Nature
An unsaturated amide is acrylamide, which is soluble in water, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, insoluble in benzene and heptane, in acid or alkali environment may be hydrolyzed to acrylic acid in acrylamide An unsaturated amide is acrylamide, which is soluble in water, ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, chloroform, insoluble in benzene and heptane, in acid or alkali environment may be hydrolyzed to acrylic acid in acrylamide . room temperature very stable, but when the temperature at the melting point or above, under oxidizing conditions and when irradiated with ultraviolet light, easily through the polymerization of polyacrylamide room temperature very stable, but when the temperature at the melting point or above, under oxidizing conditions and when irradiated with ultraviolet light, easily through the polymerization of polyacrylamide .
when heated to be dissolved, the acrylamide is released out of the strong corrosive gas and the nitrogen oxide compounds when heated to be dissolved, the acrylamide is released out of the strong corrosive gas and the nitrogen oxide compounds . but then suddenly when the molten polymerization but then suddenly when the molten polymerization .
flammable, highly decompose flammable, highly decompose . quite toxic and corrosive gases,LD50 mg / kg quite toxic and corrosive gases,LD50 mg / kg .
on the central nervous system damage, and possibly carcinogenic, eye and skin also has strong irritation to the on the central nervous system damage, and possibly carcinogenic, eye and skin also has strong irritation to the . acrylamide is used for making industrial chemicals polyacrylamide acrylamide is used for making industrial chemicals polyacrylamide .
has been found recently by high - temperature treatment or after cooking, the food inside the free asparagine and reducing sugars in the reaction, the formation of acrylamide has been found recently by high - temperature treatment or after cooking, the food inside the free asparagine and reducing sugars in the reaction, the formation of acrylamide . The chemical is carcinogenic gene, considered to be experimental animals can be produced by nervous system toxicity, and also has an influence on the reproductive and developmental The chemical is carcinogenic gene, considered to be experimental animals can be produced by nervous system toxicity, and also has an influence on the reproductive and developmental .
however, epidemiological studies have failed to provide consistent,Ming human dietary acrylamide levels and the incidence of the cancer - associated however, epidemiological studies have failed to provide consistent,Ming human dietary acrylamide levels and the incidence of the cancer - associated . 6 6.
Study History
At the end of the 19th century, scientists with acryloyl chloride with ammonia is firstly synthesized by acrylamide At the end of the 19th century, scientists with acryloyl chloride with ammonia is firstly synthesized by acrylamide . 1954, American Cyanamid Company adopts sulphuric acid hydrolysis of acrylonitrile to conduct industrial 1954, American Cyanamid Company adopts sulphuric acid hydrolysis of acrylonitrile to conduct industrial .
1972, Japan's Mitsui East pressure chemical company established catalytic copper skeleton acrylonitrile, acrylamide, the hydration of the industrial apparatus, thereafter the countries with the development of different types of catalyst, using this process industrially with 1972, Japan's Mitsui East pressure chemical company established catalytic copper skeleton acrylonitrile, acrylamide, the hydration of the industrial apparatus, thereafter the countries with the development of different types of catalyst, using this process industrially with . in the 1980s, Japan's Nitto Chemical Industry Corporation) is used to produce acrylamide from acrylonitrile by the biocatalyst of in the 1980s, Japan's Nitto Chemical Industry Corporation) is used to produce acrylamide from acrylonitrile by the biocatalyst of .
industrial production in April 2002,Swedish National Food Administration and researchers from the University of Stockholm, first reported in some fried and barbecued starchy foods, such as French fries, crisps, cereals, breads and the like in the detection of acrylamide; after Norway, Britain, Switzerland and the United States and other countries reported similar results with acrylamide industrial production in April 2002,Swedish National Food Administration and researchers from the University of Stockholm, first reported in some fried and barbecued starchy foods, such as French fries, crisps, cereals, breads and the like in the detection of acrylamide; after Norway, Britain, Switzerland and the United States and other countries reported similar results with acrylamide . due to potential neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic character of acrylamide in food contamination caused by the international community and Governments is highly concerned with due to potential neurotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenic character of acrylamide in food contamination caused by the international community and Governments is highly concerned with .
