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Kant was a son of a tanner of Scottish ancestry, in 1724, was born in East Prussia in Koenigsberg a devoutly religious family, and the skylight in this dark, drab seaside town where he spent his long life Kant was a son of a tanner of Scottish ancestry, in 1724, was born in East Prussia in Koenigsberg a devoutly religious family, and the skylight in this dark, drab seaside town where he spent his long life . Kant, a 16 - year - old university, due to family financial difficulties, forced a suspension in Kant, a 16 - year - old university, due to family financial difficulties, forced a suspension in .
, with the help of his classmates, took seven years for college by , with the help of his classmates, took seven years for college by . doctor's degree became the alma mater of a junior teacher, who is also a tutor for doctor's degree became the alma mater of a junior teacher, who is also a tutor for .
He concentrates: scientific research, teaching and wrote a book, published in 1755 "A General History of Nature and the Law of the People's Republic of China,Unlike Newton proposed the theory of the origin of the solar nebula, in the world of natural science sensation in 1770 after He concentrates: scientific research, teaching and wrote a book, published in 1755 "A General History of Nature and the Law of the People's Republic of China,Unlike Newton proposed the theory of the origin of the solar nebula, in the world of natural science sensation in 1770 after ., , .
his philosophy in the study and during the year, he was appointed a professor at the University of Koenigsberg, in 1786 he was elected president of his philosophy in the study and during the year, he was appointed a professor at the University of Koenigsberg, in 1786 he was elected president of . Berlin Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Academician or lifelong 
Essential Content
"Pure Reason" is independent of all experience of rationality, "Critique of Pure Reason is the study of "Pure Reason" is independent of all experience of rationality, "Critique of Pure Reason is the study of . Kant book called this name, is found for the human understanding of the origin, scope and limits of Kant book called this name, is found for the human understanding of the origin, scope and limits of .
quite disproportionate to the book is divided into two parts: the" transcendental principles" and "transcendental methodology", where "prior to the original theory" as its key and the main body, is also the most difficult part of reading quite disproportionate to the book is divided into two parts: the" transcendental principles" and "transcendental methodology", where "prior to the original theory" as its key and the main body, is also the most difficult part of reading . 18th - century European philosophy, epistemological issues occupy a prominent position,Forming of Leibniz as a representative of rationalism and empiricism by Hume as a representative of the two major factions 18th - century European philosophy, epistemological issues occupy a prominent position,Forming of Leibniz as a representative of rationalism and empiricism by Hume as a representative of the two major factions .
epistemology to Kantian epistemology, which, unless resolved, philosophy can only be upon the wrong epistemology to Kantian epistemology, which, unless resolved, philosophy can only be upon the wrong . wandering he starts with the critique was that was popular in Europe at the time of Leibniz's metaphysical rationalism, as Leibniz pointed out that there is no need to feel the experience, and it's just a matter of human rational thinking can understand the universality and inevitability, then you can get to the truth, is the "dogmatic" and absurd wandering he starts with the critique was that was popular in Europe at the time of Leibniz's metaphysical rationalism, as Leibniz pointed out that there is no need to feel the experience, and it's just a matter of human rational thinking can understand the universality and inevitability, then you can get to the truth, is the "dogmatic" and absurd .
Kant believes strongly that human souls do not have this capability, the Leibniz on behalf of the old metaphysics is hypocritical Kant believes strongly that human souls do not have this capability, the Leibniz on behalf of the old metaphysics is hypocritical . Kant with Hume, Int.believe that human knowledge begins with experience
but he has also criticized the Hume denied the rational cognition the role, it is actually to negate that science knowledge but he has also criticized the Hume denied the rational cognition the role, it is actually to negate that science knowledge . Kant was aware of the controversy on both sides, criticizing both the error, and at the same time, also noted that the two sides of the explanation is partially correct Kant was aware of the controversy on both sides, criticizing both the error, and at the same time, also noted that the two sides of the explanation is partially correct .
