基本介紹
內容簡介
歷時三十餘載 匯聚數十位專家 具有里程碑意義
作者簡介
中華人民共和國國家地圖集
編纂委員會
主任委員 武衡
副主任委員(按姓氏筆畫為序)
王忍之 甘子玉 何 康 金祥文
張友漁 陳俊勇 黃秉維 曾世英
秘書長 馮孟華
副秘書長 張冰如
委 員(按姓氏筆畫為序)
萬遇賢 馬 安 王大鈞 方 俊
方 磊 尹 達 葉永毅 史念海
呂叔湘 朱則民 劉 岳 劉大年
許光建 孫鴻烈 李廷棟 李廷贊
李旭之 李海晨 楊 生 吳傳鈞
吳忠性 吳征鎰 閔布裘 沈玉昌
宋叔和 張文佑 陸漱芬 陳述彭
陳繼選 周立三 周起鳳 鄭作新
侯仁之 高 德 黃汲清 梁其荀
喻 滄 程純樞 傅懋勣 曾呈奎
廖 克 譚其驤 繆鴻基
圖書目錄
總圖例 General Legend
序圖 Introductory Maps
（一）民族 Nationalities
（二）人口 Population
（三）都市分布 Distribution of Urban Centers
（四）城市遺址與布局 Ruins of Cities and Their Layouts
（五）氣候 Climate
（六）自然災害 Natural Disasters
水旱災 Floods and Droughts
蝗 災 Locust Plague
地 震 Earthquakes
索引 Indexes
索引說明
民族圖組古地名索引
民族圖組民族名索引
人口圖組古地名索引
都市分布圖組古地名索引
城市遺址與布局圖組古地名索引
自然災害圖組古地名索引
文摘
總編例
一、本圖集以歷史時期的中國為編繪的空間範圍，即以18世紀50年代清朝完成統一之後，19世紀40年代西方列強侵入以前的中國歷史疆域為基準。歷史時期在此範圍記憶體在的政權和民族的活動，都應在本圖集中得到反映。但因受到資料和研究成果的限制，多數圖組無法畫出顯示各個歷史時期全中國的地圖，所以除疆域政區圖組外，其他圖組均根據實際可能和需要，確定其空間範圍。民族圖組中的跨境民族、交通圖組中的中外交通路線等也依據歷史實際予以表現，不受中國歷史疆域的限制。
二、本圖集總的時間範圍起自史前時期，止於1949年。但因各圖組所表示的內容不同，資料和研究成果各異，具體起訖時間不作統一規定。
三、本圖集的地圖和文字說明(含圖表)主要根據歷史文獻資料、古地圖、考古發掘報告和相關的研究成果。大多數圖幅由作者自行收集資料或運用自己的研究成果；一部分採用或參考了他人研究成果(含地圖)，已在有關圖組或圖幅作了說明。凡採用他人未公開發表的成果或資料，均已徵得本人同意。
四、本圖集各圖幅一般都作古今對照，即將需要顯示的歷史地理要素描繪在相應的今地理底圖上，以便讀者進行對照。但對照的詳略程度、所選地理要素的多寡，視圖幅的需要與可能而定，圖組之間和同一圖組的圖幅之間允許差別。
圖上所有古縣級以上（含縣級）居民點的標示方法一般是：①古今同點同名者，注古名，不注今名（不含首都、省會）；②古今同點不同名者，古今名均注；③古今同名不同點者，古今點均注名；④純屬古點者，標出該點附近之今縣、市，並注名。
五、古地理底圖以譚其驤主編、中國地圖出版社出版的《中國歷史地圖集》為基本資料。凡標準年代與《中國歷史地圖集》一致的圖幅，一般即根據該圖集的相應圖幅編繪；標準年代不一致的圖幅，由編者以該圖集年代相近的圖幅為基礎修改編定。對該圖集中的錯漏，或編者與之有不同意見者，由編者改定。某些該圖集不能提供的古底圖，由編者另編。
六、本圖集初步設定20個圖組，共約1300餘幅地圖，分為三冊。由於各圖組完成時間不一，為爭取早日出版，同時考慮到各圖組具有相對的獨立性，故基本上按圖組完成的先後分冊，但在同一冊中兼顧內容的次序。
七、各圖組內的排列次序為前言、編例、地圖。前言用以說明本圖組所要表達的基本內容及其在中國歷史和歷史地理中的作用、地位，主要資料來源和顯示方法，編繪過程和其他需要說明的問題等。編例則用以列舉除圖集總編例外本圖組的專用編繪原則和表示方法。
八、各圖組的圖幅排列一般以年代先後為序。個別圖幅由於編排技術上的需要，對年代順序稍作調整。同一圖組中如有不同類別或不同區域的，則先分類別或區域，在同一類別或區域內一般仍按年代先後排列。類別的排列按有關學科的慣例，區域的排列按當時的習慣，或按今行政區劃的排列次序。
九、各圖幅的記時，凡能確定其具體年代者，或標出其王朝紀年，用括弧注出相應的公元紀年；或只標出公元紀年，不標王朝紀年。有些反映整個王朝時期的圖幅，則只標王朝時期，不標公元紀年，如“春秋時期”、“戰國時期”、“秦時期”、“西漢時期”等等。本圖集涉及到的主要王朝時期與相應的公元紀年列簡表如後：
十、因分支學科較多，本圖集地圖類型也較多。有些圖分為總圖和分幅圖：總圖用以表示各圖組某一類型或區域的總體內容；分幅圖用以表示總圖分地區的詳細內容。有些圖分為主圖、擴大圖、位置圖和附圖：凡主圖上局部區域要素過密，原有比例尺無法顯示者，用較大比例尺作局部擴大圖；凡難以顯示主圖地理位置或讀者不易了解其確切位置的，另作位置圖以為索引；如有地理要素或歷史遺存無法在主圖中得到顯示者，另作附圖。城市遺址與布局圖組中，還有用以表示歷代城址變遷的城址演變圖。
十一、由於各圖組、各圖幅所顯示的內容詳略懸殊，地區範圍不同，無法採用統一的比例尺，各圖比例尺的大小由各圖組視具體情況而定。
十二、總圖例只說明古今地理底圖上的內容，至於圖上的古專題內容的圖例則附於各幅圖上。
十三、各圖幅內容主要靠圖面配以圖例表示，凡依據圖例已可表達清楚的，即不再加文字說明。但有些圖上無法顯示的重要信息，以及為幫助讀者閱圖所必須的說明，則在圖幅所在頁或圖組適當位置，附以簡要的文字或表格。
十四、本圖集第一冊今地理底圖政區資料截止於2010年。
GENERAL COMPILING PRINCIPLES
