east of the Mount Palomar Observatory 48 - inch caliber are built on top of the Schmidt telescope at 1936, Zwicky persuaded the University of California,In the south - east of the Mount Palomar Observatory 48 - inch caliber are built on top of the Schmidt telescope at . people can guess Zwicky purpose: Schmidt telescope other than the telescope has a greater clear field of view, and is particularly suitable for observing the people can guess Zwicky purpose: Schmidt telescope other than the telescope has a greater clear field of view, and is particularly suitable for observing the .
for example, searching for supernovas for example, searching for supernovas . Schmidt telescope on Palomar observatory's roof opening of the bottom, like a cannon toward the starry sky of white Schmidt telescope on Palomar observatory's roof opening of the bottom, like a cannon toward the starry sky of white .
Zwicky has been accustomed to this monster, together, when he again and again into the eyepieces, which he may find the "Supernova" and the rising number of Zwicky has been accustomed to this monster, together, when he again and again into the eyepieces, which he may find the "Supernova" and the rising number of . from 1935 to 1940, the figure was 14,accounted for more than a half of the total number of people to discover a supernova of from 1935 to 1940, the figure was 14,accounted for more than a half of the total number of people to discover a supernova of .
in his life, he found a total of 122 "Supernova", a record which stood until 2006 and somebody break in his life, he found a total of 122 "Supernova", a record which stood until 2006 and somebody break . you wonder, he stars in this team performance and dedication will not be a "dark matter" that on depressing a release you wonder, he stars in this team performance and dedication will not be a "dark matter" that on depressing a release .
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Major Contribution
Zwicky's main contribution was to study the phenomenon of the supernovae Zwicky's main contribution was to study the phenomenon of the supernovae . he held from 1934 and Bud together confirm there in the universe more fierce than the star, releasing more energy, larger amplitudes of catastrophic celestial he held from 1934 and Bud together confirm there in the universe more fierce than the star, releasing more energy, larger amplitudes of catastrophic celestial .
For example, the Milky Way in 1054, 1572 and 1604 to the observation of the Andromeda galaxy, in 1885, guest star that appeared brighter than typical novae the10,000 - stars"He named them supernova For example, the Milky Way in 1054, 1572 and 1604 to the observation of the Andromeda galaxy, in 1885, guest star that appeared brighter than typical novae the10,000 - stars"He named them supernova . Virgo photographic survey to search for extragalactic supernovae Virgo photographic survey to search for extragalactic supernovae .
in 1936 at his initiative that the United States, Mt Palomar Observatory built 45 / 65 cm Schmidt telescope at the U. S. and was then the world's most powerful and wide - angle astrograph, it will be immediately put to the galaxy patrol until 1941, under the auspices of the Zwicky, use it for study of supernova (also with a 100 - inch telescope has uncovered another supernova), while the previous total just fortuitous observed until 1941, under the auspices of the Zwicky, use it for study of supernova (also with a 100 - inch telescope has uncovered another supernova), while the previous total just fortuitous observed .
12 according to the survey, each calculated average extragalactic supernovae are generated once every 300 years, 12 according to the survey, each calculated average extragalactic supernovae are generated once every 300 years,. outbreak this outbreak frequency value in the subsequent forty years has been consistent with the observations from the outbreak this outbreak frequency value in the subsequent forty years has been consistent with the observations from the .
and thirty years, Zwicky discovered a supernova, i. e., the Mount Wilson Observatory and the Hubble, Bader, R. Minkowski carefully observed during the outbreak of the photometric and spectral, to accumulate a rich store of information later revealed that his proposed according to the light curves, spectra line ', the expansion speed and other factors, the supernova classification later revealed that his proposed according to the light curves, spectra line ', the expansion speed and other factors, the supernova classification .
from 1958 he chaired the 120 / 180 cm Schmidt telescope of distant galaxy clusters, supernova surveys as a routine project, which lasted until after the death of 1975, a total of up to 1 from 1958 he chaired the 120 / 180 cm Schmidt telescope of distant galaxy clusters, supernova surveys as a routine project, which lasted until after the death of 1975, a total of up to 1. 8 in 1959 he initiated and organized the international joint observation o supernova, there have been more than a dozen observatories all over the world attend 8 in 1959 he initiated and organized the international joint observation o supernova, there have been more than a dozen observatories all over the world attend .
in his lifetime to discover a supernova is a supernova 122, accounted for 30 per cent of the total in his lifetime to discover a supernova is a supernova 122, accounted for 30 per cent of the total . Zwicky galaxy also has done a lot of work and Shapley told the newspaper, Zwicky galaxy also has done a lot of work and Shapley told the newspaper, .
he discovered galaxy clustering tendency; he also believed that the galaxies with diffuse between the constellation and clouds of gas and dust, he discovered galaxy clustering tendency; he also believed that the galaxies with diffuse between the constellation and clouds of gas and dust, . he thought the matter in the universe and the evolution along with lean - to and from the fine and coarse meshes in both directions of the two - way evolution, supernovae, is typical: on the one hand, and on the outside of the material and scatter into space, on the other hand the internal substance is contracted to a compact object, according to he thought the matter in the universe and the evolution along with lean - to and from the fine and coarse meshes in both directions of the two - way evolution, supernovae, is typical: on the one hand, and on the outside of the material and scatter into space, on the other hand the internal substance is contracted to a compact object, according to .
This idea, he predicted the neutron star should exist, also predicted there may be the entire galactic nuclei of the large - scale outbreak of This idea, he predicted the neutron star should exist, also predicted there may be the entire galactic nuclei of the large - scale outbreak of . his life advocating for morphological research method, is the author of "morphological astronomy and a great deal of discussion his life advocating for morphological research method, is the author of "morphological astronomy and a great deal of discussion .
he edited" galaxies and galaxy clusters Summary ", a six - volume" compact galaxies, galaxy, exploding galaxy of a dense portion and explosion after Galaxy Watch " he edited" galaxies and galaxy clusters Summary ", a six - volume" compact galaxies, galaxy, exploding galaxy of a dense portion and explosion after Galaxy Watch ".
Memorabilia
1933 found dark matter leading 1933 found dark matter leading . age 40 years age 40 years .
1934 with Walter's self - styled "the word, and speculated that their product is a neutron star 1934 with Walter's self - styled "the word, and speculated that their product is a neutron star . after the supernova was independently discovered by 120 after the supernova was independently discovered by 120 .
this record might never beat, because though discovered the speed of the exponential growth, but not a basic human thing this record might never beat, because though discovered the speed of the exponential growth, but not a basic human thing . 1937 proposed clusters can be used as a gravitational lens and 1937 proposed clusters can be used as a gravitational lens and .
1938 Walter proposed supernovae as standard candles to estimate the cosmic scale of distance 1938 Walter proposed supernovae as standard candles to estimate the cosmic scale of distance . 1943 - 1961 as a consultant,There are more than 50 patents include JATO 1943 - 1961 as a consultant,There are more than 50 patents include JATO .
modern jet engine known as the father of the modern jet engine known as the father of the . 1942 - 1968, a Caltech professor 1942 - 1968, a Caltech professor .
1961 - 1968 and al volume directory of six galaxies, galaxy, known as 1961 - 1968 and al volume directory of six galaxies, galaxy, known as . 1969 book advocating astronomical in Speciation Analysis of 1969 book advocating astronomical in Speciation Analysis of .
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