Kant's view is that human knowledge begins with experience, knowledge from the rational Kant's view is that human knowledge begins with experience, knowledge from the rational . according to Kant's view, human knowledge of two sources: one is to provide the sensory feel of the experience acquired, these experience are confusion of odds and ends;Another is mankind's innate in the mind with the inevitability and universality of the cognitive ability of human cognitive action according to Kant's view, human knowledge of two sources: one is to provide the sensory feel of the experience acquired, these experience are confusion of odds and ends;Another is mankind's innate in the mind with the inevitability and universality of the cognitive ability of human cognitive action .
is the innate cognitive ability to provide the sensory experience, and form the scientific knowledge, so that the brains of people in any one of the scientific knowledge are both composed of both structures then is the innate cognitive ability to provide the sensory experience, and form the scientific knowledge, so that the brains of people in any one of the scientific knowledge are both composed of both structures then ., how human beings might use, you know, answer this question, with all their conclusions, constitute the subject matter of the book , how human beings might use, you know, answer this question, with all their conclusions, constitute the subject matter of the book .
Kant pointed out in the presence of human rationality "time" and "space" both "form of intuition, which form two precede every experience,And experience is the premise factors of forming Kant pointed out in the presence of human rationality "time" and "space" both "form of intuition, which form two precede every experience,And experience is the premise factors of forming . Kant thinks, even if the human senses without any actual object, "time" and "space" is also inherent to human consciousness in Kant thinks, even if the human senses without any actual object, "time" and "space" is also inherent to human consciousness in .
When we know, we experienced the outside world is in the "time" and "space" in the form of the process, people using "congenital" thinking in the form of a chaotic and fragmented sense data collated and processed in order for people to obtain first - hand knowledge of that When we know, we experienced the outside world is in the "time" and "space" in the form of the process, people using "congenital" thinking in the form of a chaotic and fragmented sense data collated and processed in order for people to obtain first - hand knowledge of that . only from the human standpoint, can we view space and time, they cannot leave the human body and exist independently, they belong to the human condition,human perception is innate, not attributes or the physical world only from the human standpoint, can we view space and time, they cannot leave the human body and exist independently, they belong to the human condition,human perception is innate, not attributes or the physical world .
Kant noted, people by "Time" and "space" obtained in the form of perceptual knowledge and does not have the characteristics of universality and necessity, only visual perceptual awareness materials, not science, must also be approved by the higher level is referred to as a "perception of the human mind; Kant noted, people by "Time" and "space" obtained in the form of perceptual knowledge and does not have the characteristics of universality and necessity, only visual perceptual awareness materials, not science, must also be approved by the higher level is referred to as a "perception of the human mind; . but" intellectuality "is the category used, the concept, judgement and reasoning ability of but" intellectuality "is the category used, the concept, judgement and reasoning ability of .
Kant said:" thinking without content are empty, and no concept of a Kant said:" thinking without content are empty, and no concept of a . blind was" so they must be united in order to generate in the strict sense of the term knowledge blind was" so they must be united in order to generate in the strict sense of the term knowledge .
his" intellectuality "as including the self - regulated uniformity, most sex,Necessity, Contingency and others the concept or category, and a "cognitive" activities for the 12 - concept or category is applied to an intuitive form of perceptual materials in the molten state, so that these materials necessarily have a causal relationship and, and form its inevitability and universality of scientific knowledge with the "time" and "space" is the same, and a "cognitive" is not derived from the nature and its laws, but added the law of nature, as Kant said: "The human being is a lawmaker in the his" intellectuality "as including the self - regulated uniformity, most sex,Necessity, Contingency and others the concept or category, and a "cognitive" activities for the 12 - concept or category is applied to an intuitive form of perceptual materials in the molten state, so that these materials necessarily have a causal relationship and, and form its inevitability and universality of scientific knowledge with the "time" and "space" is the same, and a "cognitive" is not derived from the nature and its laws, but added the law of nature, as Kant said: "The human being is a lawmaker in the ." Finally, Kant pointed out, the humans by "understanding" to obtain scientific knowledge, and just the thought of "incommensurability" of knowledge while " Finally, Kant pointed out, the humans by "understanding" to obtain scientific knowledge, and just the thought of "incommensurability" of knowledge while .
