Introduction
Commonwealth (English: Commonwealth of Nations, formerly the British Commonwealth of Nations) is a British - led Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth and Dominion by the British and other independent former colonies and dependencies, from each of 53 sovereign states (including territories) composed mainly of former British colonies or dependencies of Commonwealth (English: Commonwealth of Nations, formerly the British Commonwealth of Nations) is a British - led Commonwealth of Independent States, Commonwealth and Dominion by the British and other independent former colonies and dependencies, from each of 53 sovereign states (including territories) composed mainly of former British colonies or dependencies of . each self - governing status, the internal affairs of each other and completely independent diplomacy;common allegiance to the King, is a free association of Commonwealth members each self - governing status, the internal affairs of each other and completely independent diplomacy;common allegiance to the King, is a free association of Commonwealth members .
The Heads of State to Queen Elizabeth II, Commonwealth kingdom with the intention of the Heads of State of the The Heads of State to Queen Elizabeth II, Commonwealth kingdom with the intention of the Heads of State of the . 16 based on its historical origin, people often use the "British Commonwealth" referred to, and to the rest of the world to make a distinction regarding the federal Commonwealth 16 based on its historical origin, people often use the "British Commonwealth" referred to, and to the rest of the world to make a distinction regarding the federal Commonwealth .
not a republic, nor the central government of the Commonwealth in the name of King not a republic, nor the central government of the Commonwealth in the name of King . .
Commonwealth heads of state has no authority, the British and the Member States relating to the exchange of the High Commissioner, on behalf of ambassadorial Commonwealth heads of state has no authority, the British and the Member States relating to the exchange of the High Commissioner, on behalf of ambassadorial . With Commonwealth relations to the increasingly unstable, now,Britain is no longer master of the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth is just one of the Member States for political and economic cooperation of the loosely - organized With Commonwealth relations to the increasingly unstable, now,Britain is no longer master of the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth is just one of the Member States for political and economic cooperation of the loosely - organized .
History
At The Beginning Of The Establishment Of The
Commonwealth is the predecessor of the British Empire, mainly in Britain in nearly 300 years of overseas expansion during the colonial occupation of Commonwealth is the predecessor of the British Empire, mainly in Britain in nearly 300 years of overseas expansion during the colonial occupation of . Empire concept has changed as early as 1839, the year the Duke - Durham submitted a claim to the British Canadian colonies autonomy granted to the "Durham Report Empire concept has changed as early as 1839, the year the Duke - Durham submitted a claim to the British Canadian colonies autonomy granted to the "Durham Report .
but until after the First World War, the freedom and equality of nations with volunteer alliance among employed but until after the First World War, the freedom and equality of nations with volunteer alliance among employed . after the end of World War I, British fear of rising of the liberation movement in the colonies, adjusted with other members of the British Empire and the relationship between after the end of World War I, British fear of rising of the liberation movement in the colonies, adjusted with other members of the British Empire and the relationship between .
1926" Empire Conference "of the Empire the internal relationship between the Commission,Britain and the colonies become the autonomous Republic of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa is a "free association of Commonwealth members"," equal in status, the Ministry of the Interior and diplomatic aspects of any non - subordination, have to resort to the crown of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, bear allegiance to the common spiritual unity with " 1926" Empire Conference "of the Empire the internal relationship between the Commission,Britain and the colonies become the autonomous Republic of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa is a "free association of Commonwealth members"," equal in status, the Ministry of the Interior and diplomatic aspects of any non - subordination, have to resort to the crown of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, bear allegiance to the common spiritual unity with ". in 1931, the" Statute of Westminster "from a legal point of view confirms this, in 1931, the" Statute of Westminster "from a legal point of view confirms this, .
the Commonwealth officially formed in 1947, India, Pakistan, along with their declaration of independence and joined the Commonwealth the Commonwealth officially formed in 1947, India, Pakistan, along with their declaration of independence and joined the Commonwealth . 1949, India became a republic,Election of members of the Commonwealth Heads of State 1949, India became a republic,Election of members of the Commonwealth Heads of State .
henceforth required by the king of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, bear allegiance to the principles of evolution is a member of the Commonwealth "to accept the King as a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States members of the henceforth required by the king of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, bear allegiance to the principles of evolution is a member of the Commonwealth "to accept the King as a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States members of the . symbol after the Second World War, British colonial policy move in the direction of a guide to surviving in the tributary became self - governing Commonwealth members symbol after the Second World War, British colonial policy move in the direction of a guide to surviving in the tributary became self - governing Commonwealth members .
After World War II
India, Pakistan and other territories gained independence after the Commonwealth but still stay India, Pakistan and other territories gained independence after the Commonwealth but still stay . independent Burma and Kuwait did not join the Commonwealth, the Republic of Ireland withdrew from the Commonwealth independent Burma and Kuwait did not join the Commonwealth, the Republic of Ireland withdrew from the Commonwealth .
South Africa became a republic in 1961 when it withdrew from the Commonwealth, mainly because of its apartheid policy condemns Commonwealth South Africa became a republic in 1961 when it withdrew from the Commonwealth, mainly because of its apartheid policy condemns Commonwealth . in the sixties of the 20th century, the Commonwealth suffered many divisive problems in the sixties of the 20th century, the Commonwealth suffered many divisive problems .
