簡介
國際捕鯨委員會是根據《國際捕鯨公約》在華盛頓成立的國際捕鯨管制機構，其宗旨和任務是：調查鯨的數量；制定捕撈和保護太平洋鯨藏量的措施如確定鯨的保護品種和非保護品種、開放期和禁捕期、開放水域和禁捕水域、捕撈時間和工具等；對捕鯨業進行嚴格的國際監督。國際捕鯨委員會的總部設於英國劍橋，其會長與副會長的任期為3年，委員會年會通常於每年5、6月間召開。
發展歷史
際捕鯨委員會1972年聯合國人類環境大會作出決議，呼籲禁止10年商業捕鯨。國際捕鯨委員會1983年規定全面禁止商業捕鯨行為。
1986年《禁止捕鯨公約》生效，每年被捕殺的鯨魚數量從2.2萬頭下降到2700頭。此外，國際捕鯨委員會分別於1979年和1994年建立了印度洋鯨類保護區和南大洋鯨類保護區。自頒布商業捕鯨禁令20年來，美、英、法、德、澳等大多數國家始終反對捕鯨。但由於《國際捕鯨公約》的第8條規定，任何國家可以根據科學目的擊殺或者捕撈鯨，並應充分利用鯨的身體各部分。這給日本等國提供了捕鯨的合法理由。
國際捕鯨委員會1946年12月2日根據《國際捕鯨公約》在華盛頓成立，其宗旨和任務是：調查鯨的數量；制定捕撈和保護太平洋鯨藏量的措施如確定鯨的保護品種和非保護品種、開放期和禁捕期、開放水域和禁捕水域、捕撈時間和工具等；對捕鯨業進行嚴格的國際監督。國際捕鯨委員會1986年通過了《全球禁止捕鯨公約》，嚴格禁止商業捕鯨。
2004年7月17日國際捕鯨委員會57國代表於義大利索論托舉行4天會議，會議通過決議，不提前恢復商業捕鯨。
2006年，該委員會大會通過了一項支持恢復商業捕鯨的議案，但由於推翻1986年的商業捕鯨禁令需要得到委員會75%以上成員的支持，因此商業捕鯨禁令目前依然有效。
目的
捕鯨1972年開始限制獵捕種類，但仍受到自然保護潮流的強烈批評。在歐美各國，委員會成員國逐漸從代表行業轉為代表輿論，捕鯨面臨停止狀態。1977年以後各捕鯨國處於孤立地位。
1982年委員會作出了暫時停止捕鯨的決議，本委員會的性質、宗旨也發生重大變化。停止捕鯨，對保護鯨類、維持地球生態平衡無疑具有重要意義。
加入資格
任何願意遵守國際捕鯨管制公約的國家均可加入國際捕鯨委員會。每個會員國由一位委員出任代表，他可獲得數位專家及顧問的協助。
主要職責
國際捕鯨委員會除此之外，國際捕鯨委員會也鼓勵並參與有關鯨魚之研究，發表研究鯨魚的科學論文，提倡以更人道的方式進行宰殺鯨魚的工作。
商業捕鯨
國際捕鯨委員會2012年7月8日，國際捕鯨委員會發表報告，指責韓國是世界上非法捕鯨最多的國家。
日本擬退出
據日本共同社報導，日本政府相關人士2018年12月20日透露，日本政府基本決定退出國際捕鯨委員會(IWC)，以重啟商業捕鯨，最快將於下周表明退出方針。國際捕鯨公約
原文
INTERNATIONALCONVENTIONFORTHEREGULATIONOFWHALING
WASHINGTON,2NDDECEMBER,1946
TheGovernmentswhosedulyauthorisedrepresentativeshavesubscribedhereto,
Recognizingtheinterestofthenationsoftheworldinsafeguardingforfuturegenerationsthegreatnaturalresourcesrepresentedbythewhalestocks;
Consideringthatthehistoryofwhalinghasseenover-fishingofoneareaafteranotherandofonespeciesofwhaleafteranothertosuchadegreethatitisessentialtoprotectallspeciesofwhalesfromfurtherover-fishing;
Recognizingthatthewhalestocksaresusceptibleofnaturalincreasesifwhalingisproperlyregulated,andthatincreasesinthesizeofwhalestockswillpermitincreasesinthenumberofwhaleswhichmaybecapturedwithoutendangeringthesenaturalresources;
Recognizingthatitisinthecommoninteresttoachievetheoptimumlevelofwhalestocksasrapidlyaspossiblewithoutcausingwidespreadeconomicandnutritionaldistress;
Recognizingthatinthecourseofachievingtheseobjectives,whalingoperationsshouldbeconfinedtothosespeciesbestabletosustainexploitationinordertogiveanintervalforrecoverytocertainspeciesofwhalesnowdepletedinnumbers;
DesiringtoestablishasystemofinternationalregulationforthewhalefisheriestoensureproperandeffectiveconservationanddevelopmentofwhalestocksonthebasisoftheprinciplesembodiedintheprovisionsoftheInternationalAgreementfortheRegulationofWhaling,signedinLondonon8thJune,1937,andtheprotocolstothatAgreementsignedinLondonon24thJune,1938,and26thNovember,1945;and
Havingdecidedtoconcludeaconventiontoprovidefortheproperconservationofwhalestocksandthusmakepossibletheorderlydevelopmentofthewhalingindustry;
Haveagreedasfollows:-
ArticleI
ThisConventionincludestheScheduleattachedtheretowhichformsanintegralpartthereof.Allreferencesto"Convention"shallbeunderstoodasincludingthesaidScheduleeitherinitspresenttermsorasamendedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofArticleV.
