主謂一致

主謂一致

主謂一致即謂語動詞在人稱和數上要和主語保持一致,主謂一致包括語法一致、意義一致和就近一致,語法一致即謂語動詞在單複數形式上要和主語保持一致,意義一致就是謂語動詞要和主語意義上的單複數保持一致,就近一致就是謂語動詞要和靠近它的主語部分保持一致。

基本信息

原則

主謂一致( Subject-Verb Concord )

主謂一致的問題看上去似乎很簡單,其實使用起來卻不是那么容易,有時候甚至很複雜.

這是因為在不同情況下,處理這一問題所依據的原則各不相同.就其在現代語法中的基本原則而言,通常有三個不同角度的著眼點:1,語法一致 2,意義一致 3,就近原則.

語法一致

主謂一致的原則是指,主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致:

主語是單數形式,謂語也採取單數形式;主語是複數形式,謂語必須採取複數形式.

例如:

A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.

(主語是單數形式,謂語也採取單數形式)

語法書幫助你學習語言的某些規則.

Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.

(主語是複數形式,謂語也採取複數形式)

語法書幫助你學習語言的某些規則.

主語和謂語從語法形式上取得一致的問題遠不只上述的那么簡單,有許多方面的情況需要去具體地對待:

不定式,動名詞,以及從句作主語時應看作單數,謂語動詞用單數.

例如:

Reading often means learning .讀書常意味是學習.

To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗讀英語有許多好處.

What he said has been recorded .他說的話已被錄音了.

不定代詞及each作主語或是修飾主語時應看作單數,謂語動詞用單數.

例如:

Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中沒人喜歡運動.

Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner.許多學生晚飯後常在校園裡散步.

Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每個男孩和女孩對課外活動都表現出很大的興趣.

表示國家,機構,事件,作品等名稱的專有名詞作主語時應看作單數,謂語動詞用單數.

例如:

One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .

《一千零一夜》給人們講了許多神秘的民間傳說.

The United States is leading the world in science and technology .

美國常在世界科技方面領先.

The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs .

聯合國在國際事務中起著重要作用.

a series of,a kind of,the number of等與名詞構成名詞短語作主語時看作單數,謂語動詞用單數.

例如:

A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技產品已在展覽上展出.

The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.

目前一些書籍里印刷錯誤的數量讓人吃驚得要命.

A substantial portion of the reports is missing .這些報告都沒有提及實質問題.

A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.這座花園裡有一種玫瑰香氣怡人.

由some,several,both,few,many,a number of 等詞修飾主語,或是由它們自身作主語時應看作複數,謂語動詞用複數.

例如:

Both of us are fond of watching football games .我們倆都喜歡看足球賽.

A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 許多即將畢業的學生打算自願去中國西部工作.

由and連線兩個主語時,如指同一人或物,謂語用單數;指不同的人或物,謂語用複數.

On the seashore,some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海邊,有些人在打排球,有些人躺著曬太陽.

有些短語,如:a lot of,most of,any of,half of,three fifths of,eighty percent of,some of,none of,the rest of,all of等後接不可數名詞,或是單數形式的名詞作主語時應看作單數,謂語動詞用單數;但如果後接可數名詞的複數形式作主語時應看作複數,謂語動詞用複數.

例如:

A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off. 昨天突然斷電時,那家商店丟失了許多錢.

A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.

去年出版了許多關於投資基金的書籍.

主語為單數個不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)或從句時,謂語動詞一般用單數。

主語為單三,或習慣用作單數名詞或不可數名詞的詞,如:money,information,clothing等,謂語動詞用單數。

意義一致

( Notional Concord )

這一原則是指,從意義著眼來解決主謂一致問題.有時主語形式上為單數,但意義上卻是複數,那么謂語依意義也用複數形式;而有時主語形式上為複數,但意義上卻是單數,那么謂語依意義亦用單數形式.

1) 當主語後面接由as well as,as much as,accompanied by,including,in addition to,more than,no less than,rather than,together with等引導的詞組時,其謂語動詞的形式要依主語的單複數而定.在這樣的句子裡,這些詞所引導的詞組不影響主語自身的單,複數形式,它們在句子裡其實是狀語.也就是說,我們完全可以將這些詞組搬到句首或是放到句末去.從表面上我們也可以看出,它們與主語之間有","隔開.

例如:

Petroleum,along with fuel gas,has recently risen in price.

目前石油和燃料煤氣的價格上漲了.