"Phenomenal"in what is relative and conditional, fail to satisfy the thirst for "Phenomenal"in what is relative and conditional, fail to satisfy the thirst for . go well beyond the "phenomenal", and "intellectual" and a variety of knowledge reuse and "comprehensive", "unified", organize them into unconditional and absolute integrity of knowledge, this is the highest activity of cognition ability, called "rational" go well beyond the "phenomenal", and "intellectual" and a variety of knowledge reuse and "comprehensive", "unified", organize them into unconditional and absolute integrity of knowledge, this is the highest activity of cognition ability, called "rational" .
Kant held that "rational" attempted to reach the most complete and highest of the unity of the soul, God and the world Kant held that "rational" attempted to reach the most complete and highest of the unity of the soul, God and the world . Kant trio that unity is referred to as a "rational concept", the "phenomenal", Kant called them "thing in itself" Kant trio that unity is referred to as a "rational concept", the "phenomenal", Kant called them "thing in itself" .
Kant ", asserts the" thing in itself "is the ultra experience, does not belong to the people's recognition of the range, and thus unable to "understanding of the concept of" human studies to recognizing and Kant ", asserts the" thing in itself "is the ultra experience, does not belong to the people's recognition of the range, and thus unable to "understanding of the concept of" human studies to recognizing and . however, when the "rational" in pursuit of "ideas", but must use the" concept "," category "to get to know them, and this inevitably creates a paradox in however, when the "rational" in pursuit of "ideas", but must use the" concept "," category "to get to know them, and this inevitably creates a paradox in .
Kant regarded this contradiction is referred to as the" Antinomy " Kant regarded this contradiction is referred to as the" Antinomy ". Kantian antinomy of four such examples, each of which is composed of a first point and antithesis Kantian antinomy of four such examples, each of which is composed of a first point and antithesis .
antinomy, the point is: the world has a start point in time, space, is also limited antinomy, the point is: the world has a start point in time, space, is also limited . antithesis is the position in time has no beginning, there is no limit in the sense of space;time and space for both parties, it's unlimited antithesis is the position in time has no beginning, there is no limit in the sense of space;time and space for both parties, it's unlimited .
second antinomy to prove that every composite entity is at the same time as well as from the one part, and not merely composed of a third point second antinomy to prove that every composite entity is at the same time as well as from the one part, and not merely composed of a third point . advocated causality has two types: according to the laws of causality, and the other is free according to the law of causality;antithesis contends that only the laws of causality advocated causality has two types: according to the laws of causality, and the other is free according to the law of causality;antithesis contends that only the laws of causality .
according to the fourth. That's it. I don't have an absolute necessity of the existence of formal logic using argument to reductio ad absurdum "Dilemma", namely the opposite of positive proposition, reverse proposition of the opposition to overthrow, to justify the proposition is correct, thus justifying the rational requirement beyond the "phenomenal" category, to achieve the most complete and unconditional "thing in itself" of understanding is not impossible argument to reductio ad absurdum "Dilemma", namely the opposite of positive proposition, reverse proposition of the opposition to overthrow, to justify the proposition is correct, thus justifying the rational requirement beyond the "phenomenal" category, to achieve the most complete and unconditional "thing in itself" of understanding is not impossible .
, which meant that the epistemology of Kant completed his doctrinal system, and proudly proclaiming, in his philosophy and made a Copernican revolution, which had in mind to not know things,but things should conform to the soul, the human cognitive ability is limited, in which reason is powerless" thing in itself "is a man of understanding fell well short of, it is impossible to know , which meant that the epistemology of Kant completed his doctrinal system, and proudly proclaiming, in his philosophy and made a Copernican revolution, which had in mind to not know things,but things should conform to the soul, the human cognitive ability is limited, in which reason is powerless" thing in itself "is a man of understanding fell well short of, it is impossible to know . understanding objective may be experienced and should be left for religion understanding objective may be experienced and should be left for religion .
as Kant said:" I must find the negation of knowledge, ability to retain belief Site as Kant said:" I must find the negation of knowledge, ability to retain belief Site . " ".
Experts' Comments
"Critique of Pure Reason" is a famous classical 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote in a masterpiece of religious epistemology "Critique of Pure Reason" is a famous classical 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant wrote in a masterpiece of religious epistemology . rich family atmosphere and no - nonsense approach to life and became an important background for one of the Kantian philosophy, that he felt the need to consolidate the basis for Christian faith while rich family atmosphere and no - nonsense approach to life and became an important background for one of the Kantian philosophy, that he felt the need to consolidate the basis for Christian faith while .