60 in the early 1980s, the Commonwealth African dependencies within a plurality of independent, non - white members to substantially to whites in the Member States of the 60 in the early 1980s, the Commonwealth African dependencies within a plurality of independent, non - white members to substantially to whites in the Member States of the . in 1965, the white - ruled Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the British,Rhodesia's action led to the Commonwealth, one of the most serious crisis in many African state to declare in 1965, the white - ruled Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the British,Rhodesia's action led to the Commonwealth, one of the most serious crisis in many African state to declare .
if Britain does not use force to overthrow the government illegally, they will be leaving the Commonwealth if Britain does not use force to overthrow the government illegally, they will be leaving the Commonwealth . - but that they didn't exit, England finally also successfully persuaded the government to reverse its decision and - but that they didn't exit, England finally also successfully persuaded the government to reverse its decision and .
Rhodesia in the late 1960s, Commonwealth member States in East Africa Kenya, Uganda and Zambia were expelled to hold British passports of Indians and Pakistanis (minority) Rhodesia in the late 1960s, Commonwealth member States in East Africa Kenya, Uganda and Zambia were expelled to hold British passports of Indians and Pakistanis (minority) . 20 century 70s in some African countries sustained domestic expulsion of Asians, British - Asian States Number of ballot papers: 190 Number of invalid ballots: 0 Number of valid ballots: 190 Abstentions: 0 Required majority: 97 Number of votes obtained and the cause of the protests of 1972 20 century 70s in some African countries sustained domestic expulsion of Asians, British - Asian States Number of ballot papers: 190 Number of invalid ballots: 0 Number of valid ballots: 190 Abstentions: 0 Required majority: 97 Number of votes obtained and the cause of the protests of 1972 .
,Commonwealth is the recognition of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan, after independence, Pakistan immediately leaving the Commonwealth ,Commonwealth is the recognition of Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan, after independence, Pakistan immediately leaving the Commonwealth . 1973, UK joined the ec withdrew the Commonwealth System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), but with the European Community agreed on a replacement for 1973, UK joined the ec withdrew the Commonwealth System of Trade Preferences (GSTP), but with the European Community agreed on a replacement for .
in the 1970s and 1980s, a number of the British West Indies and African possessions gained independence after choosing to remain in the Commonwealth in the 1970s and 1980s, a number of the British West Indies and African possessions gained independence after choosing to remain in the Commonwealth . in 1984, with China about the issue of sovereignty over Hong Kong agree that the lease expires in 1997 after the return of Hong Kong in 1989 in 1984, with China about the issue of sovereignty over Hong Kong agree that the lease expires in 1997 after the return of Hong Kong in 1989 .
, , . Pakistan's return to the Commonwealth in 1994,South Africa end apartheid policies and safeguard the rights of black bill, once again joined the Commonwealth Pakistan's return to the Commonwealth in 1994,South Africa end apartheid policies and safeguard the rights of black bill, once again joined the Commonwealth .
1995, Nigeria's then military government because of its disregard for human rights is to suspend the membership of the Commonwealth;But in 1999, had a democratically elected government was re - admitted 1995, Nigeria's then military government because of its disregard for human rights is to suspend the membership of the Commonwealth;But in 1999, had a democratically elected government was re - admitted . 2002, Zimbabwe's Presidential election irregularities and violence is halted and the Commonwealth membership 2002, Zimbabwe's Presidential election irregularities and violence is halted and the Commonwealth membership .
1 2013 on 2 October, the Gambia announced its withdrawal from the West African Commonwealth 1 2013 on 2 October, the Gambia announced its withdrawal from the West African Commonwealth . 2 2.
Composed Of
Commonwealth Secretariat
The Commonwealth has no written constitution, there would be no need for the central government, not to establish any authority The Commonwealth has no written constitution, there would be no need for the central government, not to establish any authority . the major organizations are: the federal government, the summit of the Asia - Pacific, the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting, the Federal Minister of Finance and other ministerial meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the professional the major organizations are: the federal government, the summit of the Asia - Pacific, the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting, the Federal Minister of Finance and other ministerial meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the professional .
1965, each decision of the Council of Heads of State in London, as well as the establishment of the Commonwealth Secretariat, Commonwealth Secretariat 1965, each decision of the Council of Heads of State in London, as well as the establishment of the Commonwealth Secretariat, Commonwealth Secretariat . is the administrative authority whose responsibility is to promote the cooperation of the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth Secretariat, London, at meeting is the administrative authority whose responsibility is to promote the cooperation of the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth Secretariat, London, at meeting .
. There were also a number of associated States and the Commonwealth of former British Crown dependencies ("bliand") is also included in the Commonwealth within There were also a number of associated States and the Commonwealth of former British Crown dependencies ("bliand") is also included in the Commonwealth within .