1. This Atlas has taken China in a historical period to be the space scope of editorial and mapping working, that is to say, taking the historical territory of China after the fulfillment of unification by Qing dynasty in the 1750s and before the invasion by the Western powers in the 1840s, as the basic standard. All activities of the political powers and the nationalities that existed in this scope and during this historical period should be reflected in this Atlas. However, owing to the limitation of the available data and research results, in most of the map-groups, it is impossible to draw the maps that display the whole of China at every stage of history. Therefore, with the exception of the map-group of the territory and administritive regions, the space scope of all other map-groups have been depicted according to what is practically possible and needed. The cross-border nationalities in the nationalities map-group, the communication routes between China and foreign countries in the communication map-group, are also presented on the basis of historical realities, and are not restricted to the historical territory of China.
2. The general time span of this Atlas begins with the prehistorical eras and ends at 1949. However, in view of the differences of information conveyed by different map-groups and the variety of their data sources and research results, no unified rule has been established for the concrete time of beginning and ending in each specific case.
3. The information provided by the maps and the texts (including tables ) is based on written historical records, ancient maps, reports on archaeological findings and related research results. Most maps were designed according to the data collected by the compilers themselves or the results of his own research and partly those of other people’ s research (including their maps), with explicit explanations to this effect in the group or maps in question. Other people’ s unpublished data or research results are used always with their own consent.
4. Generally, maps are presented in this Atlas with double reference to the past and the present on a comparative basis. This means that the historical geographical elements to be displayed are drawn upon a corresponding contemporary geographical base map, so that the reader can make a comparison. However, the degree of minuteness of this double reference and the number of geographical elements chosen for comparison depend on what is needed and possible. Differences are allowed between map-groups and maps of the same group.