25 June 2002, the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) joint urgent convening of acrylamide in food contamination expert consultation meetings,on acrylamide in food by food safety are discussed. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 months, the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) 64th meeting according to relevant materials, the acrylamide in food carried out risk assessment system of - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 months, the UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) 64th meeting according to relevant materials, the acrylamide in food carried out risk assessment system of .
1 1.
Preparation Method
Sulfuric Acid Hydration Process
acrylonitrile and water in the presence of sulfuric acid hydrolysis of the acrylamide of the sulfate, and then with ammonia and ammonium sulfate and formation of acrylamide: CH2 = H2O + H2SO4 + → CH2 = CHCONH2, CH2 = CHCONH2, H2SO4 H2SO4 + 2NH3 → CH2 = CHCONH2 + (NH4) 2 SO4, it suffers a comparatively large amount of nominal value, of the ammonium sulfate fertilizer efficiency is not high, and there is severe corrosion and pollution problems acrylonitrile and water in the presence of sulfuric acid hydrolysis of the acrylamide of the sulfate, and then with ammonia and ammonium sulfate and formation of acrylamide: CH2 = H2O + H2SO4 + → CH2 = CHCONH2, CH2 = CHCONH2, H2SO4 H2SO4 + 2NH3 → CH2 = CHCONH2 + (NH4) 2 SO4, it suffers a comparatively large amount of nominal value, of the ammonium sulfate fertilizer efficiency is not high, and there is severe corrosion and pollution problems .
Catalytic Hydration
acrylonitrile with water in the copper - based raw materials in the presence of a catalyst of 70 ~ 120. degree. C., 0. 4MPa pressure liquid - phase hydration reaction CH2 = + H2O - - CH2 = CHCONH2 after the reaction the catalyst was removed by filtration, and recovering the acrylonitrile, acrylamide aqueous solution concentration, cooling crystallization to acrylamide CH2 = + H2O - - CH2 = CHCONH2 after the reaction the catalyst was removed by filtration, and recovering the acrylonitrile, acrylamide aqueous solution concentration, cooling crystallization to acrylamide .
this simple process, and the selectivity of acrylamide was obtained at a yield of 98% or more this simple process, and the selectivity of acrylamide was obtained at a yield of 98% or more .
Biochemical Method
Biochemical Producing Acrylamide Biochemical Producing Acrylamide . acrylonitrile, raw material water and biocatalyst is formulated as an aqueous solution. After the catalytic reaction is separated from the spent catalyst can be obtained with an acrylamide
product is at normal temperature and normal pressure reaction, simple equipment, safe operation; enzyme - specific selectivity is very high, and features no by - product is at normal temperature and normal pressure reaction, simple equipment, safe operation; enzyme - specific selectivity is very high, and features no by - . J - 1 strain, the reaction temperature is from 5 to 15. degree. C., pH 7 - 8, the reaction zone of the mass fraction of acrylonitrile of 1% ~ 2%, the conversion of acrylonitrile is 99. 99%, the selectivity of acrylamide 99. 98%, mass fraction of acrylamide at the outlet of the reactor is close to 50%;Inactivation of the enzyme catalyst, to the outside of the system is less than the amount of the product of 0. 1%; without the ion exchange treatment, so that the separation / purification operation is greatly simplified; the product concentration and high concentration operation; the operation of the entire process is simple, small - scale manufacturing of
Use
Acrylamide is mainly used for preparing a water - soluble polymer, polyacrylamide can be used as an additive to improve the oil recovery rate of the flocculating agent, as thickening agents and paper auxiliaries Acrylamide is mainly used for preparing a water - soluble polymer, polyacrylamide can be used as an additive to improve the oil recovery rate of the flocculating agent, as thickening agents and paper auxiliaries . acrylamide is used to introduce the center hydrophilic oleophilic polymer to improve the viscosity, to raise the softening point and improve the solvent resistance of the resin, and may be a dye - receiving surface of the color of a central acrylamide acrylamide is used to introduce the center hydrophilic oleophilic polymer to improve the viscosity, to raise the softening point and improve the solvent resistance of the resin, and may be a dye - receiving surface of the color of a central acrylamide .
also often is used as the photosensitive component is a polymer of acrylamide also often is used as the photosensitive component is a polymer of acrylamide . furthermore can also be used in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, coating intermediates furthermore can also be used in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, coating intermediates .