Sovereign Power
the respective sovereigns are volunteered to join the Commonwealth, they may withdraw from the Commonwealth the respective sovereigns are volunteered to join the Commonwealth, they may withdraw from the Commonwealth . vassal after independence, at the discretion of the sovereign is the identity (if obtained) of the other Member States acknowledge the stay or suspension from the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth vassal after independence, at the discretion of the sovereign is the identity (if obtained) of the other Member States acknowledge the stay or suspension from the Commonwealth, the Commonwealth .
both individually and in various Member States is by its democratically elected government governance, internal and foreign completely independent both individually and in various Member States is by its democratically elected government governance, internal and foreign completely independent . the Queen as Head of the Commonwealth, she is a member of the joint symbol of freedom and equality in fact the Queen as Head of the Commonwealth, she is a member of the joint symbol of freedom and equality in fact .
, , . she just symbolic heads of state in addition to the Member States have their own monarch of Malaysia and republic presidential systems (e.g. India) or of the Member States,Elizabeth II is Queen of all the other Member States, the representative of the Governor of her out in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China in these Member States (with the exception of the British Queen
according to the relevant governments of the Member States recommended the appointment of the Governor's according to the relevant governments of the Member States recommended the appointment of the Governor's . not exchanged between the High Commissioner (Ambassador) of the Member States as a diplomatic representative of the Prime Minister or the Prime Minister on a regular basis in different meetings not exchanged between the High Commissioner (Ambassador) of the Member States as a diplomatic representative of the Prime Minister or the Prime Minister on a regular basis in different meetings .
but which are merely for them to exchange views and discuss matters, and for his decision are not binding on the participating but which are merely for them to exchange views and discuss matters, and for his decision are not binding on the participating .
Vassal State
full autonomy of the territory becoming annexed by full autonomy of the territory becoming annexed by . dependency substantially all in the south towards full autonomy, independent of the executive, legislative and judicial system in addition to the dependency substantially all in the south towards full autonomy, independent of the executive, legislative and judicial system in addition to the .
british dependency, some other members of the governance of the territory's british dependency, some other members of the governance of the territory's . 1 1.
Function Mechanism
(1), the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: formerly the Imperial Conference in 1944, later renamed the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference in 1975 until its name change (1), the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: formerly the Imperial Conference in 1944, later renamed the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference in 1975 until its name change . usually held twice a year, had previously been held in London, 1966, at a different place in the Member States, the Heads of Government meeting chaired by the host country usually held twice a year, had previously been held in London, 1966, at a different place in the Member States, the Heads of Government meeting chaired by the host country .
hesitatingly adopt a resolution issued by the Conference of the general principle of non - binding on the participating hesitatingly adopt a resolution issued by the Conference of the general principle of non - binding on the participating . (2) in the Asia - Pacific and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: 1978, held every two years to discuss regional issues of common interest (2) in the Asia - Pacific and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: 1978, held every two years to discuss regional issues of common interest .
(3) of the Council of Ministers of the Commonwealth: is an annual survey of the quality of the education and of the Council of Ministers, Ministers of HealthConference of Ministers of Justice and of the Council of Ministers of Telecommunications;non - periodical hold the trade and economic conferences, youth meetings, industrial cooperation, agricultural conference like (3) of the Council of Ministers of the Commonwealth: is an annual survey of the quality of the education and of the Council of Ministers, Ministers of HealthConference of Ministers of Justice and of the Council of Ministers of Telecommunications;non - periodical hold the trade and economic conferences, youth meetings, industrial cooperation, agricultural conference like . 4 (Commonwealth Secretariat): Founded in 1965, and was responsible for the organization of consultations and cooperation between the Member States in relation to exchanges of information, organizing meetings such as 4 (Commonwealth Secretariat): Founded in 1965, and was responsible for the organization of consultations and cooperation between the Member States in relation to exchanges of information, organizing meetings such as .
reelect the Secretary - General every five years, renewable for reelect the Secretary - General every five years, renewable for . (5) at the Commonwealth Foundation and other organizations: the Commonwealth Foundation was founded in 1966, and since 1983 is composed of an international fund, financed by member Governments, for promoting the British Commonwealth to professional and other non - governmental organizations are also active partners of the Commonwealth Institute (5) at the Commonwealth Foundation and other organizations: the Commonwealth Foundation was founded in 1966, and since 1983 is composed of an international fund, financed by member Governments, for promoting the British Commonwealth to professional and other non - governmental organizations are also active partners of the Commonwealth Institute .
mainly depends on government funding, through exhibitions, lectures,film screenings, open library and other activities as well as to promote the understanding of the Commonwealth of the mainly depends on government funding, through exhibitions, lectures,film screenings, open library and other activities as well as to promote the understanding of the Commonwealth of the . In addition, some professional organizations, such as the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Commonwealth Press Union, Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council, the Commonwealth and of each of the Commonwealth Association of Art In addition, some professional organizations, such as the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Commonwealth Press Union, Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council, the Commonwealth and of each of the Commonwealth Association of Art .
3 3.