With the rule of the German Holy Roman Empire to fly apart and the new modern state, such as constantly occur, so that the more urgent as he felt the need of people with the most perfect moral standards in the world With the rule of the German Holy Roman Empire to fly apart and the new modern state, such as constantly occur, so that the more urgent as he felt the need of people with the most perfect moral standards in the world . Kant's Critique of Pure Reason "to discuss the epistemology, namely" true ",, is based on a knowledge of the sources with knowledge of the conditions under possible problems Kant's Critique of Pure Reason "to discuss the epistemology, namely" true ",, is based on a knowledge of the sources with knowledge of the conditions under possible problems .
He thinks knowledge is innate in the form of inductive material and combining the materials which constitute his transcendental idealism of a portion of the main part of the He thinks knowledge is innate in the form of inductive material and combining the materials which constitute his transcendental idealism of a portion of the main part of the . man Philosophy and Metaphysics;"Critique of Practical Reason" study of the ethical principle that "good", with his transcendental idealism to study human behavior principle, moral principle and why is this part of the a priori man Philosophy and Metaphysics;"Critique of Practical Reason" study of the ethical principle that "good", with his transcendental idealism to study human behavior principle, moral principle and why is this part of the a priori .
man of ethics;"Critique of Judgment" discusses his aesthetic theory, "beauty" of the issue, with his transcendental idealism, concentrating on its beauty "of the problem, explaining why the" beauty "is the transcendental, and argues that" art "there must be a natural endowments of talents be created man of ethics;"Critique of Judgment" discusses his aesthetic theory, "beauty" of the issue, with his transcendental idealism, concentrating on its beauty "of the problem, explaining why the" beauty "is the transcendental, and argues that" art "there must be a natural endowments of talents be created . which is a part of the common people of aesthetic which is a part of the common people of aesthetic .
trilogy called the" three critiques of the philosophical to sharp and intense, challenging words in an extremely broad domain put forward a series of original ideas, form Kant's" true "," good "," beauty "of huge criticism of thesystem of philosohy thought, philosophical circles in Germany led to a revolution.from Thales of western philosophy in the country to the brink of a brilliant peak, Immanuel Kant and a statesman as Frederick, poet Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and German Enlightenment era of representative Kant's goal is to explore fully the people's cognition ability, the study of cognition from beginning to end with the knowledge of the range or a possibility that it is only necessary to understand the origins of cognitive ability and the limits of the only clear sensuality, intellectuality and the rational origin or boundaries, can begin to understand the world and Kant's goal is to explore fully the people's cognition ability, the study of cognition from beginning to end with the knowledge of the range or a possibility that it is only necessary to understand the origins of cognitive ability and the limits of the only clear sensuality, intellectuality and the rational origin or boundaries, can begin to understand the world and .
this philosophical critique of the human cognitive ability as its main objective, the philosophy of Kant called the Critical Philosophy this philosophical critique of the human cognitive ability as its main objective, the philosophy of Kant called the Critical Philosophy . in his critical philosophy, there is a magnificent and the principle of subjectivity,become the development direction of modern philosophy and nature in his critical philosophy, there is a magnificent and the principle of subjectivity,become the development direction of modern philosophy and nature .
the three critiques of Kant's philosophy, and then finally in the establishment of the human body as the central position of human reason - for the ultimate objective of the spirit and nature of the supreme unifying the three critiques of Kant's philosophy, and then finally in the establishment of the human body as the central position of human reason - for the ultimate objective of the spirit and nature of the supreme unifying . "Critique of Pure Reason" Kant as the most influential masterpiece, also occupies an important position on the "Critique of Pure Reason" Kant as the most influential masterpiece, also occupies an important position on the .