2 2.
Hazard
Acrylamide belongs to middle toxicity, eye and skin stimulation, through skin and mucosa, respiratory and digestive tract and is absorbed by the body, wherein the non - absorption of the fastest, widely distributed in tissues including breast milk Acrylamide belongs to middle toxicity, eye and skin stimulation, through skin and mucosa, respiratory and digestive tract and is absorbed by the body, wherein the non - absorption of the fastest, widely distributed in tissues including breast milk . acrylamide once entering the human body, will quickly be absorbed by the digestive organs, a few hours after about half the excreted via urine, while the rest is in your body, affecting mainly the nervous system, but the acute poisoning is rare to find a large number of closely contact acrylamide once entering the human body, will quickly be absorbed by the digestive organs, a few hours after about half the excreted via urine, while the rest is in your body, affecting mainly the nervous system, but the acute poisoning is rare to find a large number of closely contact .
subacute poisoning may occur, as lethargy,cerebellar dysfunction and a sporty feel polyneuropathies subacute poisoning may occur, as lethargy,cerebellar dysfunction and a sporty feel polyneuropathies . long term inhalation exposure may cause chronic poisoning, headache, dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, tingling in the fingers, and numbness, and can also be accompanied by palms redness, desquamation, palms, and plantar hyperhidrosis, further development may occur in one's limbs, muscle pain and cerebellar dysfunction such as long term inhalation exposure may cause chronic poisoning, headache, dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, tingling in the fingers, and numbness, and can also be accompanied by palms redness, desquamation, palms, and plantar hyperhidrosis, further development may occur in one's limbs, muscle pain and cerebellar dysfunction such as .
as early as 1994, the International Agency for Research on Acrylamide is listed as a probable human carcinogen source as early as 1994, the International Agency for Research on Acrylamide is listed as a probable human carcinogen source . Animal experiments demonstrated that acrylamide has the mutation, which causes the somatic and germ cell mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, in rats with multiple organs tumor,As the mammary gland, thyroid, testis, adrenal tumor by Animal experiments demonstrated that acrylamide has the mutation, which causes the somatic and germ cell mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, in rats with multiple organs tumor,As the mammary gland, thyroid, testis, adrenal tumor by .
5 5.
Control And Prevention
1. Workers must pass the reform process, engineering technology and measures, the reduction in acrylamide concentrations; at the same time by enhancing personal protection, such as wearing masks, gloves, protective clothing and shoes, etc., to prevent or reduce acrylamide 2 enters the body, in everyday life and avoid over cooking food, such as the temperature is too high or the heating time is too long.
advocate a balanced diet, reduce intake of fried and fatty foods, eat more fruits and vegetables, not smoking advocate a balanced diet, reduce intake of fried and fatty foods, eat more fruits and vegetables, not smoking . 3, due to a deep - fried food is a resident of China and often eat the food, the country should strengthen dietary acrylamide in the monitoring and control,Chinese population of acrylamide exposure assessment, and research to explore for a reduction of acrylamide in foods was investigated by method of 3, due to a deep - fried food is a resident of China and often eat the food, the country should strengthen dietary acrylamide in the monitoring and control,Chinese population of acrylamide exposure assessment, and research to explore for a reduction of acrylamide in foods was investigated by method of .
3 3.
Carcinogenic Said
Fried Foods Cause Cancer
In August 2012, the National Cancer Research Journal "reports, served with french fries, fried starchy foods produce called acrylamide component, might be carcinogenic In August 2012, the National Cancer Research Journal "reports, served with french fries, fried starchy foods produce called acrylamide component, might be carcinogenic . Sweden scientists also confirmed, french fries, fried potato chips and other high temperature frying or baking of starchy foods containing acrylamide for example, would increase the risk of onset of various cancers Sweden scientists also confirmed, french fries, fried potato chips and other high temperature frying or baking of starchy foods containing acrylamide for example, would increase the risk of onset of various cancers .