Member States
a member of the Commonwealth during 52, respectively: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Cameroon, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Zambia, Pakistan, Rwanda 4 a member of the Commonwealth during 52, respectively: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Cameroon, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, New Zealand, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore,Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Zambia, Pakistan, Rwanda 4 . in the 16 Commonwealth Realms, 14, a former British colonial autonomy in the 16 Commonwealth Realms, 14, a former British colonial autonomy .
terminate the membership of the State of Pakistan in 2007 - 11 - 22 is the termination of the membership, on May 12, 2008, Commonwealth membership restored again terminate the membership of the State of Pakistan in 2007 - 11 - 22 is the termination of the membership, on May 12, 2008, Commonwealth membership restored again . due to unpaid arrears have been,Fiji to September 2, 2009 due to unpaid arrears have been,Fiji to September 2, 2009 .
African membership is terminated the Gambia on 2 October 2013 announced its departure from the Commonwealth African membership is terminated the Gambia on 2 October 2013 announced its departure from the Commonwealth . in the 16 Commonwealth Realms, 14, a former British colonial autonomy in the 16 Commonwealth Realms, 14, a former British colonial autonomy .
worth mentioning, although recognized as King of Fiji's paramount chiefs, but this is not the title of Head of State, therefore, not counted as a Commonwealth realm, Fiji worth mentioning, although recognized as King of Fiji's paramount chiefs, but this is not the title of Head of State, therefore, not counted as a Commonwealth realm, Fiji . currently most of the former British territories and colonies were left in the Commonwealth, with the exception of the following countries: United States: Burmese independence in 1776, Ireland's independence in 1948, after independence from Britain in 1921,Member States used to be currently most of the former British territories and colonies were left in the Commonwealth, with the exception of the following countries: United States: Burmese independence in 1776, Ireland's independence in 1948, after independence from Britain in 1921,Member States used to be .
1949 established the Republic of Ireland after leaving the Commonwealth 1949 established the Republic of Ireland after leaving the Commonwealth . South Yemen, became independent in 1967 in Hong Kong, on 1 July 1997 reunification with China in the 20th century is the last one from South Yemen, became independent in 1967 in Hong Kong, on 1 July 1997 reunification with China in the 20th century is the last one from .
areas of Zimbabwe, in 2002, the UK, the ruling is to flout human rights and in the general election fraud was suspended by the country's membership in the Association within a year, leading to anger in the Zimbabwe government initiative to withdraw from this organization areas of Zimbabwe, in 2002, the UK, the ruling is to flout human rights and in the general election fraud was suspended by the country's membership in the Association within a year, leading to anger in the Zimbabwe government initiative to withdraw from this organization . Fiji, to September 2, 2009 is the termination of the membership Fiji, to September 2, 2009 is the termination of the membership .
5 Although, Fiji recognized as paramount chiefs, but this is not the title of Head of State,Fiji therefore is not a Commonwealth Realms 5 Although, Fiji recognized as paramount chiefs, but this is not the title of Head of State,Fiji therefore is not a Commonwealth Realms . Gambia: Gambia of West African States (ECOWAS) 2013 - 10 - 2 on Monday, and the Commonwealth, so that the members of the Commonwealth, from 53 to 52 Gambia: Gambia of West African States (ECOWAS) 2013 - 10 - 2 on Monday, and the Commonwealth, so that the members of the Commonwealth, from 53 to 52 .
Gambia there is no reason for any decision to exit the Gambia Gambia there is no reason for any decision to exit the Gambia . Commonwealth of former British colony, and in 1965 joined the Commonwealth Commonwealth of former British colony, and in 1965 joined the Commonwealth .
Gambian President Yahya Jammeh since July 1994 coup after the relationship with Britain and not Gambian President Yahya Jammeh since July 1994 coup after the relationship with Britain and not . Jammeh accused the UK of 2011 before presidential elections that had supported the opposition, while the British government is criticized for its human rights record of the Government of the Gambia Jammeh accused the UK of 2011 before presidential elections that had supported the opposition, while the British government is criticized for its human rights record of the Government of the Gambia .
Maldives:Maldives 2016 Oct 13 announced it was withdrawing from the Commonwealth Maldives:Maldives 2016 Oct 13 announced it was withdrawing from the Commonwealth . Maldives foreign ministry said in a statement, said that, given the long - standing Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group on the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Maldives and the Commonwealth Secretariat inequity, injustice, the Government of the Maldives decide to leave the Commonwealth Maldives foreign ministry said in a statement, said that, given the long - standing Commonwealth Ministerial Action Group on the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Maldives and the Commonwealth Secretariat inequity, injustice, the Government of the Maldives decide to leave the Commonwealth .
7 Note: Pakistan in November 2007, registered on termination of membership, and on May 12, 2008, Commonwealth membership restored again 7 Note: Pakistan in November 2007, registered on termination of membership, and on May 12, 2008, Commonwealth membership restored again .