ThisConventionappliestofactoryships,landstations,andwhalecatchersunderthejurisdictionoftheContractingGovernmentsandtoallwatersinwhichwhalingisprosecutedbysuchfactoryships,landstations,andwhalecatchers.
ArticleII
AsusedinthisConvention:-
"Factoryship"meansashipinwhichoronwhichwhalesaretreatedeitherwhollyorinpart;
"Landstation"meansafactoryonthelandatwhichwhalesaretreatedwhetherwhollyorinpart;
"Whalecatcher"meansashipusedforthepurposeofhunting,taking,towing,holdingonto,orscoutingforwhales;
"ContractingGovernment"meansanyGovernmentwhichhasdepositedaninstrumentofratificationorhasgivennoticeofadherencetothisConvention.
ArticleIII
TheContractingGovernmentsagreetoestablishanInternationalWhalingCommission,hereinafterreferredtoastheCommission,tobecomposedofonememberfromeachContractingGovernment.Eachmembershallhaveonevoteandmaybeaccompaniedbyoneormoreexpertsandadvisers.
TheCommissionshallelectfromitsownmembersaChairmanandVice-ChairmanandshalldetermineitsownRulesofProcedure.DecisionsoftheCommissionshallbetakenbyasimplemajorityofthosemembersvotingexceptthatathree-fourthsmajorityofthosemembersvotingshallberequiredforactioninpursuanceofArticleV.TheRulesofProceduremayprovidefordecisionsotherwisethanatmeetingsoftheCommission.
TheCommissionmayappointitsownSecretaryandstaff.
TheCommissionmaysetup,fromamongitsownmembersandexpertsoradvisers,suchcommitteesasitconsidersdesirabletoperformsuchfunctionsasitmayauthorize.
TheexpensesofeachmemberoftheCommissionandofhisexpertsandadvisersshallbedeterminedbyhisownGovernment.
RecognizingthatspecializedagenciesrelatedtotheUnitedNationswillbeconcernedwiththeconservationanddevelopmentofwhalefisheriesandtheproductsarisingtherefromanddesiringtoavoidduplicationoffunctions,theContractingGovernmentswillconsultamongthemselveswithintwoyearsafterthecomingintoforceofthisConventiontodecidewhethertheCommissionshallbebroughtwithintheframeworkofaspecializedagencyrelatedtotheUnitedNations.
InthemeantimetheGovernmentoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandshallarrange,inconsultationwiththeotherContractingGovernments,toconvenethefirstmeetingoftheCommission,andshallinitiatetheconsultationreferredtoinparagraph6above.
SubsequentmeetingsoftheCommissionshallbeconvenedastheCommissionmaydetermine.
ArticleIV
TheCommissionmayeitherincollaborationwithorthroughindependentagenciesoftheContractingGovernmentsorotherpublicorprivateagencies,establishments,ororganizations,orindependently;(a)encourage,recommend,orifnecessary,organizestudiesandinvestigationsrelatingtowhalesandwhaling;(b)collectandanalyzestatisticalinformationconcerningthecurrentconditionandtrendofthewhalestocksandtheeffectsofwhalingactivitiesthereon;(c)study,appraise,anddisseminateinformationconcerningmethodsofmaintainingandincreasingthepopulationsofwhalestocks.
