Phenakistoscope(費納奇鏡）
早期的動畫裝置。在一些國家又有phantasmascope和fantoscope等稱呼。
Phenakistoscope 的歷史
1832年尤瑟夫·普拉托Joseph Plateau和他的兒子發明了Phenakistoscope。在同一年，來自奧地利維也納的Simon von Stampfer也發明了類似的動畫裝置stroboscope。尤瑟夫·普拉托的主要靈感來自法拉第和Peter Mark Roget的研究理論。法拉第曾發明了一種裝置，叫做“麥可·法拉第的車輪”（Michael Faraday's Wheel），它由兩個圓盤構成，工作時圓盤往對方相反的方向旋轉。尤瑟夫·普拉托在“法拉第的車輪”的基礎上又邁出了一步，把“法拉第的車輪”改造成一種視覺玩具，他後來命名為phenakistoscope。
Phenakistoscope的 運作規則phenakistoscope根據視覺滯留現象，雖然這個現象在希臘數學家歐幾里德和後來的牛頓的實驗中已有所認識，但直到1829年，這一現象才由尤瑟夫·普拉托確立起來。phenakistoscope是由兩個圓盤安裝在同一軸構成的。圓盤被均勻地分隔成16個扇形區，按順序在每個扇形區內畫上舞蹈動作的系列圖案。每個圖案的邊緣均有相同的裂縫，沿盤周呈放射狀排列。不同於“法拉第的車輪”，phenakistoscope的圓盤旋轉方向是相同的。觀看時，讓圓盤的圖案面面向鏡子，轉動圓盤，人們便可以在圓盤的背面從裂縫中看見鏡子裡連貫的舞蹈動作。
The phenakistoscope (also spelled phenakistiscope) was an early animation device, the predecessor of the zoetrope. It was invented in 1832 simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Plateau and the Austrian Simon von Stampfer.
One variant of the phenakistoscope was a spinning disc mounted vertically on a handle. Around the center of the disc a series of pictures was drawn corresponding to frames of the animation; around its circumference was a series of radial slits. The user would spin the disc and look through the moving slits at the disc's reflection in a mirror. The scanning of the slits across the reflected images kept them from simply blurring together, so that the user would see a rapid succession of images with the appearance of a motion picture (see also persistence of vision). Another variant had two discs, one with slits and one with pictures; this was slightly more unwieldy but needed no mirror. Unlike the zoetrope and its successors, the phenakistoscope could only practically be used by one person at a time.The phenakistoscope was only famous for about two years due to the changing of technology.
The word "phenakistoscope" comes from Greek roots meaning "optical deceiver" or "to cheat", as it deceives the eye by making the pictures look like an animation. As technology along with popularity increased in the early twentieth century, coin operation was utilized on machines, coining the term "Nickelodeon," which would be later be used somewhat freely to describe events charging five cents or a "nickel."
The Special Honorary Joseph Plateau Award, a replica of Plateau's original phenakistiscope, is presented every year to a special guest of the Flanders International Film Festival whose achievements have earned a special and distinct place in the history of international film making.