Function Mechanism
(1), the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: formerly the Imperial Conference in 1944, later renamed the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference in 1975 until its name change (1), the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: formerly the Imperial Conference in 1944, later renamed the Commonwealth Prime Ministers Conference in 1975 until its name change . usually held twice a year, had previously been held in London, 1966, at a different place in the Member States, the Heads of Government meeting chaired by the host country usually held twice a year, had previously been held in London, 1966, at a different place in the Member States, the Heads of Government meeting chaired by the host country .
hesitatingly adopt a resolution issued by the Conference of the general principle of non - binding on the participating hesitatingly adopt a resolution issued by the Conference of the general principle of non - binding on the participating . (2) in the Asia - Pacific and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: 1978, held every two years to discuss regional issues of common interest (2) in the Asia - Pacific and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting: 1978, held every two years to discuss regional issues of common interest .
(3) of the Council of Ministers of the Commonwealth: is an annual survey of the quality of the education and of the Council of Ministers, Ministers of HealthConference of Ministers of Justice and of the Council of Ministers of Telecommunications;non - periodical hold the trade and economic conferences, youth meetings, industrial cooperation, agricultural conference like (3) of the Council of Ministers of the Commonwealth: is an annual survey of the quality of the education and of the Council of Ministers, Ministers of HealthConference of Ministers of Justice and of the Council of Ministers of Telecommunications;non - periodical hold the trade and economic conferences, youth meetings, industrial cooperation, agricultural conference like . 4 (Commonwealth Secretariat): Founded in 1965, and was responsible for the organization of consultations and cooperation between the Member States in relation to exchanges of information, organizing meetings such as 4 (Commonwealth Secretariat): Founded in 1965, and was responsible for the organization of consultations and cooperation between the Member States in relation to exchanges of information, organizing meetings such as .
reelect the Secretary - General every five years, renewable for reelect the Secretary - General every five years, renewable for . (5) at the Commonwealth Foundation and other organizations: the Commonwealth Foundation was founded in 1966, and since 1983 is composed of an international fund, financed by the Governments of member States to provide, for promoting the British Commonwealth to professional and other non - governmental organizations are also active partners of the Commonwealth Institute (5) at the Commonwealth Foundation and other organizations: the Commonwealth Foundation was founded in 1966, and since 1983 is composed of an international fund, financed by the Governments of member States to provide, for promoting the British Commonwealth to professional and other non - governmental organizations are also active partners of the Commonwealth Institute .
mainly depends on government funding, through exhibitions, lectures,film screenings, open library and other activities as well as to promote the understanding of the Commonwealth of the mainly depends on government funding, through exhibitions, lectures,film screenings, open library and other activities as well as to promote the understanding of the Commonwealth of the . In addition, some professional organizations, such as the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Commonwealth Press Union, Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council, the Commonwealth and of each Commonwealth Art Association and In addition, some professional organizations, such as the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, Commonwealth Press Union, Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, the Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council, the Commonwealth and of each Commonwealth Art Association and .
1 1.
Assume The Role Of
The Commonwealth is a unique international cooperation of the test, from different ethnic, cultural and ethnic environment of collaboration between The Commonwealth is a unique international cooperation of the test, from different ethnic, cultural and ethnic environment of collaboration between . all member to enjoy equality of treatment on the British Commonwealth Affairs Chang played the protagonist in many fields.
Member States discuss and cooperation, including trade, finance, defense, education, technology, scientific research, law, Member States discuss and cooperation, including trade, finance, defense, education, technology, scientific research, law,. medicine and agriculture in the Member States but the primary rights of interests of various trade agreements and allocate capital investment towards the economic utility of medicine and agriculture in the Member States but the primary rights of interests of various trade agreements and allocate capital investment towards the economic utility of .
UK and other wealthier old Member States in the new member States or poor industrial development of the main sources of capital assistance UK and other wealthier old Member States in the new member States or poor industrial development of the main sources of capital assistance . plans by the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), in the course of the implementation of some of the Member States in accordance with plans by the Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC), in the course of the implementation of some of the Member States in accordance with .
Commonwealth Preference mutual tariff concessions, in order to promote mutual trade and Commonwealth Preference mutual tariff concessions, in order to promote mutual trade and . 1973, UK joined the Community (now European Union), withdrew from the Commonwealth Preference System 1973, UK joined the Community (now European Union), withdrew from the Commonwealth Preference System .
according to agreement, the other members of the Commonwealth, particularly the negotiation with EU trade deal according to agreement, the other members of the Commonwealth, particularly the negotiation with EU trade deal .
International Influence
Commonwealth, which is a continuation of the British Empire Commonwealth, which is a continuation of the British Empire . empire that once covered the world 1 / 4 empire that once covered the world 1 / 4 .
territory after the withdrawal of Zimbabwe, the club still has 53 Member States, including Australia, Canada, Nigeria and South Africa and, of course, Great Britain, these countries via the voluntary joint together territory after the withdrawal of Zimbabwe, the club still has 53 Member States, including Australia, Canada, Nigeria and South Africa and, of course, Great Britain, these countries via the voluntary joint together . when the term "commonwealth" in the 1920s is used for the first time, it formed a kind of way to keep in touch without the "empire" this word contain of the unpleasant colonial overtones when the term "commonwealth" in the 1920s is used for the first time, it formed a kind of way to keep in touch without the "empire" this word contain of the unpleasant colonial overtones .