Kantian critique of pure reason in itself, clearly differentiating the rational and intellectual ability, so as to make the science of metaphysics is not only different from the old metaphysics, natural science and Kantian critique of pure reason in itself, clearly differentiating the rational and intellectual ability, so as to make the science of metaphysics is not only different from the old metaphysics, natural science and . He explained his motivation is the fundamental conditions of science - knowledge ", he reversed the traditional epistemology in - relation between subject and object,to occupy the leading position of the body is in the form of recognition object is bound to become the slave of his previous condition He explained his motivation is the fundamental conditions of science - knowledge ", he reversed the traditional epistemology in - relation between subject and object,to occupy the leading position of the body is in the form of recognition object is bound to become the slave of his previous condition .
rationalism and empirical studies, and have an innate knowledge acquired with comprehensive knowledge, to suggest a third type of knowledge, namely "innate knowledge", questioning its possibility, proposed "the object must be consistent with our knowledge of the form" of the hypothesis, thereby steering the transcendentalist rationalism and empirical studies, and have an innate knowledge acquired with comprehensive knowledge, to suggest a third type of knowledge, namely "innate knowledge", questioning its possibility, proposed "the object must be consistent with our knowledge of the form" of the hypothesis, thereby steering the transcendentalist . This is Kant philosophy the most groundbreaking of the part, he presented himself to be simply referred to as the philosophy of a "Copernican revolution" This is Kant philosophy the most groundbreaking of the part, he presented himself to be simply referred to as the philosophy of a "Copernican revolution" .
in this most important book, Kant assumed the mathematics and physics of certainty and rigor of the defense task,Running up the rationality of the torch, violently criticized "long prevailed in Europe to Leibniz, as a representative of the old system of metaphysics, and ideology of feudal theology shackles people in this most important book, Kant assumed the mathematics and physics of certainty and rigor of the defense task,Running up the rationality of the torch, violently criticized "long prevailed in Europe to Leibniz, as a representative of the old system of metaphysics, and ideology of feudal theology shackles people . in the book in the main part of the" transcendental aesthetics", "transcendental analysis", the" transcendental dialectic ", Kant tried to reconcile idealism and materialism, both trying to make the compromise, combined in one system in the in the book in the main part of the" transcendental aesthetics", "transcendental analysis", the" transcendental dialectic ", Kant tried to reconcile idealism and materialism, both trying to make the compromise, combined in one system in the .
in his philosophy and characteristics. It is also the philosophy of Kant consistent style is due to publish its doctrines, As the French Revolution occurred when he caused a German philosophical revolution,founded the German classical philosophy, for the first time in the subsequent German philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and others, as well as the Europe of the Neo - Kantian, was a wide variety of genres of positivism and pragmatism all accept the influence of the Kantian idea consistent style is due to publish its doctrines, As the French Revolution occurred when he caused a German philosophical revolution,founded the German classical philosophy, for the first time in the subsequent German philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and others, as well as the Europe of the Neo - Kantian, was a wide variety of genres of positivism and pragmatism all accept the influence of the Kantian idea .
Today, Kant's doctrine is still standing in western philosophical history, not ideology Today, Kant's doctrine is still standing in western philosophical history, not ideology . Kant once said: "I am by nature a quester, I have a thirst for knowledge, continued to advance, something it was not Kant once said: "I am by nature a quester, I have a thirst for knowledge, continued to advance, something it was not .
joy" in his epistemology as well as classical philosophy of innovation is the power to make humans forward joy" in his epistemology as well as classical philosophy of innovation is the power to make humans forward .
Course:
I am by nature a quester, I have a thirst for knowledge, constantly moving forward, which has invested only happy I am by nature a quester, I have a thirst for knowledge, constantly moving forward, which has invested only happy . not a purpose of life, like sailing without a compass while not a purpose of life, like sailing without a compass while .
Chinese Versions
(1) Mr Hu kernel source version, published in 1931 by the Commercial Press;(2) blue male versions of Mr. Wu, Beijing's Sanlian Bookstore, published in 1957, 1960 and later replaced him at the bookstore.(3) Mou Zongsan version, entitled "Kant's Critique of Pure Reason", divided into two volumes, published in 1983 in Taipei Hsueh Sheng;(4) Wei Zhuo with mr translations in Wuhan, Central China Normal University Press 1991 edition, Rev 2000; (5) Mr Deng Xiaomang translations, Yang Tao Zu as Sir, OUP, 2004 Edition (2 months) (6) in the fall of Mr. Li zero translation, edition of China Renmin University Press 2004 (4 months)