TheCommissionshallarrangeforthepublicationofreportsofitsactivities,anditmaypublishindependentlyorincollaborationwiththeInternationalBureauforWhalingStatisticsatSandefjordinNorwayandotherorganizationsandagenciessuchreportsasitdeemsappropriate,aswellasstatistical,scientific,andotherpertinentinformationrelatingtowhalesandwhaling.
ArticleV
TheCommissionmayamendfromtimetotimetheprovisionsoftheSchedulebyadoptingregulationswithrespecttotheconservationandutilizationofwhaleresources,fixing(a)protectedandunprotectedspecies;(b)openandclosedseasons;(c)openandclosedwaters,includingthedesignationofsanctuaryareas;(d)sizelimitsforeachspecies;(e)time,methods,andintensityofwhaling(includingthemaximumcatchofwhalestobetakeninanyoneseason);(f)typesandspecificationsofgearandapparatusandapplianceswhichmaybeused;(g)methodsofmeasurement;and(h)catchreturnsandotherstatisticalandbiologicalrecords.
TheseamendmentsoftheSchedule(a)shallbesuchasarenecessarytocarryouttheobjectivesandpurposesofthisConventionandtoprovidefortheconservation,development,andoptimumutilizationofthewhaleresources;(b)shallbebasedonscientificfindings;(c)shallnotinvolverestrictionsonthenumberornationalityoffactoryshipsorlandstations,norallocatespecificquotastoanyfactoryshiporlandstationortoanygroupoffactoryshipsorlandstations;and(d)shalltakeintoconsiderationtheinterestsoftheconsumersofwhaleproductsandthewhalingindustry.
EachofsuchamendmentsshallbecomeeffectivewithrespecttotheContractingGovernmentsninetydaysfollowingnotificationoftheamendmentbytheCommissiontoeachoftheContractingGovernments,exceptthat(a)ifanyGovernmentpresentstotheCommissionobjectiontoanyamendmentpriortotheexpirationofthisninety-dayperiod,theamendmentshallnotbecomeeffectivewithrespecttoanyoftheGovernmentsforanadditionalninetydays;(b)thereupon,anyotherContractingGovernmentmaypresentobjectiontotheamendmentatanytimepriortotheexpirationoftheadditionalninety-dayperiod,orbeforetheexpirationofthirtydaysfromthedateofreceiptofthelastobjectionreceivedduringsuchadditionalninety-dayperiod,whicheverdateshallbethelater;and(c)thereafter,theamendmentshallbecomeeffectivewithrespecttoallContractingGovernmentswhichhavenotpresentedobjectionbutshallnotbecomeeffectivewithrespecttoanyGovernmentwhichhassoobjecteduntilsuchdateastheobjectioniswithdrawn.TheCommissionshallnotifyeachContractingGovernmentimmediatelyuponreceiptofeachobjectionandwithdrawalandeachContractingGovernmentshallacknowledgereceiptofallnotificationsofamendments,objections,andwithdrawals.
Noamendmentsshallbecomeeffectivebefore1stJuly,1949.
ArticleVI
TheCommissionmayfromtimetotimemakerecommendationstoanyorallContractingGovernmentsonanymatterswhichrelatetowhalesorwhalingandtotheobjectivesandpurposesofthisConvention.
ArticleVII
TheContractingGovernmentshallensureprompttransmissiontotheInternationalBureauforWhalingStatisticsatSandefjordinNorway,ortosuchotherbodyastheCommissionmaydesignate,ofnotificationsandstatisticalandotherinformationrequiredbythisConventioninsuchformandmannerasmaybeprescribedbytheCommission.
ArticleVIII
NotwithstandinganythingcontainedinthisConventionanyContractingGovernmentmaygranttoanyofitsnationalsaspecialpermitauthorizingthatnationaltokill,takeandtreatwhalesforpurposesofscientificresearchsubjecttosuchrestrictionsastonumberandsubjecttosuchotherconditionsastheContractingGovernmentthinksfit,andthekilling,taking,andtreatingofwhalesinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthisArticleshallbeexemptfromtheoperationofthisConvention.EachContractingGovernmentshallreportatoncetotheCommissionallsuchauthorizationswhichithasgranted.EachContractingGovernmentmayatanytimerevokeanysuchspecialpermitwhichithasgranted.
AnywhalestakenunderthesespecialpermitsshallsofaraspracticablebeprocessedandtheproceedsshallbedealtwithinaccordancewithdirectionsissuedbytheGovernmentbywhichthepermitwasgranted.
EachContractingGovernmentshalltransmittosuchbodyasmaybedesignatedbytheCommission,insofaraspracticable,andatintervalsofnotmorethanoneyear,scientificinformationavailabletothatGovernmentwithrespecttowhalesandwhaling,includingtheresultsofresearchconductedpursuanttoparagraph1ofthisArticleandtoArticleIV.
Recognizingthatcontinuouscollectionandanalysisofbiologicaldatainconnectionwiththeoperationsoffactoryshipsandlandstationsareindispensabletosoundandconstructivemanagementofthewhalefisheries,theContractingGovernmentswilltakeallpracticablemeasurestoobtainsuchdata.
ArticleIX
EachContractingGovernmentshalltakeappropriatemeasurestoensuretheapplicationoftheprovisionsofthisConventionandthepunishmentofinfractionsagainstthesaidprovisionsinoperationscarriedoutbypersonsorbyvesselsunderitsjurisdiction.
NobonusorotherremunerationcalculatedwithrelationtotheresultsoftheirworkshallbepaidtothegunnersandcrewsofwhalecatchersinrespectofanywhalesthetakingofwhichisforbiddenbythisConvention.
ProsecutionforinfractionsagainstorcontraventionsofthisConventionshallbeinstitutedbytheGovernmenthavingjurisdictionovertheoffence.
EachContractingGovernmentshalltransmittotheCommissionfulldetailsofeachinfractionoftheprovisionsofthisConventionbypersonsorvesselsunderthejurisdictionofthatGovernmentasreportedbyitsinspectors.Thisinformationshallincludeastatementofmeasurestakenfordealingwiththeinfractionandofpenaltiesimposed.
ArticleX
ThisConventionshallberatifiedandtheinstrumentsofratificationsshallbedepositedwiththeGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
AnyGovernmentwhichhasnotsignedthisConventionmayadheretheretoafteritentersintoforcebyanotificationinwritingtotheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.
TheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericashallinformallothersignatoryGovernmentsandalladheringGovernmentsofallratificationsdepositedandadherencesreceived.
ThisConventionshall,wheninstrumentsofratificationhavebeendepositedbyatleastsixsignatoryGovernments,whichshallincludetheGovernmentsoftheNetherlands,Norway,theUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland,andtheUnitedStatesofAmerica,enterintoforcewithrespecttothoseGovernmentsandshallenterintoforcewithrespecttoeachGovernmentwhichsubsequentlyratifiesoradheresonthedateofthedepositofitsinstrumentofratificationorthereceiptofitsnotificationofadherence.
TheprovisionsoftheScheduleshallnotapplypriorto1stJuly,1948.AmendmentstotheScheduleadoptedpursuanttoArticleVshallnotapplypriorto1stJuly,1949.
ArticleXI
AnyContractingGovernmentmaywithdrawfromthisConventionon30thJune,ofanyyearbygivingnoticeonorbefore1stJanuary,ofthesameyeartothedepositoryGovernment,whichuponreceiptofsuchanoticeshallatoncecommunicateittotheotherContractingGovernments.AnyotherContractingGovernmentmay,inlikemanner,withinonemonthofthereceiptofacopyofsuchanoticefromthedepositoryGovernmentgivenoticeofwithdrawal,sothattheConventionshallceasetobeinforceon30thJune,ofthesameyearwithrespecttotheGovernmentgivingsuchnoticeofwithdrawal.
TheConventionshallbearthedateonwhichitisopenedforsignatureandshallremainopenforsignatureforaperiodoffourteendaysthereafter.
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Inwitnesswhereoftheundersigned,beingdulyauthorized,havesignedthisConvention.
DoneinWashingtonthisseconddayofDecember,1946,intheEnglishlanguage,theoriginalofwhichshallbedepositedinthearchivesoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericashalltransmitcertifiedcopiesthereoftoalltheothersignatoryandadheringGovernments.