of the Second World War, especially the fall of Singapore in 1942,clearly shows that Great Britain has no ability to defend its empire, shrouded in mystique while its power is also removed at the same time of the Second World War, especially the fall of Singapore in 1942,clearly shows that Great Britain has no ability to defend its empire, shrouded in mystique while its power is also removed at the same time . in the 1950s and 1960s, the British Commonwealth is the management of those failing to complete or defend the decolonization of the country - - which they most coincidentally desire independence) in the 1950s and 1960s, the British Commonwealth is the management of those failing to complete or defend the decolonization of the country - - which they most coincidentally desire independence) .
tools for these former colonies, the Commonwealths of benefits at a glance the tools for these former colonies, the Commonwealths of benefits at a glance the . Great Britain had exceptional trade measures, for example, in the banana imports on its former territory in Central America and the Caribbean is superior to Great Britain had exceptional trade measures, for example, in the banana imports on its former territory in Central America and the Caribbean is superior to .
Commonwealth nationals had the right to move to Britain, many of them have done so Commonwealth nationals had the right to move to Britain, many of them have done so . Commonwealth citizens resident in the UK still enjoy certain privileges of election,These privileges while the other is a foreigner, even other EU countries and their citizens without the Commonwealth citizens resident in the UK still enjoy certain privileges of election,These privileges while the other is a foreigner, even other EU countries and their citizens without the .
however, since Britain joined the European Union of 30 years, many of the above - described benefits disappear however, since Britain joined the European Union of 30 years, many of the above - described benefits disappear . EU as one of its main targets, the establishment of a regional free - trade zone, thus giving Britain banned its former British colonial privileges EU as one of its main targets, the establishment of a regional free - trade zone, thus giving Britain banned its former British colonial privileges .
immigration policy has been tightened and that it is only for those with relatives already in the UK for Commonwealth citizens may claim the special immigration policy has been tightened and that it is only for those with relatives already in the UK for Commonwealth citizens may claim the special . Commonwealth Association, a club funded by the agency, the Commonwealth still insists there is a significant trade and investment interests Commonwealth Association, a club funded by the agency, the Commonwealth still insists there is a significant trade and investment interests .
spokesman declared,Since the enjoyment of a common language (English in the Commonwealth as a first or second language), the accounting rules and the unwritten tradition, the members of the Commonwealth, the mutual cooperation can improve the efficiency of 10 - 15% spokesman declared,Since the enjoyment of a common language (English in the Commonwealth as a first or second language), the accounting rules and the unwritten tradition, the members of the Commonwealth, the mutual cooperation can improve the efficiency of 10 - 15% . this effect may not be as vague as it sounds, some economists pointed out that civil law was unwritten and differences between the economies of the this effect may not be as vague as it sounds, some economists pointed out that civil law was unwritten and differences between the economies of the .
and most importantly, the Commonwealth will be its main target is defined in terms of social civilization: democracy, human rights and encourage a stable economic and social development in England and most importantly, the Commonwealth will be its main target is defined in terms of social civilization: democracy, human rights and encourage a stable economic and social development in England .,The commonwealth seems different people have different meaning ,The commonwealth seems different people have different meaning .
Traditionalists like it with crushed along the empire between contact Traditionalists like it with crushed along the empire between contact .; others consider it is Rudy Yade - Kipling Rudyard Kipling in colonial view of modern annotation: Colonial is a "white burden", in brief, Western countries have a responsibility to let the developing world to civilize ; others consider it is Rudy Yade - Kipling Rudyard Kipling in colonial view of modern annotation: Colonial is a "white burden", in brief, Western countries have a responsibility to let the developing world to civilize .
some leftists, it is considered as a no man's want of Liberty, while others argue it is a British colonial criminal compensation is one way,Meanwhile democratisation is a process to provide substantial help for some leftists, it is considered as a no man's want of Liberty, while others argue it is a British colonial criminal compensation is one way,Meanwhile democratisation is a process to provide substantial help for . supporters also pointed out that the Commonwealth of former colonies for the presence of certain beneficial cultural ties with the university of supporters also pointed out that the Commonwealth of former colonies for the presence of certain beneficial cultural ties with the university of .
British Commonwealth countries strongly connected to their British Commonwealth countries strongly connected to their . Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), full name "to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office", is provided of Commonwealth nationals internship exchange program, for example for India reporter of Xue - Ning (Chevening Scholarship) Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO), full name "to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office", is provided of Commonwealth nationals internship exchange program, for example for India reporter of Xue - Ning (Chevening Scholarship) .
Furthermore, although some people criticize the Commonwealth just,That is also a poor country (except Zimbabwe) like the discussion forum their former colonies, it is a non US - dominated the most important international organization their former colonies, it is a non US - dominated the most important international organization .
although Britain's Queen Elizabeth is the Head of the Commonwealth, but Britain and no special status although Britain's Queen Elizabeth is the Head of the Commonwealth, but Britain and no special status . as a matter of fact, all within the federal vote must be unanimous, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair (Tony Blair) has expressed frustration over the potential for as a matter of fact, all within the federal vote must be unanimous, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair (Tony Blair) has expressed frustration over the potential for .
he lifted the ban on Zimbabwe's also angry that Britain and its allies cannot override their anti - Mugabe on he lifted the ban on Zimbabwe's also angry that Britain and its allies cannot override their anti - Mugabe on . Commonwealth is one of the few international institutions,wherein like Saint Lucia and the British and the tiny city - state like Canada, the G - 7 (G7) members may be on a par 6 Commonwealth is one of the few international institutions,wherein like Saint Lucia and the British and the tiny city - state like Canada, the G - 7 (G7) members may be on a par 6 .