The teacher,with all his students,is going to have a picnic this weekend.老師打算這個周末與學生們一起去野炊.

The students,together with their teacher,are going to have a picnic this weekend.學生們打算這個周末與他們的老師一起去野炊.

The warehouse,with all its stockings,was burned last night.

昨晚,那個倉庫連同其所有的貨物一起被燒毀了.

我們完全可以將上面句子中的那些詞組都分別搬到句首或是放到句末去,因為它們在句子裡是狀語:

Petroleum has recently risen in price,along with fuel gas.

Along with fuel gas,petroleum has recently risen in price.

The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.

As well as the suitcase,the missing things have been found and returned to the owner.

The missing things have been found and returned to the owner,as well as the suitcase.

2) 表示時間,金錢,距離,體積,重量,面積,數字等詞語作主語時,其意義若是指總量應看作單數,謂語動詞用單數;但如果其意義是指"有多少數量"則應該看作是複數,那么謂語動詞也應該用複數.

例如:

Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.

人們常大約地將四個星期看成一個月.

Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.

二十年在人的一生里意味著一個很長的時期.

Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.八十塊錢給一個學生吃一個星期的一伙食是足夠的了.

3) 形容詞前加定冠詞即"the + 形容詞"作主語時,其意義若是指個人或是抽象概念應看作單數,謂語動詞用單數;但如果其意義是指一類人則應該看作是複數,那么謂語動詞也應該用複數.

例如:

The young,on the one hand,often think of the old conservative. On the other hand,the old always consider the young inexperience.

一方面,青年人常認為老年人保守;另一方面,老年人總是認為青年人沒有經驗.

In many stories,the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate. 在許多故事裡,好人總是有好報;壞人注定要倒霉.

4)當and連線兩個並列主語在意義上指同一人,同一物,同一事或者同一概念時,應看作單數,謂語動詞用單數.另外,當and 連線兩個形容詞去修飾一個單數形式的主語時,其實是指兩種不同的事物,主語則應該看作是複數,那么謂語動詞也應該用複數.

例如:War and peace is a constant theme in history. 戰爭與和平是一個歷史上的永恆的主題.

Chinese and Japanese silk are good quality.

中國絲綢和日本絲綢質量都很好.

Different people respectively welcome White and black coffee.

加奶的咖啡與清咖啡都分別受到不同人們的喜愛.

5) 集體名詞作主語時,謂語動詞的數取決於主語的意義:主語表示整體時視為單數,謂語動詞用單數;主語表示集體中的個體成員時視為複數,謂語動詞用複數.這類集體名詞常見的有:army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police,public,staff,team等等,其中cattle,people,police一般看成複數形式.

例如:

The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜歡足球.

The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社會的最小的細胞.

The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.

人民大眾完全有理由謹防職業騙局.

The public now come to know the whole story.

人們目前現在越來越清楚那是怎么回事了.

就近原則

( Principle of Proximity )

這一原則是指,謂語動詞的人稱和數常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致.常出現在這類句子中的連詞有:or,either… or …,neither… nor …,not only… but also …等.例如:

Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.

不是我,就是他們要對那件事的結局負責任.

Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.既不是那些不友好的話,也不是那不友好的態度讓我沮喪.

Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.

不僅僅是他,而且是他全家人都很熱衷於音樂會.

Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.

他全家人和他都不知道那件事.

英語中,主語的單複數形式決定著謂語動詞的單複數形式. 主謂一致必須遵循以下三條

原則:語法一致原則,意義一致原則,就近一致原則.根據這三條原則,現從以下幾個

方面進行總結:

一,並列結構作主語時的主謂一致

1.由and 連線的兩個單數名詞作主語時,謂語動詞一般根據語法一致的原則用複數.

如:

A young man and a girl want to go there.

一個青年男子和一個姑娘想去那裡.

但如果在意義上指同一個人,同一件事或同一個概念時,謂語動詞要用單數形式.如:

A needle and thread was found on the floor.

在地板上找到了針線(穿了線的針).

2. 當each ...and each...,every...and every...,

no...and no...,many a...and many a

...結構作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式.

如:

①No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.

在月球上沒發現人和動物.

②Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their

work.

許多醫生和護士都忙於他們的工作.

3.一個單數名詞同時被兩個不同的形容詞修飾,表示兩個不同的概念時,謂語動詞一

般用複數.

如:

Ancient and modern history are the subjects we

are studying.

古代史和現代史是我們目前學習的課程.