All the ancient populated sites at county level and above (including the county) are generally marked in the maps in the following way:
(A) Those having the same location and the same name both in the past and at present are marked with their ancient names only, without repeating the same names they are used now (excluding the national and provincial capitals).
(B) Those having the same location both in the past and at present but whose ancient name differs from the present one are marked with both names.
(C) Those representing in the past a different location from the present one with the same name should have this identical name put at both the ancient and the present locations.
(D) Those having ancient names only are marked with the names of the present-day counties or municipalities where they are closed to, together with their ancient names.
5. The base historical maps are based upon the Historical Atlas of China published by the Cartographic Publishing House of China and with Tan Qixiang as its editor-in-chief. Wherever the standard year referred to in our Atlas coincides with its counterpart in the chief source, maps were made usually in keeping with the corresponding ones contained therein. Wherever the standard year turns out to be another one, maps were made in accordance with maps the compiler found to be close to the year he had in mind, plus some updating as was necessary. Wherever oversights or omissions were found in the old Historical Atlas or any view different from it was held by the compiler, it was up to the latter to redress what was wrong and to add what was missing. Base historical maps unavailable with the Historical Atlas of China as the chief source were made from scratch.
6. As tentatively planned, this Atlas consists of 20 map-groups and contains over 1,300 maps in three volumes. In view of the fact that the different groups were not finished all at the same time but it was necessary to bring our work to public view as soon as possible, and, furthermore, taking into account the relatively independent nature of the contents of each group, the three volumes were made and published one after another basically in the sequence of the dates of finishing of the different groups, giving due consideration, nevertheless, to the logical sequence of contents inside each group.
7. The sequence of contents inside each map-group is as follows: introduction; compiling principles; maps. The introduction explains what basic information is to be conveyed in the given group of maps, the role and significance of the elements dealt with herein in China’ s history and historical geography, the main sources of such information and the ways for their display, the process of mapmaking and some explanations，if any. The compiling principles refer to those specific ones governing the compilation of the given group other than the more general ones governing the entire Atlas as a whole.
8. The sequence of maps inside each group is basically chronological, except for a few maps where small adjustments were made to meet special requirement in layout technique. Whenever different categories or regions are dealt with inside the same group, the sequence is at first by categories and regions and only turns into essentially chronological under each category or region. The different categories are arranged in a sequence in accordance with what is convention for the relevant disciplines, and the different regions in accordance whether with what was customary at the given stage of history or with the present-day sequence of the administrative regions.
9. Whenever the exact year can be identified, the year number in terms of the reign of the sitting monarch is indicated, accompanied by the year number of the Christian era between brackets, or only the latter is indicated, omitting the former. On some maps dealing with the entire period of a dynasty, only this period is indicated, without specifying any year numbers of the Christian era, as is the case with the “Spring and Autumn Period”, the “Period of the Warring States”, the “Period of the Qin Dynasty” and the “Period of the Western Han Dynasty”, etc. The major dynasty periods and their respective years of Christian era are as follows：
10. The great variety of sub-disciplines determines the variety of map types in this Atlas. Some of the maps are divided into general maps and fragments, the former dealing with the overall contents of a given category or region of a given group and the latter providing detailed information about given smaller segments of the area covered by the general map. Other maps are divided into main maps, insets devoted to enlarged segments or for depicting the location of the map area within a larger one, as well as supplementary maps. If, with the general map to scale, the excessive density of elements crowded in a particular segment of the general area makes it impossible to name them, an inset depicting this segment on a larger scale is added. When the location of the area that the general map is devoted to is hard to display or when it can be hard for the reader to find it out, another inset is added depicting its location. Geographical elements or historical vestiges impossible of display on the general map are shown on supplementary maps. Maps indicating evolutions of city sites of the past dynasties are also added in the map-group of sites of lost cities and their layouts.
11. The diversity between the different groups and maps in terms of minuteness of information and magnitude of land involved, a unified scale is impossible, each map being made on the scale most suitable to its specific conditions.
12. The general legend deals only with the information provided by the base historical and present-day maps, whereas those legends related to specialized disciplines pertaining to the ancient times are placed on the relative maps.