French Event
At the end of World War II, French people of a country At the end of World War II, French people of a country . due to German occupation and Vichy rule, plus several late war military operations carried out on French territory, the war made the French economy suffered losses of up to a billion old francs due to German occupation and Vichy rule, plus several late war military operations carried out on French territory, the war made the French economy suffered losses of up to a billion old francs .
47930 and there are about a million hectares of arable land and the barren, there is 1 / 5 of the homes have been destroyed and livestock were reduced by half, many factories destroyed 47930 and there are about a million hectares of arable land and the barren, there is 1 / 5 of the homes have been destroyed and livestock were reduced by half, many factories destroyed . wherein transportation can be particularly destructive in the creek was almost completely destroyed by the railroad was unable to make use of the half, Toulon, Brest,Le Havre and major port wherein transportation can be particularly destructive in the creek was almost completely destroyed by the railroad was unable to make use of the half, Toulon, Brest,Le Havre and major port .
paralysed the French economy is in serious disarray, and seems to be taking hold amid the recession went sliding paralysed the French economy is in serious disarray, and seems to be taking hold amid the recession went sliding . 31 January 1956, the socialist party general secretary Guy Moller - led government Republican Front announced the formation of 31 January 1956, the socialist party general secretary Guy Moller - led government Republican Front announced the formation of .
was France, not only to the extremely grave economic plight, and the Suez crisis escalated the was France, not only to the extremely grave economic plight, and the Suez crisis escalated the . France hoping for help from the UK, the re - retrieve the Suez Canal from Egypt in control of the France hoping for help from the UK, the re - retrieve the Suez Canal from Egypt in control of the .
in French Algeria, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser also has been secretly funding the separatists in French Algeria, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser also has been secretly funding the separatists . seeking help in many ways,But newly released archives show, Prime Minister Guy Moller of chose seeking help in many ways,But newly released archives show, Prime Minister Guy Moller of chose .
he travelled to London, seeking to work with Britain to build a unified federal country he travelled to London, seeking to work with Britain to build a unified federal country . belongs to a date of 1956 to September 28, records show that a French and history in 1956 is a significant change in the near - miss belongs to a date of 1956 to September 28, records show that a French and history in 1956 is a significant change in the near - miss .
Guy Moller 1956 came to the UK capital London with British Prime Minister Anthony Eden Anthony Eden met Guy Moller 1956 came to the UK capital London with British Prime Minister Anthony Eden Anthony Eden met . the British Cabinet was a document which is mentioned in the records of the following: "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - French Premier Guy Moller Mr. Abbas' recent visit to London,He proposed to the Prime Minister, the French and the British could establish a federal State, the possibility of
Guy Mr Moller is also ensured, in spite of the fact that the French people on several occasions to the king's head, but will never do that to the Guy Mr Moller is also ensured, in spite of the fact that the French people on several occasions to the king's head, but will never do that to the . Queen "which appears in today's French Premier Moller of This move placed near all the French stunned Queen "which appears in today's French Premier Moller of This move placed near all the French stunned .
but at the time of the particular political context, this proposal is not at all farfetched but at the time of the particular political context, this proposal is not at all farfetched . in profile, Moller said uncertainty as to the acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Queen, you know, like other federal countries as they recognize the Queen is the Head of State, or just accept her as a de facto heads of federal in profile, Moller said uncertainty as to the acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Queen, you know, like other federal countries as they recognize the Queen is the Head of State, or just accept her as a de facto heads of federal .
,These two possibilities exist for the British government in ,These two possibilities exist for the British government in . After careful study and consideration, Moller refused the offer of the Department of Prime Minister After careful study and consideration, Moller refused the offer of the Department of Prime Minister .
but the persistence of Lionel Jospin, don't give up, he had yet to attempt another but the persistence of Lionel Jospin, don't give up, he had yet to attempt another . is also dated 28 September 1956 secret show shortly thereafter, Eden visited Paris, Moller suggested France join the Commonwealth, will also mean France accept the Queen as head of state and is also dated 28 September 1956 secret show shortly thereafter, Eden visited Paris, Moller suggested France join the Commonwealth, will also mean France accept the Queen as head of state and .