SIGNATORIES:
FORARGENTINA:OscarIvanissevich,JoséManuelMoneta,GuillermoBrown,PedroH.BrunoVidela
FORAUSTRALIA:FrancisF.Anderson
FORBRAZIL:PauloFróesdaCruz
FORCANADA:H.H.Wrong,H.A.Scott
FORCHILE:AugustínR.Edwards
FORDENMARK:PeterFriedrichErichsen
FORFRANCE:FrancisLacoste
FORTHENETHERLANDS:D.J.vanDijk
FORNEWZEALAND:GuyRichardsonPowles
FORNORWAY:BirgerBergersen
FORPERU:CarlosRotalde
FORTHEUNIONOFSOVIETSOCIALISTREPUBLICS:AlexanderS.Bogdanov,EugineI.Nikishin
FORTHEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELAND:A.T.A.Dobson,J.Thomson
FORTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA:RemingtonKellogg,IraN.Gabrielson,WilliamE.S.Flory
FORTHEUNIONOFSOUTHAFRICA:H.T.Andrews
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THEPROTOCOL
WASHINGTON,19THNOVEMBER1956
ProtocoltotheInternationalConventionfortheRegulationofWhalingSignedatWashingtonunderdateofDecember2,1946
TheContractingGovernmentstotheInternationalConventionfortheRegulationofWhalingsignedatWashingtonunderdateof2ndDecember,1946whichConventionishereinafterreferredtoasthe1946WhalingConvention,desiringtoextendtheapplicationofthatConventiontohelicoptersandotheraircraftandtoincludeprovisionsonmethodsofinspectionamongthoseScheduleprovisionswhichmaybeamendedbytheCommission,agreeasfollows:
ArticleI
Subparagraph3oftheArticleIIofthe1946WhalingConventionshallbeamendedtoreadasfollows:
"3.‘whalecatcher’meansahelicopter,orotheraircraft,oraship,usedforthepurposeofhunting,taking,killing,towing,holdingonto,orscoutingforwhales."
ArticleII
Paragraph1ofArticleVofthe1946WhalingConventionshallbeamendedbydeletingtheword"and"precedingclause(h),substitutingasemicolonfortheperiodattheendoftheparagraph,andaddingthefollowinglanguage:"and(i)methodsofinspection".
ArticleIII
ThisProtocolshallbeopenforsignatureandratificationorforadherenceonbehalfofanyContractingGovernmenttothe1946WhalingConvention.
ThisProtocolshallenterintoforceonthedateuponwhichinstrumentsofratificationhavebeendepositedwith,orwrittennotificationsofadherencehavebeenreceivedby,theGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericaonbehalfofalltheContractingGovernmentstothe1946WhalingConvention.
TheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericashallinformallGovernmentssignatoryoradheringtothe1946WhalingConventionofallratificationsdepositedandadherencesreceived.
ThisProtocolshallbearthedateonwhichitisopenedforsignatureandshallremainopenforsignatureforaperiodoffourteendaysthereafter,followingwhichperioditshallbeopenforadherence.
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INWITNESSWHEREOFtheundersigned,beingdulyauthorized,havesignedthisProtocol.
DONEinWashingtonthisnineteenthdayofNovember,1956,intheEnglishLanguage,theoriginalofwhichshallbedepositedinthearchivesoftheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheGovernmentoftheUnitedStatesofAmericashalltransmitcertifiedcopiesthereoftoallGovernmentssignatoryoradheringtothe1946WhalingConvention.
SIGNATORIES:
FORCHILE:AugustínR.Edwards
FORPERU:CarlosRotalde
FORARGENTINA:OscarIvanissevich,JoséManuelMoneta,GuillermoBrown,PedroH.BrunoVidela
FORDENMARK:PeterFriedrichErichsen
FORTHEUNIONOFSOVIETSOCIALISTREPUBLICS:AlexanderS.Bogdanov,EugineI.Nikishin
FORAUSTRALIA:FrancisF.Anderson
FORFRANCE:FrancisLacoste
FORTHEUNITEDKINGDOMOFGREATBRITAINANDNORTHERNIRELAND:A.T.A.Dobson,J.Thomson
FORBRAZIL:PauloFróesdaCruz
FORTHENETHERLANDS:GuyRichardsonPowles
FORTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA:RemingtonKellogg,IraN.Gabrielson,WilliamE.S.Flory
FORCANADA:H.H.Wrong,H.A.Scott
FORNEWZEALAND:BirgerBergersen
FORTHEUNIONOFSOUTHAFRICA:H.T.Andrews
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