13. The information provided by each map is conveyed essentially by means of the visual graphic of the map as well as the legend. Any information that can be made clear by the legend is given without any more text explanation. Some important information impossible of conveying by means of the legend only or in need of further explanation for the reader to understand is given in succinct texts or tables on the same map or somewhere else inside the group.
14The contemporary base maps in the first volume of this Atlas indicate the information about administrative regions up to 2010.
序言
總序
編纂國家地圖集是一九五六年周恩來總理親自主持制定的十二年國家科學發展規劃的國家重點科研項目之一。一九五八年開始編纂工作，預定分普通、自然、歷史和經濟地圖集四卷。其中《中華人民共和國自然地圖集》於一九六五年出版；由於十年動亂，普通地圖集只完成了省區圖部分，遂以《中華人民共和國分省地圖》於一九六九年出版；其他卷的編纂工作被迫停頓。
一九八○年十二月五屆政協常務委員會第十四次會議，通過了由十七位政協委員提出的“國家地圖集應列入國家規劃，繼續編纂和公開出版”的提案。翌年五月，國務院批准了國家科委、國家測繪總局、中國科學院和中國社會科學院《關於繼續編纂出版國家地圖集的請示報告》。擬定分國家普通地圖集、國家自然地圖集、國家歷史地圖集、國家農業地圖集和國家經濟地圖集五卷編纂出版。
國家地圖集具有百科全書性質，是大型的、綜合性的國家級科學參考地圖集。它充分運用我國長期積累的歷史資料和科學研究成果，通過形象的、清晰的地圖表達形式，全面地、系統地、直觀地反映我國自然地理、社會歷史和經濟文化狀況等基本國情，是國家進行總體規劃、開發資源、改造自然和部署工農業生產的重要科學參考資料。編纂國家地圖集是經濟規劃和地學研究的一項基礎工作，反映著我國科學技術的發展水平，同時，也是進行愛國主義教育，增進各國人民對中國的了解，建設社會主義高度物質文明和精神文明的需要。
中華民族有著五千年悠久的文明史。我國歷史盛世時期曾多次編纂出版大型輿地圖集。中華人民共和國經歷了四十年的光輝歷程，我們更具充分條件來編纂出版國家地圖集。這一套國家地圖集綜合了多學科的研究成果，凝結了眾多科學家和技術人員的智慧。但由於部門及各學科之間發展的不平衡和編者水平所限，圖集內容疏漏之處，請讀者指正。
中華人民共和國國家地圖集編纂委員會
一九八八年十一月五日
GENERAL PREFACE
The compilation of the National Atlases is one of the key national scientific research projects of the State Twelve year Plan of Development of Sciences worked out in 1956 under the direct leadership of Premier Zhou Enlai. The compiling work started in 1958, in accordance with a preliminary plan for four Atlases, namely the general，physiographical，historical and economic. One of which，the Physiographical Atlas of the People’ s Republic of China, was published in 1965, whereas most of the work process for the other volumes was brought to a halt owing to the ten years of turmoil of the Cultural Revolution, except for the publication in 1969 of an Atlas of the Provinces and Regions of the People’ s Republic of China, as part of the unfinished overall project for a general national atlas.
In December 1980, the 14th conference of the Permanent Committee of the Fifth Chinese People’ s Political Consultative Conference adopted a proposal put forward by seventeen of its members to the effect that “the work of compiling the National Atlases should be brought into line with the State plans and carried on as before so that these Atlases may be available to the general public”. In May the following year, the State Council approved a “Request for Instructions Concerning the Continuation of the Work of Compiling and Publishing National Atlases”, jointly submitted by the State Science and Technology Commission, the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and decided that five different National Atlases be compiled and published, namely general, physical, historical, agricultural and economic .
The National Atlases are of an encyclopedic nature and serve as scientific reference tools of nationwide significance, published in large volumes and encompassing a wide range of information. Making full use of the wealth of historical data accumulated over long periods of Chinese history and the achievements scored in China’ s scientific research work and offering information by means of graphic images and distinct maps, they are intended to provide in a comprehensive, systematic and visual way different kinds of basic data concerning the Nation’ s realities such as its physiographical conditions，the history of its society and its economic and cultural conditions. They contain important scientific information to be taken into account by the State in making overall planning, exploiting the Nation’ s natural resources, transforming nature and drawing up projects for industrial and agricultural production. Their compilation constitutes a groundwork of economic planning and geo-sciences and is a mirror of the level attained by the country’ s science and technology in their development. At the same time, they are needed to educate the people in a patriotic spirit, enhance the understanding of China by other peoples and build socialism with advanced material and spiritual civilizations.