Moller and even talked to Aiden, that "the Queen of France accepted the jurisdiction of the French nationals would not exist in any difficulty Moller and even talked to Aiden, that "the Queen of France accepted the jurisdiction of the French nationals would not exist in any difficulty ." Aiden returned to Japan.Norman Brook, Cabinet ministers and discussed the proposal of the Moller
Obviously, Aiden this proposal will be keen, the file recording the words of one official: "Sir Norman Brook, asked to see me this morning, told me that he had returned from the countryside, because the prime minister, from Wiltshire, he received a call from Obviously, Aiden this proposal will be keen, the file recording the words of one official: "Sir Norman Brook, asked to see me this morning, told me that he had returned from the countryside, because the prime minister, from Wiltshire, he received a call from ." He said: "The Prime Minister made the trades to him over the phone to talk about after talks with French ideas, which include: We should immediately consider the proposal of France join the Commonwealth; Mr Moller considers France accepting the Queen as head of state and no difficulties;If obtained in the Commonwealth like the Irish have the same status as France welcome " He said: "The Prime Minister made the trades to him over the phone to talk about after talks with French ideas, which include: We should immediately consider the proposal of France join the Commonwealth; Mr Moller considers France accepting the Queen as head of state and no difficulties;If obtained in the Commonwealth like the Irish have the same status as France welcome .
"in the face of these latest declassified archives, French commentators are somewhat, but the show also is different "in the face of these latest declassified archives, French commentators are somewhat, but the show also is different . BBC) reported that, after the merger of the country to become a member of the" Anglo - French "() BBC) reported that, after the merger of the country to become a member of the" Anglo - French "() .
British former minister Dennis Sacker, sees these materials is the French" pain, "Scanners" British former minister Dennis Sacker, sees these materials is the French" pain, "Scanners" . best example from the group consisting of more than a thousand years ago," Norman Conquest "began, this relationship is in fact already exists:" Britain and France always inseparable, Fu,Woe, this is a perfect example, is a permanent entanglement of yet another chapter in the lovely best example from the group consisting of more than a thousand years ago," Norman Conquest "began, this relationship is in fact already exists:" Britain and France always inseparable, Fu,Woe, this is a perfect example, is a permanent entanglement of yet another chapter in the lovely .
"He said:" British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (Churchill) in 1940 and France had hoped a full merger, but the government of France rejected "He said:" British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (Churchill) in 1940 and France had hoped a full merger, but the government of France rejected . Guy Morgan is sworn in as prime minister before moving to France in the Pas de Calais and worked as a teacher of English, I suspect him in the face of Algeria and the Suez crisis, trying to replicate the previous proposal Guy Morgan is sworn in as prime minister before moving to France in the Pas de Calais and worked as a teacher of English, I suspect him in the face of Algeria and the Suez crisis, trying to replicate the previous proposal .
"British officials believe China and France in the future also and will" love - hate "relationship "British officials believe China and France in the future also and will" love - hate "relationship . He's taking the relationship to the" old couple, always dreamed of going to kill him,but you're never going to divorce He's taking the relationship to the" old couple, always dreamed of going to kill him,but you're never going to divorce .
"John Holmes said:" France has a big cultural difference, how difficult it will be a true Englishman "John Holmes said:" France has a big cultural difference, how difficult it will be a true Englishman . attaches a great deal of red tape, most of the world's administrative system is the design of the attaches a great deal of red tape, most of the world's administrative system is the design of the .
they think very complete administrative system is a kind of order they think very complete administrative system is a kind of order . while France is a very elegant people, and a Frenchman, life in an effort to establish the elegance of the French political system design in while France is a very elegant people, and a Frenchman, life in an effort to establish the elegance of the French political system design in .
, the fact that also shows the elegance of their romantic , the fact that also shows the elegance of their romantic . "while in France, the Paris - Sorbonne University history professor Henry Sutu BBC interview apparently quite incoherent:"I was a little stutter in the long run, which is absurd, "while in France, the Paris - Sorbonne University history professor Henry Sutu BBC interview apparently quite incoherent:"I was a little stutter in the long run, which is absurd, .
added the Commonwealth, accept the Queen as head of state and would not be accepting added the Commonwealth, accept the Queen as head of state and would not be accepting . if this proposal put forward by the temporal distance is closer, Moller may wind up being brought before the court of if this proposal put forward by the temporal distance is closer, Moller may wind up being brought before the court of .
", a French lawyer Jacques Meier added: "I assure you, I see when I'm very surprised, ", a French lawyer Jacques Meier added: "I assure you, I see when I'm very surprised, . before they have a favorable impression of Mr Moller, now that I think of to change to before they have a favorable impression of Mr Moller, now that I think of to change to .
" However the discussion then no news " However the discussion then no news . later developments suggest, Lionel Jospin, he decided to forget about the Anglo - French merger proposal - a strange,French archives never had those records later developments suggest, Lionel Jospin, he decided to forget about the Anglo - French merger proposal - a strange,French archives never had those records .
possible reasons, Britain's decision from the Bank, as well as the Suez Canal on Egypt's defeat of the army, so all the tie - up discussions to come possible reasons, Britain's decision from the Bank, as well as the Suez Canal on Egypt's defeat of the army, so all the tie - up discussions to come . however, is more ironic thing, 1957, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg and 6 States had signed the Rome treaty, the Treaty of Rome ", the establishment of the European Economic Community, the British Pie alone however, is more ironic thing, 1957, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg and 6 States had signed the Rome treaty, the Treaty of Rome ", the establishment of the European Economic Community, the British Pie alone .