7 according to data provided by States, the rich acrylamide of the food is mainly French fries, potato chips, popcorn, coffee, biscuits, bread, cake, fried chicken etc. In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 17 countries, the survey foundhuman intake of acrylamide, which is a major source of food is 16% ~ 30% of french fries, potato chips, and 6% ~ 46%, 13% ~ 39%, 10% ~ 20% of the biscuit, bread, 10% ~ 30%, less than 10% In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO) in 17 countries, the survey foundhuman intake of acrylamide, which is a major source of food is 16% ~ 30% of french fries, potato chips, and 6% ~ 46%, 13% ~ 39%, 10% ~ 20% of the biscuit, bread, 10% ~ 30%, less than 10% .
5 5.
Pan - Fry The Vegetables Cancer - Linked Roll
In August 2013, Hong Kong's Center for Food Safety released a study that asserts that, in the meat, vegetables, beans and wheat products involving 133 kinds of food were found in 47 per cent of the food sample contains some carcinogenic acrylamide, where the big surprise of the vegetables the acrylamide content of the exhaust and the second - largest snack food In August 2013, Hong Kong's Center for Food Safety released a study that asserts that, in the meat, vegetables, beans and wheat products involving 133 kinds of food were found in 47 per cent of the food sample contains some carcinogenic acrylamide, where the big surprise of the vegetables the acrylamide content of the exhaust and the second - largest snack food . the center also to 22 kinds of vegetables samples tested, the results show that the cooking time is longer, the higher the temperature, the release of acrylamide vegetables, frying and cooking for the edible oil added to the detection result of the expansion at the the center also to 22 kinds of vegetables samples tested, the results show that the cooking time is longer, the higher the temperature, the release of acrylamide vegetables, frying and cooking for the edible oil added to the detection result of the expansion at the .
indifference of vegetables,Zucchini high temperature heating after the release of acrylamide, would be the same as that of garlic, onion, followed by water spinach, peppers, eggplant, kale, towel gourd, parsley, mustard, lettuce, spinach, amaranth in frying after the release of acrylamide less indifference of vegetables,Zucchini high temperature heating after the release of acrylamide, would be the same as that of garlic, onion, followed by water spinach, peppers, eggplant, kale, towel gourd, parsley, mustard, lettuce, spinach, amaranth in frying after the release of acrylamide less .
Transportation Characteristics
Storage Precautions
Store in a cool, well - ventilated away from the fire and Store in a cool, well - ventilated away from the fire and ., , .
heat sealed packaging requirements, the non - contact with the air heat sealed packaging requirements, the non - contact with the air . with oxidants, acids, bases, food storage, avoid mixed storage with oxidants, acids, bases, food storage, avoid mixed storage .
or or . Jiucun unfavorable to mas storage equipped with appropriate fire - fighting equipment and the purchase quantity Jiucun unfavorable to mas storage equipped with appropriate fire - fighting equipment and the purchase quantity .
shall be prepared in storage area of the material suitable for accommodating leakage shall be prepared in storage area of the material suitable for accommodating leakage . 7 7.
Transport Precautions
railway transportation shall be strictly according to the Ministry of Railways of the Transportation of Hazardous Goods in the dangerous goods list railway transportation shall be strictly according to the Ministry of Railways of the Transportation of Hazardous Goods in the dangerous goods list . fitted prior to shipping to firstly check whether the package container is complete, the seal, during transport to ensure that the container does not leak, did not collapse, did not fall, no damage to fitted prior to shipping to firstly check whether the package container is complete, the seal, during transport to ensure that the container does not leak, did not collapse, did not fall, no damage to .
forbidden with acids, oxidizing agents, foods and food additives shall be transported in transit, forbidden with acids, oxidizing agents, foods and food additives shall be transported in transit, . the insolate, rain and temperature the insolate, rain and temperature .