但如果表示的是同一概念時套用單數.如:

The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.

14課是最後一課也是最難的一課.

4. 由not only... but also ...,either...or ...,

neither... nor...,... or...連線的並列主語,謂語動詞通常依就近

一致原則決定.

如:

Either the players or the coach is responsible

for the defeat.

不是運動員就是教練應該對這次比賽的失利負責.

5. 當主語由as well as,along with,together with,rather

than,no less than,but,except,besides,in addition

to,like,including等詞連線時,其謂語動詞的單複數形式通常由前面的詞來決定.

如:

①An iron and steal works,with some satellite

factories. is to be built here.

在這裡將建立一個鋼鐵廠和一些衛星廠.

②Tom,along with his friends,goes skating every

Saturday.

每個星期六,湯姆和他的朋友們一起去滑冰.

二,百分數,分數作主語時的主謂一致

當百分數,分數後面加名詞或代詞時,要根據這個名詞或代詞來決定其謂語動詞的單復

數形式.如果是複數名詞或代詞,謂語動詞用複數;如果是單數名詞(或不可數名詞)

或代詞,謂語動詞用單數.如:

①Fifty percent of the students in our school are

girls.

我們學校百分之五十的學生是女生.

②Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.

地球表面的四分之三是海洋.

三,不定代詞作主語時的主謂一致

1. 不定代詞each,another,the other,either,

neither和由some,any,no,every+one

或thing構成的複合代詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式.如:

①Neither of us has gone through regular training.

我們兩個都沒經過正規訓練.

②Nobody wants to go there,does he?

沒有人想去那裡,是吧

③Something has been done to end the strike.

已經採取措施制止罷工了.

2. none 作主語時,謂語動詞既可用單數也可用複數,這要取決於說話人的看法.如

:

①None of us seem to have thought of it.

似乎我們全都沒有想到這一點.

②None of us has got a camera. (None = Not a single

one)

我們都沒有照相機.

3. both,(a) few,many,several作主語時,謂語動詞通常用複數形式.如:

Both (of) the instruments are not precise ones.

這兩種儀器並不都是精密儀器.

4. all作主語表示人時,謂語動詞用複數;表示物時,謂語動詞用單數.如:

①All is well that ends well.

結果好一切都好.

②All are eager to reach an agreement.

大家都急於達成一項協定.

四,表示"全體","部分"等意義的詞作主語時的主謂一致

1.當主語是most,the rest,the last,the

remainder等時,其謂語一般應遵循意義一致的原則:如果of後面的名詞是單數,則用

單數;如果of後面的名詞表示複數,則用複數.如:

①Three of us will go,the rest are to stay here.

我們中的三個人去,其餘的人留在這裡.

②After the big fire,the remainder is nothing.

大火之後什麼也沒剩下.

2. 當town,school,village 等分別表示總稱的"鎮民",

"全校師生","村民"時,謂語動詞可以用單數,也可以用複數.有時可用the 或加

形容詞whole修飾.如:

①The whole school were / was sorry when she left.

她離開時,全校師生都很傷心.

②The whole town is / are in agreement about the

plan.

全體鎮民都同意這項計畫.

五,"the+形容詞/過去分詞"作主語時的主謂一致

當 "the +形容詞 /

過去分詞"表示一類人或事物時,謂語動詞用複數;如果指某一抽象概念時,謂語動詞

則用單數.如:

①The sick here are very well cared for.

這裡的病人都被照顧得很好.

②The true is to be distinguished from the false.

真實與虛假應加以區別.

六,形式為複數,意義為單數的名詞作主語時的主謂一致

1. 表示時間,距離,金額,重量,計量,空間,體積等意義的複數名詞作主語,謂語

動詞常用單數形式.如:

①Eight hours of sleep is enough.

八小時的睡眠足夠了.

②Ten pounds was missing from the till.

錢櫃裡的10英鎊不見了.

2. 以數字作主語的詞或短語,有時可以看成一個整體,謂語動詞用單數形式.如:

Thirty-six from forty-five leaves nine.

四十五減去三十六等於九.

註:兩數相加或兩數相乘,謂語動詞既可用單數形式也可用複數形式.如:

Six times seven are / is forty-two.

六乘以七等於四十二.

3. 主語為以-ics結尾的學科名稱時,謂語動詞一般用單數形式.如:

Politics is often a topic for discussion among us.

政治常常是我們討論的話題.