The Chinese Nation has a long-standing civilization of five thousand years. On a good many occasions in China’ s history, when prosperity prevailed in the country, large volumes of maps were compiled and printed. Since the People’ s Republic of China has up to now a glorious history of forty years, we are all the more in a position to compile the new National Atlases. This set of National Atlases is a summary of the achievements obtained in various fields of academic research and the crystallization of the wisdom of a great number of scientists and technicians. As to the oversights and omissions that may occur owing to the unequal level of development in different fields of academic research as well as to the limitations of the editors’ capacity, we are looking forward to receiving criticisms from our readers.
The Compiling Commission of National Atlases of
the People’ s Republic of China
November 5,1988
名人推薦
《中華人民共和國國家歷史地圖集》顯示了目前我們所能達到的比較高的學術水平。這部圖集的編纂，凝聚了幾代學者們的治學心力，體現了幾代學者們的團隊精神。出版這部圖集的學術價值和科學意義，首先在於它是傳承，傳承了我們民族尊重歷史的優良傳統，傳承了老一輩學者的治學風範和研究成就。其次它不但是積累，更重要的是創新。每一個圖組的設計和內容的選取，每一幅地圖的繪製，都是編繪者不斷吸納最新的資料，多年潛心治學的研究成果；城市遺址與布局圖組更是考古發掘和田野調查的親歷者所繪製。所以，《中華人民共和國國家歷史地圖集》里絕大多數地圖的面孔是世人沒有見到過的，有比較高的原創性和權威性，反映20世紀80年代以來中國歷史地理學、歷史學和考古學及其相關學科的最新研究成果，基本上為國內外學界所認可。這部圖集的科學意義還在於它是建設中國優秀文化傳承體系中的一個部分，為更深入的持續性研究奠定了基礎，是進行科學研究和科學決策的參考資料。
李孝聰 北京大學中國古代史研究中心教授
歷史地圖的編繪是一門嚴格需要實證研究的學問和工作，《中華人民共和國國家歷史地圖集》各種地理要素的表現，都要有歷史文獻記載或文物考古遺址遺物作為依據。中國歷史地圖的製作有悠久的歷史，歷史地理學的學術遺產十分豐富。但它們和我們今天所要求的用現代科學技術來正確定位、定點、定線，正確反映各種地理要素髮展變化，而且古今對照的歷史地圖，畢竟有很大的差距和差別。這就需要我們在工作中既要充分占有歷史資料，重視前人的學術成果，又能以科學創新的精神，對前人的學術遺產加以考訂，進行必要的補充和修正。無論是山川、疆域、政區和都邑，古今對照都要付出艱辛的勞動。參加《圖集》編繪工作的同志，都有一個共同的認識，就是要對歷史負責。
林甘泉 中國社會科學院學部委員、歷史研究所研究員
《中華人民共和國國家歷史地圖集》最大特色是其內容的廣泛性、豐富性、完整性、全面性和系統性。它幾乎涵蓋了當今歷史地理學科所有分支學科，能從浩如煙海的歷史文獻中挖掘出如此齊全的各種地理元素，真是難能可貴！對於許多新開拓的學術領域，能將史料直接轉換為繪圖元素，通過平面地圖的形式表現出來，真是一大創舉。所以說這本圖集實質上是一部具有開創意義的重要學術著作。
《中華人民共和國國家歷史地圖集》另一特色就是它充分反映了我們當代最新的歷史地理知識，匯集了當代最高學術水平和繪圖的科學技術水平。改革開放以後，歷史地理學如雨後春筍般地成長起來，其學術成果得到空前的大發展，許多過去空白領域，而今得到了填補。這些科研成果絕大部分在這本圖集中得到了淋漓盡致的表現，使得本圖集容光煥發，光彩奪目！
中國社會科學院學部委員 張海鵬
中國社會科學院歷史研究所研究員 杜瑜
北京大學歷史系教授 辛德勇