4. 以-s結尾的專有名詞作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式.如:

New York Times has a wide circulation.

《紐約時報》的銷路很廣.

5. 群島,山脈,瀑布等專有名詞如:the Alps,the Philippines,Niagara

Falls等作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式.如:

Niagara Falls are a splendid scene.

尼亞加拉瀑布是一個壯麗的景象.

6.一些形式為複數,意思為單數的名詞,如:trousers,pants,

shorts,glasses,scissors等作主語時,謂語動詞用複數.如:

Her glasses are new.

她的眼鏡是新的.

但當這類名詞前有a pair of 修飾時,謂語動詞套用單數.如:

This pair of scissors is made in Hangzhou.

這把剪刀是杭州製造的.

七,number many a ... 等作主語時的主謂一致

1.the number of ... (……的數目)作主語時,謂語動詞用單數;而 a number

of ...(許多……)作主語時,謂語動詞用複數.如:

The number of mistakes is surprising.

錯誤之多是驚人的.

2.many a,more than

one+單數名詞構成的短語,儘管意義上是複數,但謂語動詞仍用單數形式.如:

Many a comrade has that kind of opportunity.

很多同志都有那種機遇.

八,集體名詞作主語時的主謂一致

1.有生命的詞,如:cattle,police等作主語時,謂語動詞用複數形式.如:

The police are investigating the crime.

警察正在調查這次犯罪活動. .

2.無生命的詞,如:foliage(葉子),machinery (機械),merchandise

(商品,貨物)等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數形式.如:

All the machinery in the factory is made in China.

這家工廠的全部機器都是中國製造的.

3. audience,class,crew

(全體船員),committee(委員會),family,team,

group等作主語時,如果指一個整體,謂語動詞用單數;如果指全體中的每一個成員則

用複數形式.如:

①The football team is being recognized.

(他們)正在重建這個足球隊.

②The football team are having baths and then they

are coming back here for tea.

足球隊員們正在洗澡,然後他們會回到這裡來喝茶.

九,"one of +複數名詞+定語從句" 結構中的主謂一致

1.在 "one of +複數名詞+定語從句"

結構中,定語從句中謂語動詞的單複數應由它修飾的先行詞的數來決定.如:

This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the

fire.

這就是那次大火燒毀的房間之一.

2. 在"the only one of +複數名詞+定語從句"

結構中,定語從句的謂語動詞套用單數形式.如:

Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who plays

in the band.

瑪麗是參加樂隊伴奏的最年輕的姑娘.

十,從句,動詞不定式,-ing形式作主語時的主謂一致

1. 在 "主系表"結構中,如果以what從句作主語,表語又是單數,主句的謂語動詞一般用單數;如果表

語是複數,主句的謂語動詞一般用複數.若動詞不定式,動詞-ing形式作主語時,謂語動詞一般用單數.如:

①What caused the accident is a complete mystery.

事故是由什麼引起的完全是個謎.

②What his father left him are a few English books.

他父親留給他的只是幾本英語書而已.

③To learn English well is difficult.

學好英語是困難的。

2.當what從句具有兩個或兩個以上的動詞,是表示複數意義的並列結構時,主句中的謂語動詞多

用複數形式.如:

What I say and think are none of your business.

我說的和我想的都與你無關。

3.以who,why,how,

whether或that引導的從句作主語時,謂語動詞通常用單數形式.如:

Why she did this is not known.

她為什麼做這件事還不清楚。

註:由how and why,when and

where引導的從句作主語時,謂語動詞仍用單數形式.如:

How and why he had come to Princeton New Jersey is a

story of struggle,success and sadness.

他為什麼以及怎樣來到新澤西普林斯頓是一個充滿著鬥爭,成功和悲哀的故事。

4.And連線的兩個名詞性從句作主語,如果表示兩件事情,其謂語動詞常用複數形式。

如:

What caused the accident and who was responsible for

it remain a mystery to us.

造成事故的原因是什麼,誰應對事故負責,對我們來說還是一個謎。

5.如果what-分句本身明顯表示複數意義,比如what分句的動詞和補語都是複數,那么主句動詞也可用複數。

如:

what are often regraded as poisonous fungi are in fact edible.

注意: 當what引導的名詞性分句作主語時,主謂一致問題極為複雜。著名學者周海中教授在論文《關於what-分句作主語的主謂一致問題》中就這一問題做了深入研究,並給出了10種的主謂一致關係。這些一致關係值得英語學習者和使用者特別注意。

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